Quantum sensing is a technology that uses quantum systems, quantum properties or quantum phenomena to measure physical quantities. The core of quantum sensing lies in the manipulation and reading of the states of microscopic particles, that is, by taking advantage of the superposition, coherence, entanglement and tunneling properties of quantum states, it breaks through the physical limits of classical sensors and achieves high-precision measurements of physical quantities, such as magnetic fields, gravity, and temperature. This paper focuses on the direction of quantum sensing and reviews the technological development of particles and materials in quantum sensing. The basic principles of four major particle systems, namely neutral atoms, trapped ions, color center particles, and light quanta, and their applications in quantum sensing are discussed at the particle system level. Four material systems, namely silicon-based materials, third-generation semiconductor materials, lithium niobate materials, and two-dimensional materials, are discussed at the material level. This paper presents technical directions for the design of new quantum materials, chip-level integration, and multibody entanglement enhancement, providing a reference for future research on quantum sensing technology.

Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) is crucial in marine monitoring and resource exploration owing to its advantages, including high bandwidth and low latency. Blue-green light (450~570 nm) is the preferred carrier signal due to its minimal absorption attenuation coefficient and superior penetration in water. With the escalating demand for communication data volume and transmission distance, the development of high-speed and high-sensitivity blue-green light communication detectors has become essential. This review summarizes recent global advancements in blue-green light communication detectors. Based on the semiconductor materials that absorb blue-green light and the high-speed detector structures, these detectors can be classified into three categories: low-dimensional material devices utilizing bandgap engineering, traditional Si-based detectors leveraging surface field modulation and lateral electric fields, and GaN-series material detectors through compositional tuning. A critical analysis of the operational principles, development status,, advantages, and limitations of each category is conducted. Finally, the challenges of the blue-green photodetectors in enhancing absorption efficiency, response speed, sensitivity, stability, and integration are discussed, highlighting prospects for next-generation high-performance detectors in underwater communication systems.

To address the issue of performance degradation in infrared detectors caused by high-energy particle irradiation in space applications, this study investigates the effects of displacement damage on key parameters of HgCdTe infrared focal plane arrays through proton irradiation experiments. By comparing the performance of the focal plane before and after irradiation and applying semiconductor radiation effect theory, the mechanisms by which displacement damage affects the characteristics of HgCdTe infrared focal planes are analyzed. The results indicate that proton irradiation leads to increased dark current, noise, and number of blind elements, with the extent of degradation proportional to the radiation fluence. These findings offer a helpful reference for future research on the radiation effects in HgCdTe infrared detectors.

Transparent photovoltaic (TPV) devices can selectively absorb specific components of the solar spectrum to produce a photovoltaic effect while maintaining the overall transparency of the device. Many studies have employed perovskites in TPV devices to achieve multifunctional systems. However, the narrow bandgap and sharp absorption edge of typical polycrystalline silicon and conventional perovskites hinder them from reaching the high levels of transparency required for aesthetic appeal and architectural integration. In this study, double perovskites with wide and indirect bandgap characteristics were introduced to fabricate TPV devices with long-term stability. During device preparation, we successfully fabricated high-quality Cs2AgBiBr6 polycrystalline thin films with low haze and high transparency by incorporating low-pressure post-processing steps. Subsequently, the device parameters were systematically optimized. The fully optimized devices exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.56% and an average visible transmittance (AVT) of 73%, achieving a balance between power conversion capability and optical transparency.

Ultrashort optical pulse sources enhance data transmission rates and nonlinear interaction efficiency and play a critical role in fields such as optical communications, ultrafast spectroscopy, and optical computing. Compared to methods that employ microresonator optical frequency combs or mode-locked lasers for optical pulse generation, temporal lens systems—comprising cascaded electro-optic modulators and dispersion compensation units—offer distinct advantages, including excellent system coherence and compatibility with on-chip integration. This paper proposes a temporal lens system based on a cascaded electro-optic modulator featuring thin-film lithium niobate slow-wave electrodes to generate ultrashort optical pulses. The designed Mach–Zehnder intensity modulator achieves a modulation efficiency of 2.46 V·cm and a modulation bandwidth exceeding 100 GHz, without requiring substrate removal or replacement. Simulations of the temporal lens system driven by microwave signals at various frequencies were conducted. The results show that the system generates 21, 17, and 17 comb lines with a flatness of less than 3 dB at 10, 30, and 45 GHz, respectively. After compression by a single-mode fiber, the generated optical pulses exhibit pulse widths of 3.45, 1.5, and 1 ps, confirming the effectiveness of this temporal lens system as an ultrafast optical pulse source.

