Morchella spp. are one of the most prized edible fungi in the world. After years of domestication and cultivation, China has successfully developed artificial cultivation technology and bred a series of cultivars with independent intellectual property rights. In 2012, Morchella spp. had been artificially cultivated on a large scale in China, and currently the cultivated area is more than 200 km2. As a fungus of Ascomycota, Morchella spp. have significant differences in biological and genetic characteristics, especially in the process and patterns of sexual reproduction, compared to common edible fungi of Basidiomycota. The cultivation technology of Morchella spp. is also different from the other common edible fungi, and its exogenous nutrition bag technology is a unique approach in the field of edible fungi cultivation. As a newly domesticated edible fungi with important economic value, the research on its basic biology and cultivation technology have rapidly become a hot topic in the field of edible fungi. Although research progress is advancing rapidly, there are still many urgent problems to be solved in the production. For example, the instability of fructification, as well as super sensitivity of the primordia and young fruit bodies to environmental conditions, usually resulted in serious yield losses and even no harvest under unfavorable conditions. This article briefly reviews the research progress and existing problems in the taxonomy, biological characteristics, genetic characteristics, breeding, spawn preparation, cultivation technology, continuous cropping obstacles, diseases and pests of Morchella spp. in recent years. It also puts forward the key points and difficulties that still need to be paid attention to in future research. This provides a reference for the study of the basic biology and production application technology of Morchella spp..

Strains are the foundation for the development of the edible and medicinal fungi industry, and its quality directly affects the industrial benefits. Aiming at the problems of chaotic Ganoderma strains and strain degradation in Northern Guangdong Region, the experiment carried out qualitative and quantitative comparisons and comprehensive analyses on the biological characteristics of 8 Ganoderma strains collected from Northern Guangdong Region. These characteristics included the strains' antagonistic reactions, heat resistance, mold resistance, growth status and rate of mycelia, growth period, and biological efficiency, through comparison and analysis, high-quality strains suitable for Northern Guangdong Region were screened out. The results showed that the 8 strains belonged to at least 5 Ganoderma species. GL1 and GL8 were excellent strains more suitable for cultivation in Northern Guangdong Region due to their good mycelial growth, fast growth rate, strong stress resistance, short growth period, and high biological efficiency. GL5 had strong stress resistance and high temperature tolerance, showing certain application value and being suitable for summer-autumn cultivation in Northern Guangdong Region.

In order to screen high-yielding, stable, high-quality, stress-resistant, and early-fruiting Morchella spp. germplasm resources suitable for cultivation and promotion in Wuling Mountain area, 13 key agronomic traits of 18 Morchella spp. varieties were statistically analyzed. Two comprehensive evaluation methods, the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA)and the Distance to the Ideal Solution method based on Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (DTOPSIS)were combined to compare and analyze the differences among the varieties, aiming to provide a new comprehensive evaluation approach for the selection and breeding of new Morchella spp. varieties. The results indicated that under equal weight settings, the evaluation outcomes of the GRA and DTOPSIS methods were different. The GRA results showed that the maximum difference rate of the weighted grey relational coefficient (Ri')between tested varieties and the ideal variety was 41. 64%, while the difference rate of the equally weighted coefficient(Ri)was 34. 73%. Since Ri' was greater than Ri, using the weighted coefficient(Ri')for variety ranking proved more reasonable. The DTOPSIS results revealed that the maximum difference rate in relative closeness(Ci) between tested varieties and the ideal variety was 68. 30%. As this difference rate was greater than that of Ri', DTOPSIS was better able to reflect differences and merits among Morchella spp. varieties, making it more suitable for comprehensive evaluation of Morchella spp. germplasm. Based on the comprehensive evaluation using the DTOPSIS method, the varieties No. 19, No. 1, No. 18, No. 15 of Morchella eximia, and Morchella sextelata No. 21 were found to be suitable for cultivation in the Wuling Mountain area. These varieties can be further tested, demonstrated and promoted, thereby laying a foundation for the selection and breeding of Morchella spp. in the Wuling Mountain area.

