A novel reconfigurable surface acoustic wave （SAW） resonator has been designed through simulation. The design integrates vanadium dioxide（VO2）, a phase-change material, with the resonator on a single chip to achieve a compact reconfigurable resonator. By utilizing the phase-change properties of VO2, portions of the SAW resonator’s electrodes are replaced with VO2. The operating state of these VO2 electrodes is thermally controlled, enabling frequency tuning between two different states. With an electrode width of 1.15 m （corresponding to a theoretical wavelength of 4.6 m）, simulation results demonstrate that the reconfigurable resonator’s frequency can be tuned to 472 MHz and 774 MHz, exhibiting electromechanical coupling coefficients of 7.1% and 5.6%, respectively, and the tuning range of the resonator peaks at 302 MHz. Parametric simulations of electrode thickness reveal that the SAW resonator attains its highest electromechanical coupling coefficient at 0.12, which facilitates broader bandwidth for subsequent reconfigurable SAW filters. Additionally, we propose a fabrication process for VO2-based reconfigurable SAW resonators, offering practical design guidance.

N77 band demands wide bandwidth and low insertion loss in surface acoustic wave （SAW） filters. However, conventional resonators that employ low-velocity acoustic modes and single functional layer substrate structures face challenges in simultaneously achieving high frequency and wide bandwidth. To address the challenges, solidly mounted SAW resonators based on X-37°Y lithium niobate （LiNbO3, LN） films combined with SiO2/Ta2O5 Bragg reflector layers were designed and fabricated. First, the operating mode of the resonators was chosen to be the high-phase-velocity S0 Lamb wave. Then, the optimal thicknesses of the thin film materials used in the resonator were determined by simulating the influence of each layer’s thickness on device performance. Subsequently, based on these structural parameters, a set of resonators for N77 band with electrode periods, ranging from 1.40 m to 1.86 m, was fabricated and tested. The results indicate that the measured data closely match the simulation outcomes. The fabricated resonators show a large electromechanical coupling coefficient （k2 exceeding 22%） and high-quality factor （Qmax exceeding 900）. Furthermore, the figure of merit （FoM） exceeds 200, showcasing superior performance when compared to other resonators utilizing the same acoustic mode and indicating potential applications in filters for N77 and other 5G bands.

This study investigates the photolithography process for surface acoustic wave filters. By employing double-patterning technology, high-density and complex chip patterns are decomposed into two separate, low-density and simplified patterns. Through dual-exposure technology, two sets of interdigitated electrodes with significant duty ratio differences are sequentially exposed onto the same layer of photoresist. This method reduces the complexity of the photolithography process while enhancing the photolithographic quality of the chip patterns. Notably, the performance of the fabricated chips aligns with simulation results.

The rapid development of communication technologies has created growing demand for high-frequency, miniaturized RF front-end filters. Among available solutions, the lateral excitation film bulk acoustic resonator（XBAR） represents an advanced technology specifically designed for high-frequency applications. Notably, air-gap XBAR structures demonstrate exceptional high-frequency performance owing to their unique architectural design. This study systematically investigates both the fabrication processes and structural characteristics of air-gap XBARs. Through this research, we successfully developed a functional air-gap transverse excitation thin-film bulk acoustic wave filter chip sample. Probe testing revealed that the fabricated device achieves a minimum insertion loss of 1.27 dB, with a passband bandwidth of 808 MHz and a relative passband bandwidth of 15.9%. These experimental results provide valuable reference data for ongoing research into high-frequency, large-bandwidth thin-film bulk acoustic wave filters.

By analyzing surface acoustic wave filters that failed due to spatter residue, it was confirmed that the residue was generated during the parallel welding process. The influence of key welding parameters on parallel welding was studied. By adjusting welding power, welding time, welding speed, and other parameters, the weld width and overlap area were optimized to fall within the ideal range, reducing the probability of spatter residue to 2 in 10 000 while maintaining welding quality. Additionally, an electroplated nickel plate with a higher melting point was selected to replace the electroless nickel plate, further reducing spatter residue generation during the parallel welding process.

