The time series of sonic temperature on 13 to 17 January 2011 are analysed. Not only the classical Kolmogorov structure parameter C2n is obtained with method of structure function and spectrum analysis,but also the non-Kolmogorov turbulence characteristic parameters such as non-Kolmogorov power law α, generalized structure parameter 2n, equivalence structure parameter 2n are measured.Based on the experimental results, it can be seen as follows. 1) The frequency of power law of the one-dimensional non-Kolmogorov spectrum that range is －1.9<-α1<-1.5 is 77.9%. The -α1 under weak turbulence is more flat than Kolmogorov -5/3 law spectrum. 2) The C2n values derived from structure function analysis and spectrum analysis are slightly difference. 3) The trend and order of magnitude agrees well between C2n and 2n, and the discrepancy is that C2n can be smaller than 2n when weak turbulence occurs, in that moment the power spectrum is usually flatter than the -5/3 Kolmogorov theory. 4) The trend and order of magnitude agrees well between 2n and 2n, and the discrepancy is that 2n has a little fluctuant, and can change according to different values of wavelength and propogation length.

A subwavelength focal spot can be generated by tightly focused laser beams through lens with large numerical aperture (NA), which may have potential applications in microscopy, photoetching and data storage. The transmittances of tightly focused vortex beams and non-vortex beams through turbid media are experimentally studied. The influences of the NA of objective and the topological charge of vortex beam on the transmittance are investigated in details. The experimental results show that the transmittance is stronger if beam carries spiral phase under the same experimental conditions. Moreover, a larger topological charge and a larger NA can produce a stronger transmittance.

The polarization of the output light emitted by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer is systematically measured, and its influences on the measurement of the absorption coefficients of the colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and particles are researched. The results reveal that the output light of the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer has significant polarization. Yet, the polarization of ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer light has negligible influence on the measurement of the absorption coefficients of the CDOM and particles.

The main factors which affect the retrieving of aerosol parameters over the sea surface are analyzed by solving the vector radiative transfer equation according to the models based on the method of successive orders of scattering. An algorithm for the estimating of aerosol optical properties over the sea surface is provided and realized according to the look-up table of reflectance and polarized reflectance estimated from the sea surface aerosol model. By using the data of polarized radiance from the self-developed airborn multi-angle directional polarized camera (DPC) flying over the Bohai Bay, the aerosol optical thickness and ngstrm exponent are retrieved, and the results show that the average values of optical thickness and ngstrm exponent over the area are respectively 0.441 and 1.15. For the validation of the algorithm as well as the processing of data, the values are compared with those retrieved simultaneously from ground based sun-photometer (CE318) mounted at several different places. Results show that they are in agreement, which demonstrates the feasibility of the algorithm for the practical issue of the background of sea and sky.

The characteristics of resonant guided-mode is analyzed under transverse magnetic (TM) polarization light at the Brewster angle using the rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) and effective media theory (EMT) and the effect of different structure parameters on label-free detection sensitivity is analyzed. The effect of three film structures on detection sensitivity is discussed. It is found that the shifts of resonant angles are 5.1°, 3.6°and 4.2° for single-layer resonant Brewster sensors (RBS), double-layer RBS and triple-layer RBS when the refractive index changes by 0.1, and all show high dectection sensitivities. As the modulation index reduces from 0.4525 to 0.1441 for single-layer RBS, the refractive index changes by 0.1, the changes of incident angles are 4.48° and 4.95°, and the detection sensitivity increases.

The method of fabricating structural long period grating (LPG) in a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with periodically collapsed holes along the length of the fiber by use of arc discharge is proposed. The influence of the fiber structural parameters, involving the grating period, the number of periods, the refractive index and temperature, on transmission characteristics is further studied. The research results indicate that the transmission characteristics of the manufactural LPG can be tuned by the grating period and the number of periods regularly. The refractive sensitivity and the temperature sensitivity are 420 nm/RIU (RIU is refractive index unit) and 7.86 pm/℃, respectively, which is found to be highly sensitive to refractive index while weakly sensitive to temperature. These unique properties can bring many potential applications in the field of optical fiber sensor with largely reduced cross-sensitivity.