The laser beam has high directionality, which results in a mismatch between the spatial intensity distribution of blue and yellow lights produced by its excitation of phosphor, and leads to poor CCT uniformity. To address this issue, we propose a laser-diode-based white light source incorporating a microlens array-homogenized microstructure phosphor system (MLA-HMPS). It achieves uniform mixing of blue and yellow light by changing the spatial intensity distribution of the blue light. The experimental results show that the CCT deviation of a white light source with the proposed MLA-HMPS is 630 K. Compared with corresponding deviations with a direct laser planar phosphor system and microlens array homogenized planar phosphor system, this value is lower by 10 170 and 1 070 K, respectively. The white light source exhibits a luminous flux of 1 458 lm, an efficiency of 138 lm/W, a CCT of 5 226 K, and a color rendering index of 71.1, thereby meeting the application requirements of automotive headlights.

Tantalum (Ta)-doped hafnium dioxide (HfO2, THO) gate dielectric layers were fabricated using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The dielectric properties of these layers and the electrical characteristics of amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) incorporating them were systematically investigated. Capacitance-voltage measurements of THO films deposited under varying oxygen partial pressures (0%, 10%, 25%, and 50%) revealed that the film prepared at 25% oxygen partial pressure exhibited the optimal dielectric performance, demonstrating the lowest capacitance equivalent thickness of 6.5 nm and the highest equivalent dielectric constant of 23.7. Ta doping significantly enhanced the dielectric properties compared to pristine HfO2 gate dielectrics. Furthermore, -IGZO TFTs employing this optimized THO (25%, O2) gate dielectric demonstrated excellent device performance: a low threshold voltage of 0.57 V, a high saturation mobility of 22.5 cm2/(V·s), and a high on/off current ratio of 2.5 × 109. These key performance metrics are significantly superior to those of control devices utilizing pure HfO2 gate dielectrics.

A micro-channel heat sink (MCHS) made of chromium-zirconium-copper (Cu-Cr-Zr) was fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) technology. The minimum achievable dimensions of the MCHS flow channels were optimized and tested. When the designed height and width were set to 1.7 mm, the actual formed dimensions measure approximately 1.078 mm in height and 1.415 mm in width. Further experiments have shown that reducing the designed channel height below 1.7 mm significantly increases the likelihood of flow channel blockage. Following the soldering of a semiconductor laser chip onto the heat sink surface, its output characteristics were evaluated. The laser chip exhibited a threshold current of 1.02 A. At a driving current of 5.39 A, the output power reached 4.601 W with a slope efficiency of 0.85 W/A. Additionally, the thermal resistance of the MCHS made of Cu-Cr-Zr has been measured as 7.33 °C/W. A 50 h stability test showed that the output power of the laser chip decreased by 8.54% before stabilizing. The experimental results confirm the feasibility of using SLM technology for MCHS fabrication and its potential for industrial-scale production.