AT-cut quartz is employed as the piezoelectric substrate in the design of surface acoustic wave （SAW）filters to meet the demand for extremely narrowband SAW filters used in communication and electronic warfare systems. A longitudinally coupled dual-mode （DMS） filter topology is adopted to achieve the required relative bandwidth of less than 1‰. A study is then conducted on the suppression of spurious transverse modes that appear in the passband and high-end transition band of AT-cut quartz-based narrowband SAW filters. Finite element method（FEM） simulations are used to suppress these transverse modes by introducing a piston structure at the thickened ends of the electrode fingers. Finally, SAW filters are fabricated both with and without the piston structure, and their insertion losses are measured. The results show that the minimum insertion loss, relative bandwidth, and in-band ripple of the SAW filter are significantly improved when using the piston structure.

LiTaO3 （LT） is an excellent candidate for piezoelectric substrates in surface acoustic wave （SAW）filters. To reduce the manufacturing cost and size of SAW filters, a 0.35 mm thick LT piezoelectric substrate needs to be replaced with one that is 0.25 mm thick. However, using the same design structure deteriorates the performance of the device. To address this issue, this article establishes an electromagnetic simulation model that includes chip bonding adhesive and simulates the electromagnetic characteristics of two different piezoelectric substrate thicknesses（0.25 mm and 0.35 mm） with varying adhesive thicknesses. The adhesive thickness is then optimized by combining electromagnetic and acoustic simulations to improve SAW filter performance. Finally, experiments show that by optimizing the adhesive thickness, the performance of the filter using the 0.25 mm piezoelectric substrate surpasses that of the original filter using the 0.35 mm substrate, thus meeting device specification requirements. This technical solution can be further extended to SAW devices using other piezoelectric substrates.

Poor stability of resonant frequency estimation during wireless passive surface acoustic wave （SAW）sensor measurements can limit the performance of SAW reader measurement systems. To improve the stability of frequency estimation, in this study, a vector reader architecture is proposed based on traditional power spectrum frequency estimation methods. Furthermore, phase detection technology is introduced to obtain vector spectra. Additionally, an optimization method combining phase measurement and filtering processing is proposed. This method uses inverse fast Fourier transform （IFFT） and finite impulse response （FIR） filtering methods to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the echo signal, and it combines multiple model fitting methods to optimize the estimation of resonance frequencies for different peak characteristics. To verify the effectiveness of this method, a wireless passive testing platform for SAW sensors was constructed, and wireless frequency testing experiments were conducted to acquire multiple sets of SAW echo signal data for processing. The experimental results show that after filtering, the signal-to-noise ratio of the echo signal is improved by approximately 17 dB. After further optimization with fitting methods, the standard deviation of resonant frequency estimation is reduced to below 0.5 kHz, indicating that this method effectively improves the frequency estimation sensitivity and stability of the surface acoustic wave reader system.

This study focuses on the detection of dimethyl methylphosphonate （DMMP）, a simulant of sarin, and presents the development of a graphene oxide（GO）-based surface acoustic wave（SAW） gas sensor for DMMP detection. The sensor is fabricated using semiconductor planar technology, wherein a metal aluminum transducer is deposited onto a quartz substrate to form a delay line structure. Additionally, a GO gas-sensitive film is applied along the acoustic wave propagation path using a drop-coating method. At room temperature, the SAW sensor demonstrates high sensitivity （0.6 mV/ppm） and a rapid response time （T90 = 45 s） over a DMMP concentration range of 1 ppm to 40 ppm. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits good stability, with negligible performance degradation observed after two weeks of storage.

Antenna design is a critical component in soil temperature and moisture measurement systems utilizing wireless passive surface acoustic wave tags. To enable simultaneous and parallel detection at various depths in the same surface location, a time-division and frequency-division multiple access strategy must be implemented across multiple tags. This paper presents the design of a laminated dual-frequency circularly polarized microstrip antenna alongside a quarter-wave four-way microstrip power divider. The antenna’s distinct patches correspond to specific frequencies and achieve circular polarization through angular truncation. The power divider employs microstrip lines to mitigate issues caused by high-frequency resistance and power dissipation. Simulations and optimizations were conducted using HFSS software, followed by actual fabrication and testing. The results from the vector network analyzer indicate that the antenna’s S11 parameter remains below −10 dB at the central frequencies of 842.5 MHz and 922.5 MHz, with the transmission coefficients of the power divider’s four output ports approximately −6.8 dB. This validates the simulation results and confirms the practicality of both the antenna and the power divider.