Coupling laser beam with plane wavefront into single-mode fiber (SMF) is a key technology in free-space optical communication. The influences between single-order wavefront aberration and atmospheric turbulences aberration on SMF coupling efficiency are analyzed in the Matlab simulation environment, respectively. The iteration courses of tilts correction using stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm and their effects on coupling efficiency are studied. The simulation results show that SMF coupling efficiency drops with the increment of root-mean-square (RMS) value of single-order wavefront aberration, while the SMF coupling efficiency improves when the tilt aberrations of atmosphere are compensated. And the tilts are the main acting factor to SMF coupling efficiency when D/r0 is small. A closed-loop control system based on SPGD algorithm is established, where the adaptive fiber coupler (AFC) is employed to correct tilt aberrations of simulated turbulence. After tilt aberrations of simulated turbulence are corrected, the SMF coupling efficiency increases from 30.07% to 61.72% and the mean-squared-error (MSE) drops from 7.28% to 2.16%.

Photonic time-stretch analog-to-digital converter (PTS-ADC) system utilizes the dispersion effect of fibers to stretch the sampled analog signal in time and compress its bandwidth, which can highly improve the sampling rate and bandwidth of electrical analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The PTS-ADC system needs a large length of dispersion fiber as the transmission medium, whose loss limits the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and effective number of bit (ENOB). Although it is possible to improve the system′s SNR by increasing the optical pulse power, the system can be influenced by the nonlinearity effect in fiber. The impact of the nonlinearity effect on the performance of PTS-ADC system including power transfer function and carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) is analyzed from the theoretical, numerical and experimental results. It shows that the nonlinearity effect occurring in the first spool of dispersion fiber cannot distort the sampled analog signal, contrarily it can improve the system′s bandwidth and CIR. However, the nonlinearity effect in the second spool of dispersion fiber call deteriorate the system performance and should be refrained.

Based on the Jones matrix of polarization-maintaining fiber, a model of Faraday nonreciprocal phase shift of a polarization-maintaining fiber coil is established. Calculation results show that the Faraday nonreciprocal phase shifts of the fiber coil have opposite polarity in the fiber′s slow and fast axises, but are equal in size. A polarization alternately circulation polarization-maintaining interferometric fiber-optic gyroscope (PCPM-IFOG) is introduced that allows for the clockwise (CW) and counter clockwise (CCW) lights circle propagating around the coil once in the fiber′s slow and fast axises separately. So the total Faraday nonreciprocal phase shift is zero and complete suppression on the effects of the Faraday nonreciprocal phase shift is achieved. Experiment results show the output of PCPM-IFOG with 500 m polarization-maintaining fiber coil, has no relation with the earth magnetic field. In contrast, the output Faraday bias drift of a polarization-maintaining interferometric fiber-optic gyroscope (PM-IFOG) with the same polarization-maintaining fiber coil is about ±0.3°/h when PM-IFOG azimuth angle is changed.

Aiming at the safety of double random phase encoding system in the Fresnel domain, an improved encryption algorithm is proposed. By means of the phase encoding in advance, the new system overcome the flaws of insensitivity to the first random phase mask and the first diffraction distance in original system. After the double random phase encoding module, the secondary encryption based on the amplitude-phase substitution of complex value image makes the pixel value distribution of encrypted image is more uniform. Random masks in the proposed algorithm are generated from three different chaotic systems. With the dynamics of chaotic systems, such as nonlinearity and sensitivity to initial values, the key volume is reduced, the key space is enlarged and complexity of the system is increased. Simulation is conducted on statistical analysis, correlation analysis and key sensitivity test. The experimental results show that the improved algorithm has higher security.

Super-resolution digital holography recording system can break through the limit of system resolution and improve the resolution of system. At present, in order to get high spectrum of object with CCD, designing different super-resolution recording system is an active area of research. Basing on sampling theorem and angular spectrum diffraction theory, the design of super-resolution digital holography recording system is discussed. The research result show that no matter how to design the system, the recording system have a optimization size value of the equivalent CCD. The resolution can not be improved when the equivalent CCD size is large than the optimization value. Based on the research result,the optimized design method of super-resolution recording system is presented. With the numerical reconstructed complex amplitude superposition method,the reconstruction images of different equivalent CCD sizes are presented.The experimental result is consistent with the theoretical analysis.

In the imaging process of scanning camera, measures must be taken to guarantee the synchronous scanning movement between scanning mechanism and the detector of image plane. If there exists angular deviation or speed deviation between the two mechanisms, it gives rise to the image rotation phenomenon. The image is blurred, causing the decline of image quality. The paper takes the panoramic time delay and integration (TDI) CCD scanning aerial camera as an example, establishes the mathematical model of image surface rotation analysis using coordinate transformation method, analyzes the influences of position and speed synchronization error on imaging quality. The synchronous compensation method based on disturbance observer is presented, which ensures the position and speed synchronization between the two mechanisms, realizes the independent design of speed controller and synchronous controller and facilitates the practical application. Through the laboratory static resolution imaging and external imaging experiments, theoretical analysis results are verified. The experimental results show that the position and speed synchronous errors based on the method are less than 0.0043°, 0.0695°/s, respectively, which meet the requirements of compensation accuracy, in the imaging process the image rotation and distortion have been significantly inhibited and the image quality is greatly improved.