Liquid scintillation detectors based on the time-of-flight method are important for neutron/gamma diagnosis in fusion ignition research, with rapidly decaying scintillators at the core. To meet the testing requirements for scintillator decay characteristics, this study developed a testing system based on the advanced time-correlated single photon counting principle and optimized the attenuation mechanism on the basis of a “filter + porous grating” structure for single photon acquisition. The system response time was found to be 0.84 ns, with dynamic range of light intensity measurement of 104 and measurement accuracy of 0.61 ns. Notably, more than 95% of the signal can be attributed to single photons. Validation tests were conducted on BC501 and CLYC scintillators, which differ considerably in terms of decay characteristics, and the resultant decay curves for both scintillators were obtained. The decay constants of the BC501 scintillator were found to be 3.7 and 35.5 ns, which differ from the reference values by 0.5 and 3.2 ns, respectively. Similarly, the decay constants of the CLYC scintillator were found to be 1.4, 58.9, and 1 074 ns, which differ from the reference values by 0.4, 8.9, and 74 ns, respectively. These results confirm the reliability of the developed measurement system and will be applied in subsequent testing and comparison of scintillator samples.

This study proposes a method that involves depositing a highly reflective metal film on the dead-zone surface of the SiPM. This structure forms an optical resonant cavity with the transparent encapsulation layer, redirecting incident light from the dead zones to the photosensitive regions, thereby enhancing both the PDE and absolute quantum efficiency. The mechanism behind this enhancement was analyzed using geometric optics modeling in combination with simulations performed in Comsol Multiphysics. Theoretical calculations and optical simulations reveal an increase in light transmittance of 6.23% and 6.31%, respectively. Additionally, semiconductor device simulations demonstrate a 6.2% improvement in absolute quantum efficiency, aligning closely with the simulated transmittance gains. This approach effectively mitigates losses due to the dead zones, offering a viable solution for enhancing the photon detection capabilities of SiPMs.

In terahertz frequency band communication systems, high-performance filters are essential for enabling selective signal transmission and suppressing out-of-band interference. While traditional cavity filter design methods are well-established for low-frequency bands, they encounter significant challenges when extended to the terahertz range. At higher frequencies, issues such as strong high-order mode coupling effects, increased sensitivity to manufacturing tolerances, and sharply rising insertion losses present technical bottlenecks that severely limit overall system performance. This study utilizes the CST Microwave Studio full-wave simulation platform. By developing a coupled theoretical model, the underlying principles of cavity filter design were systematically analyzed, and a 340 GHz cavity filter for vacuum terahertz systems was designed. Simulation results indicate that the designed filter, centered at 340 GHz, achieves a passband from 335 to 345 GHz, with insertion loss maintained below 1 dB and return loss within the passband exceeding 20 dB. Out-of-band suppression reaches −25 dB at 355 GHz and −35 dB in the 320 to 325 GHz range. This research offers important theoretical insights and technical references for the design and realization of high-performance terahertz filters. It also holds engineering significance for advancing the development of terahertz communication systems.

To enhance the sensitivity of fiber-optic strain sensors utilizing the virtual vernier effect, this paper proposes a serrated fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) design. The sensing region of a capillary fiber was etched with serrated microstructures via CO2 laser processing, reducing its cross-sectional area to induce strain concentration and thereby significantly amplify the intrinsic sensitivity of the sensing interferometer. Experimental results demonstrate that at a serration depth of 30 m, the strain sensitivity of the sensing interferometer reaches 2.5 pm/. Further amplification was achieved by applying the virtual vernier effect, where the sensing signal was superimposed with a virtual reference signal (amplification factor = 136.6). This dual-path optimization resulted in an envelope valley strain sensitivity of 341.75 pm/ for the virtual vernier effect sensor, significantly surpassing the performance of existing comparable sensors. This methodology synergistically optimizes both the interferometer's structural design and the virtual vernier effect amplification, establishing a novel paradigm for designing high-sensitivity fiber-optic strain sensors.

The mid-infrared band (2.5~25 m) includes both the characteristic frequency region (2.5~7.7 m) and the molecular fingerprint region (7.7~16.7 m), making it ideal for spectral detection and molecular sensing applications. Reconstructive spectrometers based on guided wave optics have demonstrated excellent performance in the near-infrared and visible ranges. However, achieving reconstructive spectrometers with large bandwidth, high resolution, and compactness in the mid-infrared remains a significant challenge. In this study, we developed an on-chip reconstructive spectrometer based on cascaded Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity filters fabricated on a germanium-on-silicon mid-infrared platform. A waveguide Bragg grating serves as the reflector for each F-P cavity. The spectrometer integrates 63 cascaded F-P filters, selected through a specific algorithm. Simulation indicate a resolution of 0.4 nm over a 600 nm bandwidth near 4 m, yielding a bandwidth-to-resolution ratio of 1 500 without any additional tuning.

