Adolescent myopia has emerged as a major global public health challenge, with its rapidly increasing prevalence and the risk of blindness associated with high myopia drawing widespread concern. This article systematically reviews domestic and international research progress on medical quality control in adolescent myopia prevention and management, comparing global practices with China's efforts across dimensions such as policy frameworks, technological applications, data management, and multi-sector collaboration. Studies indicate that developed countries have established evidence-based, multi-tiered quality control systems encompassing early screening, personalized interventions, and long-term follow-up. While China has achieved significant progress in policy guidance and technological innovation, challenges persist, including regional disparities, insufficient data integration, and weak prevention awareness. Building on global and domestic experiences, this paper proposes recommendations to advance quality control standardization, strengthen digital empowerment, and establish a collaborative family-school-hospital network, aiming to provide insights for optimizing adolescent myopia prevention strategies in China.