Ghost imaging offers a great potentiality with respect to conventional imaging for obtaining imaging of objects which are located in optically harsh or noisy environment. It can solve the problems which are difficult by conventional techniques. Recently, it has become one of the hot topics in quantum optics. A novel reconstruction algorithm using a small amount of data preprocessing difference is proposed. The sifted idle optical measurements are selected by the difference between the sum of reconstruction algorithm using a small amount of data preprocessing difference. The sifted idle optical measurements are selected by the difference between the sum of charge coupled device (CCD) measurements and bucket detector measurements with a small amount of data preprocessing. The relationship among the visibility, peak signal noise ratio, and the number of high-order are analyzed by using the reconstruction algorithm to the high-order ghost imaging scheme in the high-order ghost imaging system. The numerical simulation results show that the images reconstructed by our algorithm are as good as those from correspondence ghost imaging (CGI) with less construction time and the visibility is gradually improved against the number of order and the visibility is close to 1 if the order of ghost imaging is large enough. At the same time, the improved visibility is at the cost of the quality of images. The peak signal-to-noise rate of the recovered image is reduced by 26.3% when the number of order of ghost imaging increases from 2 to 9.

The linearity of optical path difference (OPD) in image plane interference imaging spectrometer (IPIIS) is directly related to the rebuilt accuracy of the spectrum. The generation principle of OPD is studied. By analyzing the OPD of positive defocus and negative defocus of one single image plane separately, the expression of OPD in both single-side defocus and dual-side defocus working mode of IPIIS is given. The simulation result of OPD and its nonlinear residual in the two aforementioned working modes when Nyquist constraint is satisfied for different wave-lengthes is also given, which shows that both the OPD and its nonlinear residual increase with the angular value between two image planes. The OPD on both sides of the zero-order fringe is dissymmetried in single-side defocus working mode and the negative defocus has small residual. However, there is symmetric OPD in dual-side defocus working mode and has more residual than that before. The experimental results show that the OPD of negative defocus in single-side defocus mode, when the IPIIS works in relatively short wave-length (such as ultraviolet), can be regarded as linear distribution in practical application.

Spectrally encoded imaging (SEI) is a new type of tissue imaging technique in which a grating is used to encode the transverse position. In SEI, a diffraction grating and a miniature lens are used to generate a spectrally encoded line on the sample, and a line image can then be obtained without additional mechanical scanning. In combination with Fourier domain optical coherence tomography and slowly line scanning, SEI is able to provide three dimensional image and is a prospective method in endoscopic imaging. Based on analysis of the basic principle of SEI, the typical performance parameters are derived and the factors that affect lateral resolution are tested by imaging of a resolution target. It is demonstrated that the lateral resolution of SEI for the spectrally encoded line is inversely proportional to the incident light diameter and proportional to focal length of the objective lens. It is also found that the resolution in the direction perpendicular to the spectrally encoded line is poorer than that along the sit. Finally, images of onion cells are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of this technique.

A new method based on Stokes parameters measurement of polarization imaging combined with the confocal microscopy is described. The Stokes parameters, degree of polarization, azimuth and ellipticity are used to be the imaging parameters. The confocal microscopy is combined with the Stokes parameters measurement technique by system integration. The light beam from the laser is focused on the surface of the sample by an objective lens of the confocal microscopy. The reflective light with the information of the sample is measured by the division-of-amplitude Stokes parameters measuring system. In the measuring system, the light is focused on the photosensitive area by a positive lens before detected by the point detector. It makes the system a confocal microscopy imaging system. The polarization parameters including four Stokes parameters, degree of polarization, azimuth and ellipticity of the same object point can be got at the same time. Associated with the two dimensional scanning, Stokes parameters and other polarization parameters of the different object points can be detected. By using the imaging processing software, the imaging of the Stokes parameters and other polarization parameters based on confocal microscopy is realized.

In order to analyze space camera image motion change regulation with time caused by the spacecraft vibration, based on the NASA Landsat-4 satellite platform vibration test results on orbit, focal plane disturbance force model which is a linear combination of continuous spectrum and harmonics of nonstrictly integral multiple of fundamental frequency is proposed. The corresponding domain model of focal plane disturbance force is deduced, based on rigid body kinematics, space camera focal plane image motion model of linear combination of continuous spectrum and harmonics of nonstrictly integral multiple of fundamental frequency is established. Experiment proved the correctness of the image motion model caused by spacecraft vibration.

