As a crucial branch of clinical medicine, ophthalmology bears the responsibility of preventing visual impairments and safeguarding ocular health. With the intensification of population aging and the widespread use of electronic devices, the incidence of eye diseases such as cataracts, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy has been rising annually. The quality of ophthalmic care directly impacts patients' visual function and quality of life. This paper systematically reviews research progress in ophthalmic medical quality control across three dimensions—structure indicators, process indicators, and outcome indicators—both domestically and internationally. International experience reveals that developed countries have established evidence-based, multi-dimensional quality control systems supported by information technology to enable dynamic monitoring and continuous improvement. In contrast, while China's ophthalmic quality control framework has gradually improved under policy guidance, challenges such as insufficient standardization of indicators and weak data integration capabilities persist. Based on these observations, this paper proposes recommendations to advance the standardization of ophthalmic quality control metrics, strengthen the development of information technology platforms, and establish a collaborative mechanism involving third-party oversight and institutional self-assessment. These suggestions aim to provide insights for optimizing the quality of ophthalmic medical care in China.

With the intensification of population aging, the patient population with age-related cataract (ARC) continues to expand, accompanied by a surging demand for surgical interventions. Medical quality control of ARC serves as a crucial mechanism in ensuring the safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of cataract treatments. Therefore, establishing and refining a medical quality control system for ARC holds significant importance for enhancing the quality of ophthalmic medical services in China. This article synthesizes current research progress from multiple dimensions including domestic and international clinical guidelines, key points of medical quality control, and existing limitations. Furthermore, it provides insights into future directions, offering a theoretical foundation for standardizing ARC clinical practices and improving surgical outcomes.

With the rapid aging of population and advancements in refractive cataract surgery, the clinical application of functional intraocular lens (IOL) implantation has become increasingly widespread. Accordingly, issues related to quality control have garnered growing attention. This article systematically reviews of the current research and development in the medical quality management for functional IOL implantation. Althrough the procedure has experienced a rapid growth across China, challenges such as regional disparities, the absence of standardized surgical protocols, and incomplete postoperative follow-up systems persist. By integrating insights from both domestic and international practices, this review identifies key aspects of quality control and outlines future directions. The aim is to offer theoretical guidance for standardizing clinical practices and improving surgical outcomes.

Pterygium is a common ophthalmic disease that can lead to visual impairment and ocular discomfort. Surgical intervention remains the most effective treatment. Although pterygium surgery is widely performed in hospitals at all levels, recurrence rates and complication incidences are influenced by multiple factors, with secondary surgery rates remaining high in primary healthcare institutions. Establishing an effective medical quality control system is crucial for reducing complications, lowering recurrence rates, and improving patient satisfaction. This article reviews the current research on medical quality control in pterygium surgery, compares domestic and international quality control indicators, guidelines, and consensus documents, and emphasizes key quality control aspects such as standardized single-disease management protocols, personnel competency training, and patient education. Existing challenges in surgical quality control and future directions are discussed. Leveraging artificial intelligence-assisted digital quality control platforms to achieve real-time remote monitoring, implementing point-specific quality control networks, and establishing a trinity quality control system integrating “technology-data-personnel” are expected to further optimize management mechanisms and enhance overall quality control efficacy in pterygium surgery.

Adolescent myopia has emerged as a major global public health challenge, with its rapidly increasing prevalence and the risk of blindness associated with high myopia drawing widespread concern. This article systematically reviews domestic and international research progress on medical quality control in adolescent myopia prevention and management, comparing global practices with China's efforts across dimensions such as policy frameworks, technological applications, data management, and multi-sector collaboration. Studies indicate that developed countries have established evidence-based, multi-tiered quality control systems encompassing early screening, personalized interventions, and long-term follow-up. While China has achieved significant progress in policy guidance and technological innovation, challenges persist, including regional disparities, insufficient data integration, and weak prevention awareness. Building on global and domestic experiences, this paper proposes recommendations to advance quality control standardization, strengthen digital empowerment, and establish a collaborative family-school-hospital network, aiming to provide insights for optimizing adolescent myopia prevention strategies in China.