Owing to long transmission distances and high bit-error rates caused by serious channel attenuation, non-return-to-zero (NRZ) code signals are usually processed using forward feedback equalization (FFE) at high-speed serial interface (SerDes) transmitters. In this study, based on the UMC 28 nm CMOS process, a parallel-configurable FFE high-speed SerDes transmitter was designed using an 8-bit digital-to-analog converter architecture. The parallel input signal and stored 8 10-bit tap coefficients are logically operated by the multiplier module and parallel carry adder module in the configurable FFE to realize signal pre-equalization processing. A high-speed 4∶1 multiplexer composed of an AND-NOT gate, a cascode device, and a reset path was adopted. The terminal output network adopted a source series termination structure to reduce power loss. The simulation results showed that when the transmitter was powered by 1.05 V voltage and the channel attenuation was 18.59 dB @ 20 GHz, the eye height of the output 40 Gb/s NRZ signal was 378.4 mV, eye width was 18.53 ps (0.74 UI), overall layout area was 0.055 mm2, overall circuit power consumption was 0.055 mm2, and power consumption of the complete circuit was 41.8 mW.

A laser diode (LD) pumped, narrow-pulse-width, high-power solid-state laser was designed using a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configuration. The master oscillator stage utilizes a neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate (Nd:YVO4) crystal as the laser gain medium in combination with a rubidium titanyl phosphate (RTP) electro-optic Q-switch. The pulse width characteristics at high repetition rates were analyzed, yielding narrow pulse width output from the master oscillator stage. The power amplifier stage employes a configuration that features LD dual-end pumping of the Nd:YVO4 crystal. A three-dimensional thermal simulation model was established to comparatively analyze the thermal effects in the gain medium under LD single-end and dual-end pumping. The influence of LD pump spot size and gain medium length on thermal effects in the power amplifier stage under dual-end pumping was investigated. Following experimental optimization of the laser parameters, the MOPA system achieved a maximum average power of 22.01 W with a pulse width of 4.33 ns at a wavelength of 1 064 nm and a repetition frequency of 10 kHz. The corresponding optical-to-optical conversion efficiency was 18.21%.

In this study, a self-assembled diethyl vinylphosphonate (DVP) monolayer was grafted onto a germanium surface to investigate the modulation effect of self-assembled molecular monolayers on the Fermi level depinning on a germanium surface. Subsequently, the Fermi level depinning effect was comprehensively studied by analyzing the Schottky barrier height, uniformity, and stability. Experimental results demonstrated that DVP monolayers effectively alleviated the Fermi level pinning effect by forming a Schottky barrier of 0.50 eV on p-type germanium and reducing the Schottky barrier from 0.52 eV to 0.44 eV on n-type germanium. However, the depinning effect of the DVP monolayer resulted in a surface inhomogeneity of 12.2% among the samples of p-type germanium. We attributed this inhomogeneity to the incomplete passivation of the dangling bonds on the germanium surface. Furthermore, the Fermi level depinning effect of the DVP molecular monolayer degraded drastically after 48 h, which was attributed to the non-compact DVP monolayer caused by the complex chemical properties of the germanium surface.

The wiring of high-speed optoelectronic three-dimensional (3D) integrated systems features a high density, small size, and complex structure. Accurate characterization of vertical through-silicon via (TSV) structures in high-speed optoelectronic 3D integration can significantly improve system reliability while reducing development time and tape-out costs. In this study, a high-speed coaxial TSV structure with various parameters was simulated. Next, based on the geometrical and process parameters determined from the simulation, a proper high-speed coaxial TSV test structure based on the L-2L de-embedding method was designed and fabricated on an eight-inch process platform. Finally, the transmission characteristics of the high-speed TSV were obtained through de-embedding. A comparison between the test and simulation results reveals an average error of 0.938% between them within 40 GHz. This result confirms the high accuracy of the simulation method, corroborating the feasibility of its application to high-speed TSV development and high-speed optoelectronic 3D integrated system design.