The polarization state of inhomogeneous complex polarized beam is hard to describe and detect. A point-to-point polarized light measuring method is proposed which can get the polarization of all the points in the cross section in one detection and provide enough information describing inhomogeneous polarized beam, especially describing radically and azimuthally polarized beams. Detecting known polarized beams with this method, good results are obtained, which demonstrate the point-to-point method stable and reliable to detect the cylindrical vector beams. Parameters used to depict the uniformity of cylindrical polarization beams are also redefined, which provide the quantitative indexes supporting the measurement of cylindrical polarization beams.

In order to measure radiance factor of ground targets, a triple-band optical imaging system which contains bands of ultraviolet, visible and near infrared is developed. Radiance response characteristic of the triple-band optical imaging system is calibrated using an integrating sphere. The fitted equations between radiance and gray level of image, and between radiance and integration time of detector are got. A method of measurement of radiance factor of ground targets using two diffuser plates with different radiance factors as references to estoblish radiance equations is put forward, by which there would not be any atmospheric parameter in the expression of radiance factor of ground targets. An outdoor measurement of radiance factor of green grass using the triple-band optical imaging system is made. During the measurement, four diffuser plates with the radiance factors of 0.99, 0.50, 0.20 and 0.10 are used. From the measurement, the radiance factors of green grass in the bands of ultraviolet, visible and near infrared are got, which are 0.07, 0.184 and 0.429 respectively.

Subsurface damage (SSD) detection and removal play an important role in improving the laser induced damage threshold (LIDT) of optics. A new method to detect the distribution of SSD is proposed. This method combines total internal reflection microscope and digital image processing technology. Because of the limited focal depth of the microscope system, one can get different images focusing at different depth levels by a total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM). The connection between the definition curve of TIRM image sequence and the depth position of SSD is established. Also, the depth length of SSD through the feature of definition curve is obtained. The imaging process of TIRM is simulated and the typical features of the focusing process is found out. Size information of the microstructures is got exactly according to the fabricated microstructures by femtosecond laser micromachining. Focal depth of the microscope determines the test depth accuracy of our method and actually the test accuracy can achieve 1 μm.

A new projection display technique is put forward combining Lissajous image-scanning with micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) two-dimensional resonant scanning mirror. Comparing with traditional projection display technique, the advantages of it are simple control system, low power consumption, small volume, light weight and so on. Firstly, the definition and division of the pixel are described. Then analyses of the relationship among refresh rate, resolution and resonant frequencies, and the constraints of selecting the resonant frequencies are conducted. Finally, the simulation on Matlab is conducted and the projection display prototype is built, using the scanning mirror sample pieces developed. The success of projecting an image with the resolution of 260×180 testifies the feasibility of this technique of projection and the effectiveness of the constraints of selecting the resonant frequencies, laying the foundation of the practical engineering application of this projecting technique.

Moire fringe phase difference measurement is the key technology of grating displacement measurement, when the two gratings are in relative movement, moire fringe signal frequency is offset because there is an angle error between the two gratings, traditional multi-phase fast Fourier transform (MPFFT) algorithm is used to calculate moire fringe phase value at any time, it will produce measurement errors, resulting in phase difference measurement is not accurate. To reduce the phase measurement error caused by frequency offset, a phase measurement algorithm of correcting MPFFT is proposed, and phase correction model of MPFFT spectrum based on phase difference correction method is deduced. Simulation results show that in the absence of noise, when the angle error is 0.1°, moire fringe maximum signal frequency offset is 4.19 kHz, the phase measurement error of traditional MPFFT is more than 100°, phase measurement error is less than 0.2°and the phase difference measurement error is less than 0.004° after correction in the presence of Gaussian noise and harmonics, the phase difference measurement error is less than 0.2°. When the pitch is 20 μm, the corresponding grating displacement measurement error is less than 0.0111 μm, it provides a reference for the grating nanoscale displacement measurement.

Aspheric nonnull testing methods can achieve more flexible measurement of aspheres than the null testing ones. However, due to the violation of the null condition, retrace error exists and data reduction is difficult for this reason. In order to solve this problem, a reverse optimization data reduction approach based on theoretical simulation of the testing system is proposed. Simulation system is set according to the experimental apparatus. Surface figure errors are variables during the optimization procedure while the experimental wavefront is set to be the objective function. Aspheric surface figure error can be then reconstructed by fitting the solutions obtained from the optimization process. Simulation verification, experiment and error analysis are considered for this method. An experiment for testing a concave paraboloidal mirror with 101.0 mm clear aperture is taken. The result is very similar to that of null test (autocollimation method) with the peak-to-valley value and root-mean-square value errors less than λ/20 and λ/50, respectively.