This article systematically summarizes the artificial cultivation techniques of Morchella spp. on sandy land in Hotan, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. This technology mainly creates the best environment for the growth of Morchella spp. in sandy land by regulating temperature and humidity, ensuring good ventilation conditions, and providing weak diffused light. This technology effectively overcomes the limitations of the sandy environment. Cultivation practices show that cultivating each 667 square meters of land brings farmers a net profit of 28 000 yuan. This strongly proves that it is feasible to cultivate Morchella spp. in sandy land, and at the same time demonstrates the huge potential for the transformation of sandy land agriculture.

In order to screen out superior Auricularia auricula strains suitable for cultivation in Bijie area, the cultivation experiments of 7 strains from 3 regions and the optimization of the substrate formula were carried out, and the high-yield cultivation techniques of A. auricula in Bijie area were integrated. The results showed that A. auricula strain Qingpi No. 1 and strain B had good adaptability, high yield and were suitable for cultivation in Bijie area. The optimum temperature for rod culture was 20-25℃. The formula 100(wood chips 84%, bran 13.6%, soybean meal 1.4%, lime 0. 3%, light calcium carbonate 0.7%, moisture content 55%-60%) had the best fruiting effect. Based on the comparative test analysis of wood chip particle size, it is beneficial to increase the A. auricula yield to use the formula with fine wood chips (1-2 mm).

The effects of different inoculation periods and mycelial culture conditions on the completion rate of Lentinula edodes artificial bed-log were analyzed. The number of weed mould in the inoculation room and strong cold room was measured after inoculation. Cultivate the inoculated artificial bed-log at 24℃ for 0,4,8, 12, 16, and 20 days respectively, and then transfer them to a mushroom shed for room-temperature cultivation. Compare the effects of temperature-controlled cultivation duration on the completion rate of L. edodes artificial bed-log and the yield of fruit bodies. The results showed that the inoculation periods had no significant effect on the completion rate of L. edodes artificial bed-log, but the mycelial culture conditions had a significant effect on the completion rate of L. edodes artificial bed-log. In comparison, there are more colonies in the strong cold room, indicating that it is a key factor restricting the inoculation environment. Measures such as planning operating routes and controlling personnel movement can be taken to improve the cleanliness of the environment. Temperature-controlled cultivation can improve the completion rate of L. edodes artificial bed-log and the yield of fruit bodies. The optimal condition is to cultivate the L. edodes artificial bed-log for 16 days at a controlled temperature, and then transfer the artificial bed-log to the mushroom shed for room-temperature cultivation. At this conditions, the completion rate of L. edodes artificial bed-logs and the yield of fruit bodies were the highest.

In order to screen suitable culture medium formula for subculture and liquid culture of Ganoderma leucocontextum, the experiment tested the effects of mycelial growth about selecting different media during the subculturing of the culture and adding different corn processed products to the liquid mediumon. At the same time, the fruiting experiment of the liquid spawn was carried out. The results indicated that changing the suitable culture medium during subculturing of the culture of G. leucocontextum is beneficial for the growth of mycelium, and the growth rate of mycelia was faster when the amount of nitrogen source was reduced appropriately. In liquid culture, adding different corn processed products had different effects on the growth of mycelial pellet. Among them, the cultivation effect of directly adding 8 g·L-1 corn flour (formula Y6) was the best. Under the conditions of this formula, the dry mass of the mycelial pellets was the largest, the quantity was the greatest, and the diameter was the smallest. The fruiting test also showed that the performance of fruit bodies of the liquid spawn with formula Y6 was better.

The fruit body samples of Sanghuang were collected for experiments, the factors including different strains (three broad-sense Sanghuang species: Sanghuangporus vaninii, Inonotus hispidus, and Inonotus linteus; wild domesticated or main cultivated cultures), different cultivation modes (bagged substrate or log segments), and different growth years (one year or three years). The relevant efficacy indexes of the samples were determined, and the six strains were evaluated using the membership function method. The results showed that in western Liaoning Province, the fruit body efficacy evaluation of S. vaninii strain SH-2 intensively cultivated with wood chip-wheat bran substrate under summer greenhouse was the best. The contents of active components such as flavonoids (34.306 mg·g-1), polysaccharides (137.257 mg·g-1), polyphenols (21.478 mg·g-1), chlorogenic acid(6.457 mg·g-1), and dihydroquercetin(5.059 mg·g-1)were high, and the antioxidant activity (DPPH·scavenging rate of 91%), hypoglycemic activity (-glucosidase inhibition rate of 57. 231%), and hypolipidemic activity(cholesterol binding capacity of 45. 953 mg·g-1 at pH 2. 0)were strong. Furthermore, contrary to common research findings and perceptions, the comprehensive efficacy evaluation of one-year-old S. vaninii fruit bodies was better than that of three-year-old fruit bodies, indicating that superior Sanghuang is the result of the synergistic effect of multiple factors. The efficacy evaluation and correlation analysis provide theoretical references for the selection and high-value utilization of Sanghuang suitable for cultivation in western Liaoning Province.