To break the technical bottlenecks of traditional channelized receivers, including instantaneous operating bandwidth, processing speed, and scale, this paper proposes a passive channelization method based on the high-accuracy arrayed waveguide grating. Narrow-band channel division of RF-modulated optical signals is realized using an ultranarrow passband arrayed waveguide grating. The designed and prepared optical channelization chip has a stable performance. The optical insertion loss of the channel is approximately 11 dB after packaging, and the optical isolation between the adjacent channel is greater than 16 dB. The build channelization system demonstrates multichannel channel division with the 10 GHz bandwidth of the ultra-wideband RF-modulated optical signal. The system is compact, which can greatly reduce the complexity of the channelization system. In addition, it can achieve all-optical interconnection with the microwave photon frontend and backend. The insertion loss of the microwave photonic link can be significantly reduced, and the sensitivity of the receiving system can be improved.

A lightweight dual-domain constrained generative adversarial network (LDDC-GAN) is proposed to address the limited availability of butyl rubber samples for industrial visual inspection, as well as issues of mode collapse and attribute distortion in existing generative models under small-sample conditions. This model introduces a frequency-domain energy alignment mechanism to suppress mode collapse and incorporates cosine loss to constrain texture features. By jointly optimizing the frequency and spatial domains, the model ensures structural continuity and realistic details in the generated images. In addition, a progressive channel compression strategy is designed to reduce the model size to 4.42 M parameters and optimize memory usage to 6.4 GB. Combined with an improved StyleGAN2-based generator, discriminator architecture, and a dynamic gradient clipping strategy, the model efficiently converged on a dataset of 386 industrial samples of resolution 256×256. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model achieved better performance than the current mainstream baseline models, as measured by the FID and SSIM metrics.

Optical true time delay line (OTTDL) is essential for signal processing in microwave photonics (MWP) and optical communications. This study presents an index-variable OTTDL based on forty subwavelength grating (SWG) waveguides fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator. Numerical simulations of the resulting time delays in the SWG waveguide-based OTTDL are presented for various MWP applications. Simulation results demonstrate that: the structure enables a microwave photonic filter with discrete frequency tuning and reconfigurability; it facilitates discrete beam-steering angle tuning in phased array antennas without introducing beam squinting effects; it is suitable for implementing multi-cavity Vernier and unbalanced dual-cavity optoelectronic oscillators, achieving discrete oscillation frequency tuning while characterizing corresponding oscillation spectra and phase noise performance. This work provides a viable solution for high-performance, compact integrated MWP signal processing.

To measure the high-precision micro-displacement of objects, this paper proposes a measurement technique based on vortex light interference. By improving the traditional Mach–Zehnder interferometric system, a spatial light modulator is used to generate vortex light as a reference light source, which interferes with the spherical object light acting on the object to be measured and produces spiral interference fringes. Small displacements of the object cause the interference fringes to rotate, and the amount of displacement can be determined by measuring the angle of rotation. This technique combines the advantages of laser interference with image processing, a four-step phase-shifting method, and a unwrapping algorithm to generate unwrapped phase maps and displacement-distribution maps, allowing accurate analysis of the micro-displacement of the object. The experimental results show that the measurement error of this method is less than 3%, and the average error of the repeated measurements is 1.4%. The system is not only easy to operate, with high testing accuracy, but also stable and reliable, making it suitable for industries such as precision machining and chip manufacturing, providing an effective solution for high-precision displacement measurement.