Filtering is one of the key issues in interferogram processing. In order to solve the long running time of windowed Fourier filtering in processing of interference pattern, a fast Fourier transform in windowed Fourier filtering is adopted to reduce the computation time and overcome the faults of local fringe information cannot be extracted by Fourier transform. A fast windowed Fourier filtering method has been proposed, which can reduce the computation time significantly comparing with convolution method of windowed Fourier filtering without sacrificing measurement accuracy. It has solved the long time-consuming fundamentally and made windowed Fourier filtering method be suitable for real-time speckle detecting. Experiments verify this method is fast, effective and reliable.

Using absorption spectrum method and Lambert-Beer law, the absorption coefficient of CdSe/ZnS (core/shell) quantum dots (QDs) doped in ultraviolet (UV) glue is measured with wavelength range of 450~850 nm and doping concentration of 0.073~0.367 mg·mL-1. An empirical formula of absorption coefficient related with the wavelength and doping concentration is presented. The refractive index of the QD doping UV gel as a function of wavelength is measured with different doping concentrations. An empirical formula of the refractive index related with the wavelength and doping concentration is obtained. The refractive index of pure QDs is also estimated and compared with that of bulk CdSe and ZnS. Based on the experimental results, the absorption coefficient is further related with the refractive index, and physical interpretation is discussed. The resonance frequency and damping constant of CdSe/ZnS QDs in a harmonic oscillator model are proposed by comparison of the absorption coefficient between the classical scattering theory and the experimental results.

In order to estimate line-of-sight (LOS) angular rate of strapdown seeker accurately, strapdown optical image seeker mathematical model is established. According to the relative motion between missile and target, LOS angular rate estimation algorithm is researched. The required algorithm coordinates are defined, strapdown seeker and gyro models are also established. According to the relative kinematics and attitude relationship of missile and target, the nonlinear state equations of LOS angular rate are given. Aimed at filtering accuracy and real-time application problems, LOS angular rate estimation algorithm based on unscented Kalman filtering (UKF) is proposed. Hardware in loop simulation system are established, and experiments are carried out. The result shows that, the maximum estimation errors of LOS angle and LOS angular rate are 0.37° and 0.68°/s, the estimation accuracy are 0.1008° and 0.2116°/s, respectively. Algorithm running time is about 3.8 ms in digital signal processor, the estimation algorithm can meet the accuracy and real-time performance requirements of guidance system simultaneously. LOS angular rate estimation algorithm based on UKF provides a theoretical basis for engineering applications of the strapdown optical image seeker.

In order to improve the measurement accuracy and realize the real-time mesurement speed of the laser self-mixing interferometer in a large range of displacement, advanced sinusoidal phase-shifting technique and the time-domain phase demodulation method are adopted. The electro-optic crystal modulator is used to realize the sinusoidal phase-shifting on the laser beam in the external cavity and the interference signal′s phase will be demodulated by the time-domain phase demodulation method. By combining the two together, it can meet the speed requirement in a wide range of displacement measurement process and implement the interferometer′s real-time measurement requirement at the same time. Experimentally, PI′s high-precision commercial electric displacement platform calibration results verified the sinusoidal phase modulation laser seif-mixing interferometer′s displacement measurement precision can reach less than 0.5 μm in the hundred mm large-scale displacement measuring process. In addition, the factors affecting the interferometer′s measurement speed in the real-time displacement measurement process is analyzed and the maximum speed of our system is obtained.

In terms of underwater binocular image matching cannot satisfy the epipolar constraint of air, and the large amount of calculation of underwater image processed by the normalized cross correlation (NCC) algorithm, an underwater region matching algorithm based on optimum searching area is presented. Binocular camera should be calibrated in order to obtain some relevant parameters, as well as reference image and image to be matched; the maximum deviate value from the line in the air can be calculated through the curve constraint and the optimum searching area is therefore decided. The NCC region matching algorithm can help to match two images, at the same time, instead of searching on the original epipolar line, an optimum searching area is proposed so that the searching is performed in this area with several lines to achieve the purpose of a higher accuracy. Meanwhile, the time spent on the matching is reduced by the application of box filter technology. The results of the test indicate this algorithm achieves the same matching accuracy compared with the scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) feature matching algorithm and this can be used to perform dense disparity. Also the speed of matching is largely accelerated compared with the original NCC algorithm. Therefore, the region matching algorithm is successfully applied to underwater image matching.