Based on X-cut lithium niobate resonator with Bragg reflector structure （SMR）, the effects of in-plane rotation angle and Al electrode thickness on electromechanical coupling coefficient（K2）, phase velocity, and impedance ratio were simulated and calculated via finite element （FEM） simulation. We constructed a three-dimensional finite element （3D FEM） structure to investigate the relationship between transverse modes and half wavelength within the resonator band and compared the suppression effect of transverse modes between two types of piston structures. However, the effect was not significant. Then three weighted resonator structures were proposed, namely weighted without dummy fingers, weighted with dummy fingers, and weighted with hammers. Subsequently, the performance of ordinary resonators was compared with three types of weighted resonators via experiments. The results show that the electromechanical coupling coefficient of the three weighted resonators exceeds 15%, and the impedance ratio is approximately 60 dB, which has a significant inhibitory effect on the transverse modes within the band.

The assembly process of the direct insertion package （SC04-06） filter is complex, and the trimming length of the pins and assembly vias affects the port impedance. This results in poor product consistency and hinders mass production of the frequency-selecting module. The surface mount package （SMD0705B） filter has a small size and a simple assembly process, but it suffers from poor stop-band suppression. This paper uses three-dimensional electromagnetic software to simulate the core surface acoustic wave （SAW） filter of the frequency-selective component. Through comparison of simulation results and physical measurements, the influence of filter packaging on stop-band suppression is verified. A method is proposed to add a shielding cover to the SMD0705B packaged filter, achieving high stop-band suppression in the P-band narrowband frequency-selecting module. The results indicate that the frequency-selecting module achieves stop-band suppression greater than 40 dBc, in-band ripple less than 1 dB, and amplitude consistency within 1 dB, making it suitable for mass production.

The microwave transceiver module contains many bare chips. To efficiently remove internal foreign residues after debugging and to improve the production quality and efficiency of such products, a combined cleaning process has been introduced. This process involves plasma cleaning to activate the chip surfaces, followed by a two-fluid cleaning technique. Theoretical analysis and experimental test results show that, compared to traditional manual cleaning methods, this process effectively removes internal foreign materials without causing adverse effects and improves cleaning efficiency by a factor of 22. The cleaned products meet the process requirements specified in the Microelectronics Device Experimental Methods and Procedures （GJB548C-2021）. Based on the process method presented in this study, an effective cleaning solution is provided for removing residual foreign matter in microwave transceiver components with complex internal cavity structures.

A wideband electromagnetic rectification metasurface for collecting electromagnetic energy in the Wi-Fi frequency band is proposed in this paper. The size of the metasurface unit is 34 mm × 34 mm × 5 mm. The selected Schottky diode not only rectifies RF electromagnetic energy into DC energy but also utilizes its nonlinear and high-impedance characteristics in high-frequency circuits to achieve direct impedance matching between the spatial wave impedance and the metasurface, thereby increasing its operating bandwidth. Subsequently, the DC electromagnetic energy is delivered to the load through the filtering circuit on the back, enabling energy collection. The centrally symmetrical structure ensures that it can collect electromagnetic waves incident from any polarization direction in space, and its polarization insensitivity broadens its range of application.

The demand for high bandwidth and high directionality in modern communication system antennas has been increasing. In this study, two-layer microstrip patch, powered by cross slot and coupled microstrip lines, is utilized to make the bandwidth. Furthermore, the result of different steps on antenna bandwidth is examined. The antenna parameters were modeled and optimized using HFSS electromagnetic modeling software. Finally, it is confirmed that the upper sticker has a 4D trapezoidal structure and lower sticker has a 6D trapezoidal structure. It is concluded that S11 antenna is less than -10 dB in the range of 7.2-12.6 GHz （54% of the relative bandwidth）.

In response to the increasing demands of modern wireless communication systems for high data transfer rates and low latency, this paper presents the design of a dual-band flexible MIMO antenna with coplanar waveguide（CPW） feeding for Wi-Fi 7 applications. The unit antenna achieves dual-band operation by introducing “L”-shaped long branches on the ground plane of a monopole antenna and is printed on an LCP flexible dielectric substrate. By adding two symmetric branches between the two unit antennas, high isolation for the MIMO antenna is achieved. The overall size of the antenna is 50 mm × 32 mm × 0.1 mm, with measured operating frequency bands of 2.38‒2.6 GHz and 4.68‒9.83 GHz. The isolation between antennas is greater than 20 dB across the operating frequency bands, with the envelope correlation coefficient （ECC） less than 0.002 and the diversity gain （DG） greater than 9.999 dB. The specific absorption rate （SAR） values at 2.45 GHz and 6.8 GHz are 1.01 W/kg and 0.87 W/kg, respectively, both below international standards. The results indicate that this antenna shows strong potential for future Wi-Fi 7 applications.