As a mainstream technique for correcting myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, refractive surgery directly impacts patients' visual safety and postoperative satisfaction. With rapid advancements in laser technology, biomechanical evaluation, intraocular lenses, and artificial intelligence, the precision and safety of refractive surgery have significantly improved. However, challenges such as inadequate control of surgical indications and insufficient management of postoperative complications continue to hinder the overall homogenization of medical quality. This article systematically reviews research progress in quality control for refractive surgery globally, comparing international practices with domestic implementations. Studies indicate that developed countries have established evidence-based, multi-tiered quality control systems covering preoperative screening, intraoperative procedural standardization, and long-term postoperative follow-up. While although China has made notable progress in policy standardization and technological application, it still faces challenges including insufficient standardization, delayed data integration, and incomplete regulatory mechanisms. Based on these findings, this paper proposes recommendations to refine quality control metrics, strengthen comprehensive digital monitoring throughout the surgical process, and establish multicenter collaborative networks. These suggestions aim to provide insights for optimizing quality control in refractive surgery in China.

Keratoconus, a progressive corneal ectatic disorder, requires early diagnosis and standardized treatment to delay disease progression and avoid corneal transplantation. In recent years, advancements in corneal biomechanical assessment technologies and the widespread adoption of collagen cross-linking (CXL) have significantly improved diagnosis and treatment outcomes. However, regional disparities in healthcare quality and insufficient standardization continue to hinder effective disease management. This article systematically reviews global and domestic research progress on medical quality control for keratoconus, comparing international practices with China's efforts across dimensions such as early screening, intervention strategies, postoperative management, and multidisciplinary collaboration. Studies reveal that developed countries have established hierarchical quality control systems centered on evidence-based guidelines, encompassing standardized corneal topography, CXL eligibility criteria, and long-term follow-up protocols. While China has made breakthroughs in technological innovation and policy-driven initiatives, persistent challenges include insufficient grassroots screening capacity and a lack of data-sharing mechanisms. To address these issues, this paper proposes recommendations to promote quality control standardization, strengthen AI-assisted diagnostics, and establish regional diagnostic and treatment networks. These strategies aim to enhance the medical quality of keratoconus care in China.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common microvascular complication of diabetes, is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss among the working-age population worldwide. In China, the prevalence of DR among diabetic patients is approximately 16.3%, with a significantly higher proportion of vision-threatening stages compared to Western countries, underscoring the urgency and importance of early screening. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in medical quality control related to DR screening and clinical classification. Current challenges include insufficient screening coverage, low grading and evaluation rates, and delays in referral. Core quality control indicators are proposed, such as screening awareness, screening rate, high-risk patient identification rate, and referral timeliness. Key components of quality control include multidisciplinary collaboration, personnel training, equipment standardization, data integration, and the application of telemedicine and artificial intelligence technologies. By optimizing primary care resource allocation, strengthening quality control standards, and promoting technological innovation, early detection and timely treatment of DR can be achieved, ultimately reducing the risk of vision impairment.

The specialty of ocular tumor involves the integration of multiple disciplines. With a diverse spectrum of diseases but low incidence rates for individual conditions, it is highly prone to misdiagnosis and suboptimal treatment practices. Thus, rigorous medical quality control is of paramount importance. Pathological diagnosis, regarded as the “gold standard” for disease identification, can significantly enhance early diagnostic efficiency, prevent missed and incorrect diagnoses, and comprehensively improve treatment outcomes for ocular tumors. This can be achieved by intensifying pathological examinations of ocular masses and boosting the specimen submission rate. Based on the scientific prediction of tumors' biological behavior (invasion depth, metastatic potential), treatment response, and prognosis trends by the TNM staging system, clinicians can establish a risk-stratified treatment model, thus optimizing the selection of treatment regimens. To achieve standardized diagnosis and treatment of ocular tumors, it is necessary to focus on promoting the standardized assessment of TNM staging. In conclusion, to improve the diagnosis and treatment of ocular tumors in China, quality control should be strengthened in two aspects: establishing mandatory pathological submission protocols for surgical specimens and improving standardized pretreatment clinical TNM staging assessments. It is also essential to construct standardized diagnostic and therapeutic pathways and quality control networks, promote the homogenization of diagnosis and treatment nationwide, and increase patient survival rates as well as eyeball/visual function preservation outcomes.