To explore the nutritional value of mycelial protein of edible fungi, 18 strains were cultured by liquid fermentation, the contents of protein and amino acid in mycelium were determined, and the nutritive value of protein was evaluated by internationally recognized protein nutrition evaluation methods. The results showed that the mycelial protein content of 18 edible fungi strains were 26. 4-47. 3 g·100-1·g-1, with 7 strains having protein content exceeding 40%. The total amino acid content were 16. 58-34. 37 g·100-1·g-1, with 4 strains having total amino acid content exceeding 30%. The ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids and the ratio of essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids of 3 strains were higher than the reference value of WHO/FAO model, which were Morchella esculenta, Pleurotus citrinopileatus and Cordyceps militaris. The proportion of umami and sweet amino acids in 18 strains wene over 20%. The content and proportion of umami amino acids were the highest in Pleurotus diamor (8. 81 g·100-1·g-1 and 25. 63%, respectively), and the proportion of sweet amino acids was the highest in Agaricus bisporus (39. 51%). Based on comprehensive indicators such as amino acid score, chemical score, amino acid ratio coefficient score, essential amino acid index, and nutritional index, the nutritional value score of Naematelia aurantialbar mycelial protein was the highest.

To establish a method for the determination of lithium, boron, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, calcium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, rubidium, strontium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, antimony, barium, mercury and lead in Armillaria luteo-virensby microwave digestion (MWD) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). 8 mL of nitric acid was added as the digestion solution, and after digesting A. luteo-virens by MWD, the volume was made up to 50 mL, and 26 elements were determined by ICP-MS. On the basis of optimizing the parameters of dilution ratio, carrier gas and diluent gas ratio, the correlation coefficients of the obtained element curves were all above 0.999 2 except boron. The detection limit of the method was 0. 002~0. 540 g·L-1, and the coefficient of variation in batch was 0. 69%~7. 69%. The coefficient of variation between batches was 1. 13%~10. 61%, and the recovery rate of low concentration plus standard was 80. 1%~145. 2%. The recoveries were 88. 9%~131. 2%. The recoveries of high concentration plus standard were 82. 4%~118. 2%. The quality control samples of 26 metals in edible fungi were in accord with the reference values. The method has the advantages of high accuracy, low detection limit and wide linear range, the precision and accuracy meet the detection requirements. It is applicable to the rapid and simultaneous determination of 26 elements in the local specialty food A. luteo-virens.

To understand the major diseases and insect pests in the cut-log cultivation of Ganoderma sinense under forest in mountainous areas of northern Guangdong, and to develop corresponding prevention and control measures. From 2022 to 2024, the diseases and insect pests in the cut-log cultivation of G. sinense under forest in the mountainous area of northern Guangdong were continuously investigated, and the types and characteristics of pests and diseases were analyzed according to the climatic conditions and cultivation management. The result shows that, the climatic characteristics of rain and heat at the same period in the mountainous area of northern Guangdong easily lead to the overlapping damage of fungi and other diseases and insect pests in the growth period of the G. sinense under the forest, and the main diseases included Trichoderma viride, Myxomycetes and other competitive macrofungi, among which T. viride has high occurrence frequency and most serious harm. Termites, larvae of Diomea spp. and Limax spp. are the main insect pests, among which termites are the most harmful to wood fungus sticks of G. sinense. The larvae of Diomea spp. mainly harms the growth stage fruit body of G. sinense, while the damaged fruit body is easy to be infected by fungal diseases. The species and occurrence of major diseases and insect pests in the cut-log cultivation of G. sinense under forest in the mountainous area of northern Guangdong were found out, and the prevention and control measures were proposed.