A disc transducer embedded circular transducer is used to achieve transceiver integration, with the external circular transducer transmitting the signal and internal disc transducer receiving the reflected signal. The resonance frequencies of the two circular transducers are theoretically analyzed, and the formula for calculating the receiving sensitivity of the disc transducer is theoretically derived. Finite element simulation software is used to determine the thickness of the internal disc hydrophone （receiving transducer）, and its radius is adjusted to change the area ratio to analyze the effect of different area ratios on the transceiver performance. The results show that the transceiver transducer has a maximum transmit voltage response of 177 dB and receive sensitivity of -166 dB when the area ratio is 0.2.

Ferroelectric tunneling devices have attracted much attention in the field of non-volatile memory research due to their low power consumption, fast response, and stable data read/write performance. To further improve the performance of ferroelectric memory, a 7 nm-thick BaTiO3 ferroelectric tunneling device was fabricated on a flexible mica substrate using pulsed laser deposition. The growth conditions of BaTiO3 were optimized, and its electrical properties were investigated. The results show that the flexible 7 nm BaTiO3 ferroelectric tunneling junction exhibits distinct resistive switching behavior. The I‒V test results display typical hysteresis characteristics, and the I‒V curve reveals clear switching behavior under different voltage conditions, with a read voltage of only 0.5 V. In the R‒V test, the resistance change of the BaTiO₃ tunneling junction was measured under a square wave voltage with a 10 ms pulse width, demonstrating good resistance hysteresis and a distinct “memory window”. In the retention test, current and resistance remained stable for 300 seconds, indicating excellent retention performance. Different conduction mechanism models were used to fit the leakage current, which was primarily governed by ohmic conduction, space charge-limited conduction, and Schotty emission. These results confirm the feasibility of the flexible BaTiO3 memristor and support the development of high-performance flexible ferroelectric tunneling devices.

To enhance the emission voltage response and electromechanical coupling coefficient for improving the piezoelectric performance, a novel 3-2-2 ceramic-air-polymer composite is designed based on a 1-3 type piezoelectric composite. By analyzing the theoretical electromechanical properties of the piezoelectric ceramic arrays and combining the modeling of the sensitive elements with finite element simulation software and physical field calculations, the emission voltage response and resonance frequency of the sensitive elements are determined, and the frequency differences corresponding to different sizes are compared to determine the optimal size of the polymer. The experimental results show that the electromechanical coupling coefficient of the new 3-2-2 composite transducer is increased by 0.02 and the emission voltage response is increased by 2 dB when compared with traditional 1-3 piezoelectric composite material. Therefore, a new 3-2-2 composite material is expected to develop a high-performance piezoelectric transducer.

This paper introduces a method for detecting the amplitude frequency characteristics of the diaphragm structure in piezoelectric MEMS hydrophones using a reflective digital holographic microscope. The static morphology of the diaphragm structure on the hydrophone was measured using optical methods. Then, the inverse piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric materials was used to apply electrical excitation to the piezoelectric film at a certain frequency range. The dynamic three-dimensional morphology was characterized via a digital holographic microscope, and the dynamic response of the diaphragm at different frequencies was recorded to obtain key information, such as its characteristic frequency and mode shape, at the characteristic frequency. The experimental results show that this method can effectively characterize the static morphology, characteristic frequency, mode shape, and other characteristics of the diaphragm structure, which aids in accelerating the iterative development of piezoelectric MEMS hydrophones.