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness across the world, significantly affecting patients' visual function and quality of life. The diversity of disease types and the complicated pathophysiology increase the difficulty in diagnosis and treatment. At present, the status of medical quality control for glaucoma in China remains unclear. Clarifying the medical quality control objectives and establishing effective indicators are of great significance for improving and standardizing glaucoma care. This article aims to provide a review in this field, exploring the key points, existing problems, and improvement strategies of current quality control, and provide reference for improving the medical quality of glaucoma.

Strabismus and amblyopia are common ocular disorders that significantly affect visual development in children. Given their high prevalence, early onset, and marked regional disparities, there is an urgent need for a standardized medical quality control system. Although China has issued relevant guidelines and expert consensus documents, a unified national framework for quality control is still lacking. With the advent of artificial intelligence and digital therapeutics, new opportunities have emerged for advancing specialty-specific quality management in strabismus and amblyopia care. This review aims to summarize recent progress in quality control research related to strabismus and amblyopia management both domestically and internationally, draw upon international experiences, and analyzes the major challenges currently faced in China. Furthermore, it explores potential strategies for establishing a comprehensive quality control system that spans screening, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up, with the goal of promoting a shift from experience-based practices to standardized, data-driven care models in China.

Traumatic infectious endophthalmitis (TIE) is a severe complication following open globe injuries, characterized by pathogen invasion leading to intraocular infection. Prognosis is influenced by injury characteristics (e.g., wound type, retained foreign bodies), pathogen virulence, and timeliness of intervention. Quality control is pivotal in reducing infection risks and improving outcomes, emphasizing diagnostic accuracy, standardized treatment, and multidisciplinary collaboration. High-risk populations include young adult males and children, with infection rates reaching 4%-16% post-injury. Key risk factors include corneal/limbal wounds (Zone I), delayed closure (>24 h), and non-metallic foreign bodies (e.g., wood). Diagnostic quality control focuses on standardized history-taking (environment, type of foreign body), symptom stratification (acute bacterial vs subacute fungal features), and multimodal testing. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) enhances pathogen detection sensitivity (88%), complementing traditional cultures. Treatment protocols prioritize intravitreal vancomycin (10 g/L) combined with ceftazidime (22.5 g/L) for bacterial infections, while voriconazole is preferred for fungal cases. Early vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade is critical for severe infections, alongside retinal protection. Standardized quality control system has reduced blindness rates by 20%-40%. Future directions include AI-driven early diagnosis, rapid molecular testing in primary care, multicenter data sharing, and novel therapies to shift from reactive treatment to proactive prevention.

With the advancement of the “14th Five-Year Plan for National Eye Health (2021—2025)”, the quality control of ophthalmic nursing has become a key link in improving medical quality and patient safety. The “Opinions on Promoting High-Quality Development of Public Hospitals” issued by the General Office of the State Council emphasizes the need to strengthen clinical specialty construction, improve internal control systems, and establish evaluation systems. As the disease spectrum in ophthalmology in China shows a significant feature of coexistent high incidence in chronic diseases and rapidly growing surgical demamd, higher the professionalization and standardization of ophthalmic nursing services face elevated requirements, presenting new opportunities and challenges for ophthalmic nursing quality control. This study systematically analyzes the establishment and implementation of the ophthalmic nursing quality management and control system in China, the current research status of ophthalmic nursing quality evaluation systems, the development prospects and challenges of ophthalmic nursing quality control, aiming to provide references and suggestions for the improvement and development of the ophthalmic nursing quality control management system in China, and to promote the improvement of eye health service levels, meet patient needs, and ensure patient safety.

