Quantum sensing is a technology that uses quantum systems, quantum properties or quantum phenomena to measure physical quantities. The core of quantum sensing lies in the manipulation and reading of the states of microscopic particles, that is, by taking advantage of the superposition, coherence, entanglement and tunneling properties of quantum states, it breaks through the physical limits of classical sensors and achieves high-precision measurements of physical quantities, such as magnetic fields, gravity, and temperature. This paper focuses on the direction of quantum sensing and reviews the technological development of particles and materials in quantum sensing. The basic principles of four major particle systems, namely neutral atoms, trapped ions, color center particles, and light quanta, and their applications in quantum sensing are discussed at the particle system level. Four material systems, namely silicon-based materials, third-generation semiconductor materials, lithium niobate materials, and two-dimensional materials, are discussed at the material level. This paper presents technical directions for the design of new quantum materials, chip-level integration, and multibody entanglement enhancement, providing a reference for future research on quantum sensing technology.