To address the problems of displacement backlash and coarse-fine switching disturbances in piezoelectric stick-slip driving, a piezoelectric stick-slip platform is constructed using an arch actuation unit, a flexible adjustment mechanism, and an output stage. A system dynamics model is established that incorporates circuit, mechanical, and friction characteristics. The actuation units are then divided into driving and inhibition groups, and backward inhibition is achieved through a stator cooperation method. Furthermore, a smooth switching control strategy for “coarse-fine” positioning is designed using a switching self-locking logic loop and a time-tagged transition function to enhance the stability and efficiency of stick-slip motion mode switching. Finally, an experimental test system is built for verification. The experimental results show that, compared with conventional stick-slip drive methods, the displacement backward rate of the stator cooperation method in the X/Y directions decreases from 22.8% / 22.7% to 0.6% / 1.1%, effectively suppressing displacement backlash. When the switching threshold is set to 200 m, the smooth switching control strategy enables rapid and accurate“coarse-fine” positioning. These results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed regression suppression and switching control method.

To solve the problems of low operating frequency and small flow rate of valve-type piezoelectric pump, a resonant air pump directly driven by piezoelectric oscillator was designed. First, the configuration of the piezoelectric resonant air pump was designed, and its structure was simulated and analyzed, and the influence of structural parameters on the output characteristics of the air pump was obtained. The prototype of the piezoelectric resonant air pump was preliminarily made, and an experimental test device was set up to examine the vibration characteristics of the piezoelectric oscillator under different structural parameters, as well as the change law of the flow rate and pressure of the air pump. Based on the simulation and experimental results, the matching relationship between the resonant frequency of the four-arm valve and piezoelectric oscillator is determined, and when the fundamental frequency of the valve is close to the first-order resonant frequency of the oscillator and slightly higher by 225 Hz, the matching between the two is the best. After optimization, when the driving voltage is 120 Vpp and driving frequency is 1 600 Hz, the output flow rate of the resonant valve-type piezoelectric pump is 1 241.28 mL/min and output pressure is 7.56 kPa.

Currently, underwater ultrasonic testing places higher demands on the structural size, sensitivity, and reliability of ultrasonic probes. This article proposes a method for designing and fabricating a capacitive micromechanical ultrasonic transducer（CMUT） based on cavity SOI technology and completes CMUT electrical performance testing and underwater performance characterization through packaging. The test results show that the CMUT fabricated using this method achieves higher yield and consistency. Its transmission voltage response level is 169.03 dB, reception sensitivity is −211.31 dB, and relative bandwidth is 121%, demonstrating excellent sensitivity characteristics and directionality （with a −6 dB beam width of 8°）. This novel CMUT fabrication method provides theoretical support and a foundation for future high-density CMUT integration and underwater ultrasonic testing.

The excessive use of organophosphorus compounds has led to severe environmental pollution. Studies have shown that even at residual concentrations exceedingly below current safety thresholds, these compounds can still induce various neurological disorders, posing long-term threats to human health. It is imperative to develop chemical sensors with high sensitivity, high selectivity, and rapid response. In this study, the sensing selectivity of the material to the analyte is enhanced via molecular design. Furthermore, the material interface with a high specific surface area is obtained via in-situ electrochemical polymerization, improving the sensing sensitivity. Based on kinetic fitting calculations, the sensing conditions are optimized, significantly increasing the sensing response rate and endowing it with reusability. Eventually, an organophosphorus mass sensing that satisfies the detection limit at the 10-9 level and has strong anti-interference ability is realized on a quartz crystal microbalance, while also considering the response speed at the second level and reusability.

A piezoelectric displacement amplification mechanism, driven by stacked piezoelectric ceramics and based on the triangular amplification principle, is designed. Finite element analysis is employed to simulate the static and dynamic performance of the mechanism. To optimize its performance, the displacement amplification ratio and structural stiffness are maximized as objectives, considering the influence of dimensional parameters on performance. The optimal Latin hypercube sampling method is used to generate sample points in the design space, followed by finite element computation. Based on the computational results, a surrogate model of the optimization objectives is constructed using the Kriging method, and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm （NSGA） is applied to obtain the optimal solution set. Simulation results demonstrate that the displacement amplification ratio improved by 17.4%and stiffness increased by 5.3% compared to the initial design. An experimental prototype is fabricated based on the optimized dimensions, and test results show that the displacement amplification ratio of the designed amplification mechanism is 8.49, which closely matches the ratio obtained from the simulation.