ObjectiveTo explore the feasibility and effectiveness of minimally invasive reduction of displaced nasal bone fractures under fine needle guidance.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 52 patients with nasal bone fractures who had undergone fine needle and endoscopic reduction surgery from June 2022 to December 2023. All patients had nasal bone fractures in the early stage within 2 weeks. According to the preoperative CT findings, all had nasal bone fracture deformities.ResultsAll patients with nasal bone fractures did not undergo incisions during the surgery, but were successfully reduced through manual reduction under the guidance of fine needles. During the subsequent 1-month follow-up period, all patients achieved satisfactory results in terms of appearance, patient experience, and CT evaluation.ConclusionMinimally invasive reduction technique for displaced nasal bone fractures under fine needle guidance can correct the misalignment of nasal bone fractures without additional incisions or subcutaneous dissection, resulting in no significant scars postoperatively. The patient is satisfied with the nasal appearance. This method is safe, feasible, and worthy of clinical promotion and application.

ObjectiveTo analyze the clinical prognosis of Cystic acoustic neuroma (CVS) and Solid acoustic neuroma (SVS).MethodsA retrospective analysis of clinical data of 417 patients with acoustic neuroma from 2017 to 2020 was performed, including intraoperative resection and postoperative complications (such as tinnitus, dizziness, hearing loss, balance disorders, headache, and facial nerve dysfunction).ResultsThe average tumor size in the CVS group (2.94 ± 0.87 cm) was larger than that in the SVS group (2.12 ± 0.87 cm). Total resection was achieved in 271/286 cases (94.8%) of the SVS group, and partial resection in 15/286 cases (5.2%). In the CVS group, total resection was achieved in 104/131 cases (79.4%) and partial resection in 27/131 cases (20.6%), with a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.001). Postoperative complications inclding tinnitus (P = 0.020), dizziness (P = 0.037), hearing loss (P = 0.038), and headache (P = 0.019) all showed statistical differences between the SVS and CVS groups, while postoperative balance disorders (P = 0.959) and facial nerve injury (P = 0.092) did not show statistical differences between the two groups.ConclusionCVS has a worse clinical prognosis than SVS, but there is no significant difference in facial nerve function damage between the two groups, and tumor size is not related to facial nerve function damage.

ObjectiveTo study the auditory cortex evoked potential (CAEP) test in the sound field of hearing-impaired children with dual-mode hearing intervention after cochlear implantation, the correlation between P1 wave latency, amplitude and auditory speech ability. To analyze the influence of implantation age and wearing time on the CAEP P1 wave latency of hearing-impaired children under dual-mode hearing intervention, so as to guide clinical practice.MethodsTwenty-nine hearing-impaired children with dual-mode hearing intervention were subjected to CAEP test, and CAP-II and SIR evaluation under short pure tone stimulation of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2 000 Hz and 4 000 Hz. The correlations between the latency and amplitude of CAEP P1 wave and CAP-Ⅱ and SIR were analyzed, and the effects of implantation age and wearing time on the latency of CAEP P1 wave in dual-mode hearing intervention were explored.ResultsP1 wave latency was negatively correlated with CAP-II and SIR. The amplitude of P1 wave was positively correlated with CAP-Ⅱ and SIR. Under the stimulation of 1 000 Hz frequency, P1 latency was negatively correlated with CAP-Ⅱ (r = -0.388, P < 0.05). Under 500 Hz tone burst stimulation, the amplitude of P1 wave was positively correlated with CAP-II and SIR scores (r = 0.428, r = 0.463, P < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis of the latency and amplitude of CAEP P1 wave under different frequencies of short pure tone stimulation showed that at 500 Hz (F = 4.362, P = 0.023) and 4 000 Hz (F = 4.056, P = 0.016), the overall regression equation test was statistically significant. The latency of 500 Hz CAEP P1 was negatively correlated with the age of cochlear implantation and the length of wearing time. When the age of cochlear implantation was controlled, the latency of P1 decreased by 0.632 ms for each additional month of implantation time, (t= -2.907, P < 0.05). The P1 latency of 4 000 Hz CAEP was positively correlated with the age of cochlear implantation and the length of wearing time. Under the condition of constant wearing time, the average P1 latency was prolonged by 0.654 ms for each additional month of implantation time at the age of implantation (t = 3.270, P < 0.05).ConclusionsCAEP can be used as an effective evaluation method for the rehabilitation effect of dual-mode hearing intervention, and the results of CAEP evaluation can guide clinical adjustment. Early intervention and adherence to dual-mode hearing intervention can effectively stimulate the development and maturation of the auditory cortex.

