In order to improve the utilization efficiency of straw and the soil physical and chemical properties, after cultivating Stropharia rugosoannulata, the substrate residue was returned to the field to plant sweet potato in situ. The changes of soil physical and chemical properties and enzyme activity were tracked to explore the effects on yield and quality of sweet potato and comprehensive income. The results showed that the contents of organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, available nitrogen in the soil, as well as the activities of alkaline phosphatase and catalase were significantly increased after returning S. rugosoannulata substrate residue for one month (P<0.05). After planting sweet potatoes, the contents of organic carbon, organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, available nitrogen and urease activity in the soil with the spent substrate of S. rugosoannulata returned to the field for half a year were significantly higher than control group (P<0.05). In the rotation mode, The yield of sweet potatoes increased by 20. 86%, the rate of medium and large potatoes increased by 10. 12%, and the comprehensive income of the land increased by 10 000 yuan per 667 m² per year compared with the conventional wheat-corn rotation pattern in Zhoukou area.