Ultrashort optical pulse sources enhance data transmission rates and nonlinear interaction efficiency and play a critical role in fields such as optical communications, ultrafast spectroscopy, and optical computing. Compared to methods that employ microresonator optical frequency combs or mode-locked lasers for optical pulse generation, temporal lens systems—comprising cascaded electro-optic modulators and dispersion compensation units—offer distinct advantages, including excellent system coherence and compatibility with on-chip integration. This paper proposes a temporal lens system based on a cascaded electro-optic modulator featuring thin-film lithium niobate slow-wave electrodes to generate ultrashort optical pulses. The designed Mach–Zehnder intensity modulator achieves a modulation efficiency of 2.46 V·cm and a modulation bandwidth exceeding 100 GHz, without requiring substrate removal or replacement. Simulations of the temporal lens system driven by microwave signals at various frequencies were conducted. The results show that the system generates 21, 17, and 17 comb lines with a flatness of less than 3 dB at 10, 30, and 45 GHz, respectively. After compression by a single-mode fiber, the generated optical pulses exhibit pulse widths of 3.45, 1.5, and 1 ps, confirming the effectiveness of this temporal lens system as an ultrafast optical pulse source.