Eye socket plasty is used to repair conjunctival sac stenosis or atresia, also known as orbital reconstruction. The conjunctival sac becomes smaller and shallower, which leads to the difficulty of ocular prosthesis insertion. In severe cases, the conjunctival sac is closed, which affects the appearance of patients. A large number of clinical studies have described the surgical methods and repair materials for the correction of conjunctival sac stenosis, such as autologous conjunctiva, autologous oral mucosa, dermis-fat graft, allogeneic sclera, tissue engineering materials and orbital implants, etc. The treatment of eye socket malformation has been greatly promoted. This paper systematically summarizes the advantages, disadvantages and treatment progress of various materials and surgical methods.

ObjectiveTo summarize the characteristics of croup in children residing at ultra-high altitude.MethodsGeneral information, clinical manifestations, degree of laryngeal obstruction, vital signs, and blood test results, along with the treatment in 343 children with croup were collected and analyzed. Vital signs at admission were compared with those at discharge.ResultsAll children lived at an average of (4 010.30 ± 282.76) m above the sea level. In the 343 children with croup, the highest prevalence (64.14%, 220/343) was found in the first year of life, and 29.74% of them caught a fever with pneumonia. Degree Ⅰ laryngeal obstruction was found in 93.88% (322/343) of children, degree Ⅱ in 3.21% (11/343), degree Ⅲ in 2.92% (10/343), and no degree Ⅳ was found. In these children, the body temperature, heart and respiratory rates were all lower at discharge than at admission (95%CI: -0.67--0.50, -10.28--6.75, -2.11--1.46; P <0.001), whereas oxygen saturation was higher at discharge (89.17% ± 3.41% vs 86.80% ± 6.21%, P<0.001, 95%CI:1.64-3.09). No significant difference was found in red blood cell count between male and female children (P=0.853), but higher hemoglobin was found in male children than female children (P=0.044). The white blood cell counts and neutrophil counts in male children were all lower than those in female children (P=0.024, P=0.040). High incidence of croup was found in winter while low in summer.ConclusionsChildren less than 1 year old are more likely to caught a croup. They may suffer from fever due to pneumonia. Degree I laryngeal obstruction was most common in children with croup but they still require careful attention.

Hearing loss is one of the common causes leading to decreased quality of life in the elderly. It not only affects their normal language communication but may also trigger anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, dementia, and other mental health issues. There is a reciprocal relationship between hearing loss and psychological well-being in the elderly. Hearing loss can easily lead to psychological problems, while psychological issues may exacerbate the extent of hearing loss. Cognitive and emotional changes are the main manifestations of psychological issues in elderly patients with hearing loss. This article analyzes the psychological health assessment tools and disease characteristics changes of elderly patients with hearing loss, and studies and analyzes the auditory assessment methods, psychological intervention measures, medication as well as auditory rehabilitation treatments such as hearing aids and cochlear implants through literature review. The aim is to provide a basis for effective disease intervention, to help improve the psychological health level of elderly patients with hearing loss, and to enhance their quality of life.

With the in-depth understanding of inflammatory factors and pathological mechanisms of chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), it was found that different endotypes can guide the treatment and prognosis of CRSwNP with biologic agents. Studies have shown that IL-5 is one of the signature cytokines of type Th2 immune response and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. Biologics targeting monoclonal antibodies have been developed for the treatment of this disease. Among them, Mepolizumab (Nucala) is a class of monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-5, which can treat refractory CRSwNP by reducing the level of eosinophils in the blood. This paper reviews Mepolizumab as a biologic agent to treat CRSwNP under the guidance of endotype research on CRSwNP.