Tricholoma matsutake is a rare edible (medicinal) fungus with high economic value. Based on global patent applications, this paper analyzes the patent application trend, the regional distribution, and the key applicants in the T. matsutake industry. It also examines the development status of the key field and analyzes key patent applications. Furthermore, it clarifies the current status and future trends of the industry, and provides technical references anddirectional guidance for developing China's T. matsutake industry.

In order to excavate and cultivate excellent strains of Stropharia rugosoannulata with high yield, high quality and suitable for cultivation in cold regions, four strains were introduced from Sichuan Province, Fujian Province, Henan Province and other places. Through mycelium culture, cultivation, field experiment and regional adaptability test, the agronomic traits of different strains were evaluated. The experimental results indicated that among the four introduced strains, DQ5 demonstrated rapid mycelial growth rate, shorter cultivation cycle, and strong resistance to contaminants. Under both interplant with Zea mays and greenhouse cultivation systems, DQ5 exhibited high and stable yields with superior fruit bodies morphology. In regional adaptability trials, the average yield of DQ5 under greenhouse cultivation reached 10.46 kg·m-2, with first-grade mushrooms accounting for over 35% of total production. However, the local dominant strain DQ3 maintained better performance in open-field and forest-understory cultivation modes. Comprehensive analysis suggests that the introduced DQ5 represents an excellent strain suitable for facility-based cultivation in cold regions, demonstrating broad potential for application and extension across most areas of Heilongjiang Province.

In order to solve the problems such as the contamination of artificial bed-log, slow fruiting and fruit bodies detachment existing in the cultivation of Auricularia auricular in plateau areas, taking Zhuoni County as an example, through summarized a set of efficient hanging bag culture techniques by discussing the cultivation season arrangement, culture selection, cultivation site selection, cultivation process, disease control and so on. This cultivation technique can provide theoretical basis and reference for the cultivation of A. auricular with high quality and high yield in other plateau areas.

In order to improve the utilization efficiency of straw and the soil physical and chemical properties, after cultivating Stropharia rugosoannulata, the substrate residue was returned to the field to plant sweet potato in situ. The changes of soil physical and chemical properties and enzyme activity were tracked to explore the effects on yield and quality of sweet potato and comprehensive income. The results showed that the contents of organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, available nitrogen in the soil, as well as the activities of alkaline phosphatase and catalase were significantly increased after returning S. rugosoannulata substrate residue for one month (P<0.05). After planting sweet potatoes, the contents of organic carbon, organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, available nitrogen and urease activity in the soil with the spent substrate of S. rugosoannulata returned to the field for half a year were significantly higher than control group (P<0.05). In the rotation mode, The yield of sweet potatoes increased by 20. 86%, the rate of medium and large potatoes increased by 10. 12%, and the comprehensive income of the land increased by 10 000 yuan per 667 m2 per year compared with the conventional wheat-corn rotation pattern in Zhoukou area.

Seven cultivation patterns of ground semi-soil cover, ground leaning, multi-tiered shelf, horizontal suspending, wall suspending, shelf container orientation and shelf orientation were used to cultivate Lentinus edodes. The facility cost, management cost, yield and quality of fresh mushroom, biological efficiency and economic benefits were compared and analyzed. The results showed that among the vertical cultivation patterns in greenhouses with same area, the shelf container orientation and shelf orientation patterns showed the maximum amount of artificial bed-log in single season, both of which were 6 500 rods. Based on the service life of the facility is 10 years and the cultivation season is 2 seasons per year, the average facility cost is 0.24 yuan per rod and 0.23 yuan per rod respectively. The average management costs amounted to 0.35 yuan per rod and 0.48 yuan per rod respectively. The biological efficiency was 91.26% and 93.23%, and the proportion of high quality mushrooms was 89.34% and 91.25% respectively. The average profit calculated by market survey was 4. 43 yuan per rod and 4. 55 yuan per rod, respectively. The return on investment (ROI) is high, 92.74% and 99.96% respectively, and the return on investment can be almost realized in single season cultivation. In non-vertical cultivation pattern, the ROI of the ground semi-soil cover pattern and ground leaning pattern is at the level of 70%, which is suitable for small and medium-sized cultivators with low investment risk. For the standardization and large-scale production of L. edodes, the cultivation pattern of L. edodes with shelf cortainer orientation or shelf orientation can better meet the market requirements.