The performance of the three-dimensional reconstruction algorithm in Geiger-mode Avalanche Photo Diode (Gm-APD) laser imaging LiDAR, particularly in terms of target fidelity and image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), is highly dependent on the number of statistical frames used. Generally, increasing the number of frames enhances reconstruction accuracy but compromises real-time imaging capability. Conversely, using fewer frames can lead to target omission and reduced image SNR. To address the challenge of accurate 3D reconstruction under low-frame conditions, a novel algorithm based on a histogram enhancement strategy is proposed. The method begins by employing the Pearson correlation coefficient to sum histograms within correlated neighborhoods, thereby enhancing signal features. A sliding window search is then applied to estimate the target distance range, effectively filtering out noise and yielding an enhanced histogram. Subsequently, a low-complexity bi-parameter maximum likelihood estimation is used to reconstruct the distance image. Finally, spatial domain thresholding is applied to suppress residual noise and further improve image quality. Experimental results demonstrate that with only 50 statistical frames, the proposed algorithm improves target fidelity by 0.13 and enhances the image SNR by 1.63 dB compared to the matched filtering method. These results confirm the algorithm’s effectiveness for real-time Gm-APD LiDAR applications where a limited number of frames is required.

In stepped-frequency continuous-wave ground-penetrating radar (SFCW GPR) systems, complex noises such as coupling noise, ground harmonic noise, and external electromagnetic interference significantly degrade the signal quality, thus severely affecting the accuracy of target detection. Although conventional denoising methods such as wavelet transform, mean clustering, and fuzzy mean clustering perform well in pulsed radar systems, they exhibit inherent limitations in suppressing time-domain cumulative noise in continuous-wave radar signals. To address this issue, this study proposes a novel noise-suppression method for SFCW GPR based on the variational mode decomposition algorithm. This method decomposes a noisy signal into several intrinsic mode functions and reconstructs an effective signal based on center-frequency-based screening of the modal functions, thereby significantly enhancing the denoising performance. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed method improves the signal-to-noise ratio by approximately 13.16 dB. Practical experiments further confirm the effectiveness of the method in noise suppression, where the power spectral densities of both high- and low-frequency noise in the processed signal are approximately 0 W/Hz. This study provides a reliable solution for the application of ground-penetrating radar in complex noise environments.

To address the shortcomings of the autofocus-window construction technology used in conventional focusing methods for laser processing, such as limited real-time performance, vulnerability to background noise, and considerable computational complexity in microtexture applications, this study proposes a saliency-window construction method. This method utilizes image saliency to isolate the region of interest for focus evaluation by integrating gradients and color cues. The main idea is to apply a visual saliency-detection framework when generating an autofocus window to suppress irrelevant background information and enhance the specificity of sharpness evaluation. A window-extraction algorithm combining Kirsch gradient analysis, LAB color-contrast calculation, local normalization, and texture suppression is introduced, thus enabling microtexture regions to be reliably depicted under brightness variations and complex modes. The method was experimentally verified on a laser microprocessing device. Compared with the conventional central-window method, the proposed method exhibits higher levels of sensitivity, steepness, and sharpness ratio by approximately 83%, 75%, and 54%, respectively, thereby enabling the generation of single-peak and fast-response focus curves and supporting stable microstructure manufacturing. Owing to its ability to balance between high precision and real-time performance, this saliency window provides an effective solution for the laser microprocessing platform.

Owing to the vast and heterogeneous nature of power measurement data generated during power grid scheduling, integrating multisource heterogeneous data and constructing a big data warehouse for power grid scheduling error prevention present significant challenges. This study proposes a method for developing a big data warehouse for power grid scheduling error prevention through the fusion of multisource heterogeneous data. First, the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers and the Visual Geometry Group Network with 19 layersmodels were employed to extract comprehensive semantic and visual features from text and image data, respectively. Thereafter, a joint Kalman filter algorithm was implemented for feature fusion of the multisource heterogeneous data. Furthermore, an architecture for the power grid scheduling error prevention big data warehouse was developed to facilitate efficient management, rapid retrieval, and intelligent error prevention of power grid big data. Intelligent retrieval for power grid error prevention was achieved using the big data warehouse coupled with the Classification and Regression Tree algorithm. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method was validated through simulated experiments. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed method achieved efficient management and rapid retrieval of power grid scheduling data, which effectively enhanced the level of intelligent error prevention in power grid scheduling.