Pterygium is a common ophthalmic disease that can lead to visual impairment and ocular discomfort. Surgical intervention remains the most effective treatment. Although pterygium surgery is widely performed in hospitals at all levels, recurrence rates and complication incidences are influenced by multiple factors, with secondary surgery rates remaining high in primary healthcare institutions. Establishing an effective medical quality control system is crucial for reducing complications, lowering recurrence rates, and improving patient satisfaction. This article reviews the current research on medical quality control in pterygium surgery, compares domestic and international quality control indicators, guidelines, and consensus documents, and emphasizes key quality control aspects such as standardized single-disease management protocols, personnel competency training, and patient education. Existing challenges in surgical quality control and future directions are discussed. Leveraging artificial intelligence-assisted digital quality control platforms to achieve real-time remote monitoring, implementing point-specific quality control networks, and establishing a trinity quality control system integrating “technology-data-personnel” are expected to further optimize management mechanisms and enhance overall quality control efficacy in pterygium surgery.