Infrared glasses are one of the key window materials of military and civil systems, gaining the high properties and large size glass is also a big challenge to it. BaO is introduced into TeO2 containing fluoroaluminate glass, because of its evaporation and devitrification tendency, and it is found that BaO significantly reduce the evaporation during melting process, and improve the thermal stability of glass. The Raman spectra show that BaO can inhibit the separation of rich TeO2 glass phase, and is conducive to the harmonious fusion of tellurite and fluoride glass, promoting the stability of the glass network. The obtained glass has excellent comprehensive properties, as well as cheaper and higher adaptability than CaF2 crystal.

Bioluminescence tomography (BLT) is a promising optical imaging technique that offers an important role in pre-clinical medicine research. However, the core issue of BLT, source reconstruction is still a very challenging ill-posed inverse problem. To overcome the ill-posedness of reconstruciton and obtain accurate quantitative reconstrucitons remains a challenge. For unique and quantitative reconstructions of the internal bioluminescent source, diffusion approximation (DA) and simplified spherical harmonics approximation (SPN) with the Monte Carlo (MC) are compared. The results show that the SP3 model which can balance accuracy and speed is the best model in describing the transmission of photons in the organism. Binding the characteristics which source is distributed in vivo sparsely, a reconstruction using sparse reconstruction by separable approximation (SpaRSA) algorithm is performed for BLT based on SPN forward model. In order to verify the validity of the proposed method, in the digital mouse simulation and real mouse experiment，compared with typical l1_ls algorithm our method has a better performance.

Computer-aided alignment technology is introduced into the alignment of the lithographic lens and mathematical model is established for strict image quality requirements of lithographic lens. The 4th to 37th terms of fringe zernike polynomials and distortion are selected as corrected objects and 19 structural parameters are selected as compensators. The data of sensitivity matrix and image quality are acquired by combing macros of CODE V with Matlab. Singular value decomposition is proposed to calculate the weighted least-squares compensation amount. The Zernike coefficients or distortion of different field is improved by weight factor. The wavefront root mean square difference is about 0.004λ and the average distortion difference is about 1 nm between compensated objective and designed objective. The wavefront aberration and distortion are basically recovered to the design level.

According to the requirements of high imaging quality, fast F-number, miniaturized dimension and wide environmental adaptability in the low cost, small size and long focal length uncooled thermal imaging systems presently, several compact optical configurations with fast F-number and small obscuration are given. Based on catadioptric structure, a fast F-number compact long infrared optical system with relative aperture of 1/0.89 and telephoto ratio of 0.67 is designed. This optical system can be used for the low-cost uncooled compact infrared imaging system. Optical passive athermalization at -40 ℃~60 ℃ temperature range is realized by using athermalization design method. Stray light influence of the optical system is also analyzed. The result shows that the optical system works well through entire operating temperature range, and obtains the advantages of compact structure, small volume and so on. It can meet the requirements of the small size long focal length uncooled thermal imaging systems.

The large aperture primary mirror assembly (PMA) mounted in space remote sensor should have the extraordinary virtues as high stiffness, high strength, high thermal stability etc.. A novel three-point flexural support configuration based on Cartwheel flexural hinge for large aperture PMA is presented in this paper. Firstly, the stiffness characteristic of the support structure is approached using the dimensionless design method. Then, static and dynamic analysis based on finite element method are performed on the PMA to find the optimal dimension parameters of the support flexure. Finally, optical test on a mirror with λ/40 root mean square (RMS) surface figure and vibration experiment on an equivalently spherical mirror are performed to validate the design configuration. The simulation and experiment results indicate that when the thickness of flexure t=8 mm, beam height h=4 mm, beam length L=8 mm, the surface figure of PMA can keep below RMS 12 nm under the load of 1 G gravity and 15 ℃ temperature change. The first natural frequency reaches 296 Hz, only deviating 6% from the analysis result. The Cartwheel flexure support can satisfy the extraordinary design requirements.

Null-corrector plays an important role in correcting the optical aberration. In order to correct the off-axis aberration of the large aperture off-axis paraboloid, a new aberration corrector structure with a decentered and tilted null-corrector set behind the large aperture off-axis paraboloid is present based on the feature of single off-axis paraboloid collimator. The monochrome aberration′s seidel coefficient of the off-axis paraboloid is further deduced, and the space relevance between the decentered and tilted null-corrector and the off-axis paraboloid is deduced to calculate the initial structure. The initial structure deduced from this method is proved right with an example and can correct the aberration with a smaller aperture.