Pedestrian inertial navigation systems accumulate errors over time during computation, leading to divergent positioning results. The traditional Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test（GLRT） zero-velocity correction algorithm is insufficient to suppress the divergence of positioning errors. To address this limitation, this paper proposes a low-cost, high-precision detection method based on an ultrasonic ranging sensor to assist the GLRT zero-velocity correction （abbreviated as UA-GLRT）. Using a standard basketball court as the experimental site, five independent repeatability experiments were conducted to compare the effectiveness of the UA-GLRT algorithm with that of the GLRT algorithm. The two zero-velocity detection algorithms were evaluated through position errors and loop closure errors. Experimental results demonstrate that the UA-GLRT algorithm reduced the average start-end position error from 1.02 m to 0.43 m and decreased the average loop closure error from 1.19%D to 0.5%D compared to the baseline GLRT method.

This paper presents a Fourier transform photoacoustic spectroscopy （FT-PAS） system based on a differential resonant photoacoustic cell （DPAC）, and systematically evaluates its performance for broadband and simultaneous multi-gas detection. Uniform modulation of a broadband light source is achieved through phase modulation via an interferometer and intensity modulation via a mechanical chopper, enabling efficient integration of Fourier transform spectroscopy with a resonant photoacoustic detection module. Broadband detection of single-component gases, including methane and acetylene, as well as their multi-component mixtures, across the 1-20 m spectral range was carried out using a tungsten halogen lamp and a carbon globar thermal source. The results demonstrate that FT-PAS, combining the strengths of both Fourier transform and photoacoustic spectroscopy, exhibits characteristics such as broad spectral response, high resolution, parallel multiplexing, zero background interference, and wavelength independence. These attributes enable its use for broadband and simultaneous multi-gas detection, with potential applications spanning the full spectrum from the visible to the infrared region, and even extending into the terahertz range.

To address the need for high-sensitivity detection of sulfur dioxide （SO2） concentrations in gas-insulated switchgear （GIS）, this study designs and develops an ultraviolet photoacoustic gas sensor based on an LD-pumped all-solid-state Q-switched laser. The sensor uses a UV laser with a central wavelength of 266 nm and an emission power of up to 36.93 mW as the excitation source for the photoacoustic signal. A non-resonant photoacoustic cell with a volume of only 0.39 mL is employed to amplify weak photoacoustic signals. By detecting these signals, the SO2 concentration is determined in real time. Through the optimization of key parameters such as modulation frequency, the sensor achieves a detection sensitivity of 286.9 ppb at room temperature and under atmospheric pressure, with a 1-second integration time. Experimental results further demonstrate that the minimum detection limit can reach 9.1 ppb when the integration time is extended to 100 seconds. This photoacoustic detection sensor exhibits high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, and long-term stability, providing efficient and reliable technical support for the early diagnosis of potential GIS equipment faults.

A method for monitoring the state of support structures using fiber Bragg grating sensors is proposed to address the phenomenon of axial force variation affecting structural safety under loading conditions. By incorporating load design, sensor installation, multi-sensor monitoring, strain data processing, and thermal decoupling and correction, real-time monitoring of structural strain states and axial forces is realized. Experimental results demonstrate good correspondence between measured strain and load changes when the temperature exceeds 10 ℃. The error in axial force calculation when compared to manual measurement methods is less than 8%, validating the accuracy of the strain correction approach. This method can meet the demand for monitoring axial forces in support structures under dynamic temperature variations, providing an important experimental reference for related research in civil engineering.

Industrial iron towers are widely used in high-voltage power transmission lines, communication antennas, and other fields. However, the height and structural characteristics of the towers make them susceptible to lightning strikes. Lightning strikes are sudden and highly destructive, and their hazards are related to the impact characteristics of lightning signals such as high current intensity and short duration. In response to the current situation of lightning detection, a passive lightning current sensor is applied to collect lightning current signals. A new type of infrared fiber optic modulator-demodulator is designed to process lightning signals by transmitting them stably to the detection terminal via S/PDIF optical fiber for lightning signal detection and processing in complex industrial environments. Finally, utilizing 5G technology, the measurement data is transmitted to a cloud server for analysis. Users can access the cloud server via a mobile App or Web interface for remote lightning monitoring. Experimental results show that when lightning events occur on industrial iron towers, the monitoring system can accurately record the timing, frequency, and intensity of lightning strikes, providing a stable and reliable technical means for widespread lightning activity monitoring.