A grazing incidence diffuser with double-sided triangular prism arrays is researched, which is suitable for edge-lighting light emitting diode (LED) flat panel light without light guide plate. Based on Fresnel equations, the anti-reflection principles of triangular prism arrays are analyzed. The influence of parameters of the triangular prism arrays, i.e. the ratio of depth to width and the bottom width, on the diffuser transmittance is investigated by using the simulation of ray tracing software TracePro. Simulations reveal that the transmittance of entry surface increases with the ratio of depth to width, both for polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polycarbonate (PC). The transmittance achieves the maximum while the ratio of depth to width is about 0.5, and keeps invariant when the ratio increases. The transmittance of exit surface decreases when the ratio of depth to width is close to 0.5, because the light has been total reflected twice in the diffuser. The results show that the transmittance of grazing incident ray can be up to 93% in the optimized diffuser.

A tandem structure is decisive for improving the efficiency and stability of thin film silicon solar cells, however, the current mismatching between two sub cells limits the efficiency improvement. In order to improve the current matching, a suitable material is required as an interlayer. The matching relationship between refractive index and thickness of the interlayer material is obtained through optical design and theoretical calculation: the selection ranges of refractive index n and thickness d are 1.59~3.1 and 125/n~175/n nm, respectively; the optimum thickness d is 150/n nm. The optimal refractive index and thickness of the interlayer material to maximize the current matching are determined to be 1.59 and 94.3 nm. The results provide a guidance for experimental design from the aspect of optical properties of the interlayer in tandem solar cells.

A novel static infrared Fourier transform imaging spectrometer based on the multi-level micro-mirrors is proposed. The system does not contain slit and moving parts, thus the system has the advantages of a large luminous flux and a stable structure. The working principle and the generating means of the optical path difference for the imaging spectrometer are introduced. According to the working principle of the system, the rear imaging system has been analyzed and designed. The designed results show that the rear imaging system has a fine image quality at the temperature range of -20 ℃~60 ℃. In the full field of the Nyquist frequency of 17 lp/mm, the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the rear imaging system is greater than 0.6. The maximum root mean square (RMS) spot diameter of the system is less than 12 μm. The single pixel energy concentration is greater than 80% and the cold stop matching efficiency is near 100%. The changing of the RMS spot diameter as the standard is used to calculate the tolerance sensitivity matrix and the result shows that in the zero field the probability of spot diameter less than 16 μm is 97.7%.

The slow response has limited further application of phase only liquid crystal spatial light modulator in many research fields, such as adaptive optics and information optics. Polymer network liquid crystal (PNLC) is proposed to apply in phase only liquid crystal spatial light modulator to enhance the response speed to sub-millisecond time scale. The light scattering and transient response on applied voltage are elucidated. The light scattering of PNLC is minimized by lowering the curing temperature and increasing the curing intensity. The morphology of polymer network is also taken by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to elucidate the mechanism of light scattering in polymer network liquid crystal. Upon loading large voltage to generate large phase retardation, electrostriction effect is found to slower the response time to the order of second scale. Lower threshold voltage is proposed to minimize the influence of electrostriction by employing large dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal solvent.

In the wavefront phase reconstruction with simultaneous phase-shifting interferometers, accurate position registration and determination of object region for phase-shifting interferograms are needed to be done so that the reconstructed accuracy and the successful implement of phase unwrapping algorithm can be assured. A position registration technology based on statistical analysis method is presented to do with the circular simultaneous phase-shifting interferograms. According to all corresponding pixel positions, a variance distribution function is calculated from a group of interference patterns including different phase distributions. By using the maximal interclass variance method, the threshold segmentations are implemented, and so the background and object regions of interferograms can be sperated effectively. Furthermore, the edges of object regions are detected by applying gradient operation. With the improved Hough transform algorithm, absolute positions and radius parameters of each edge are estimated. With numerical simulation, the match precision of this method under the radius of greater than 64 pixel can be achieved up to 0.5 pixel. In addition, a self-referencing simultaneous phase-shifting interferometer is built to validate the reliability and practicability of the proposed method experimentally.

High order nonlinear characteristics of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) media are theoretically investigated, and a new theoretical method different from iterative method is introduced based on the distribution of dark resonance and leading to a complete solution for a density matrix element. From the solution, every order response for atoms to the probe field is obtained. It is demonstrated that the linear susceptibility (first order) shows destructive interference while the nonlinear susceptibility (third order) displays instructive interference. The even-order nonlinearity is absent in an isotropic medium. Furthermore, it shows that the fifth order nonlinear susceptibility exhibits destructive interference as the linear susceptibility. These research results provide an theoretical foundation for investigating, for example, the evolution of optical wave under high order nonlinearity in an EIT medium. The new method provides a novel approach for the study of high order nonlinearity.

Applications of quantum sources, especially the heralded single photon source in the quantum key distribution (QKD) are introduced, and a new scheme of the measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) based on heralded single photon source is presented. Comparing with existing schemes, such as the scheme of using weak coherent sources, the new scheme has many advantages like a better security, a higher key generation rate and a longer safe transmission distance. Therefore, it seems to be a promising candidate for the implementation for the quantum key distribution in the near future.

According to the first harmonic cavity-length locking technology, a novel kind of micro-displacement sensor, which combines F-P interferometer and intensity demodulation method, has been developed. The initial length of the F-P cavity has been actively scanned and dynamically locked. And then the change of the F-P cavity-length induced by the motion of the target is coded on the variation of the optical output power of the cavity. As a consequence, a fast and direct micro-displacement sensing scheme through the intensity demodulation is available.The theoretical model of the displacement sensor and the technical scheme for actively locking the initial length of the F-P cavity through the first harmonic have been demonstrated in detail, respectively. Micro-displacement experiments provided by a commercial high-precision PZT with different vibrating parameters have been performed, and the experimental results agree well with the motion of the PZT within peak-to-peak amplitude of λ/4 and frequency is no more than 400 Hz. The frequency error is less than 0.5 Hz, and the total measurement accuracy is less than 1 nm.

When the multispectral remote sensor is working in the space, it will be affected by the contamination of chemical molecules, vibration during launch, radiation from space and etc. Its spectral characteristic will be degraded by time. As a result, bias will show in the physical measurement and cannot be rectifiec by radiometric calibration, which will affect the constancy of the data products. An on-orbit degradation assessment method is proposed, which is based on spectral targets. By establishing the degradation model of response function and using the nonlinear reflectance of spectral targets, quantitative assessment of the degradation can be achieved. The results of the simulation experiment and in-flight experiment verify the effectiveness of this method. The method has great significance in improving the accuracy of radiometric calibration, optimizing the camera design and other aspects of remote sensing.

To validate on-orbit radiometric performance of PMS sensor onboard SJ-9A satellite, and obtain accuracy absolute radiometric calibration coefficients of PMS, a cross-calibration method between GF-1 WFV and SJ-9A PMS sensor based on homogeneous land surface targets is established. This paper describes the theory of cross-calibration and characteristic of homogeneous field targets, and analyzes the parameters and spectral bands responsibility between PMS and WFV. Then, the cross-calibration of WFV and PMS is performed based on historical measurements data of Dunhuang sites and simultaneously observation images of two sensors on August 2, 2013. The influence factors and uncertainty of cross-calibration between WFV and PMS are discussed. The results indicate that this method for cross-calibrating PMS is doable and the spectral band matching factors is stabile and has lower sensitivity with field reflectance changing. The uncertainty of cross-calibration results of PMS is less than 5.24%. This study production can lay the foundation for on-board radiometric properties evaluation and quantitative application of SJ-9A satellite, and supply reference to cross-calibration between Chinese satellite remote sensors.

A principle scheme of optical synthetic aperture imaging ladar (SAIL) processor is proposed, the temporal-spatial conversion, imaging resolution and the processing capability of this processor are analyzed by the virtue of data collection equation of side-looking/down-looking SAIL, verified experiment is performed, and the imaging results of the collected data of our SAIL demonstrator are displayed. The optical SAIL processor is compact, lightweight and has the ability to real-timely and on-site process the SAIL data, which has a promising application prospect in onboard and satellite borne SAIL systems.

Raman spectral peak recognition is one of the key technologies in qualitative analysis of Raman spectra. Due to the defects of low degree of automation and low recognition accuracy of the existing Raman spectral recognition methods, a new Raman peak recognition algorithm based on multi-scale local signal-to-noise ratio (MLSNR) is proposed. The algorithm gets the multi-scale second order difference coefficient of spectrum through multi-scale second order difference operation, then divides the multi-scale second order difference coefficient by the estimated noise standard deviation to obtain the MLSNR matrix of spectrum, and identifies Raman peaks by searching the ridges caused by local maxima in MLSNR matrix. The algorithm uses an automatic threshold estimation method to avoid the interference of local maximum caused by noise, and can recognize Raman peaks automatically without any parameter to be specified by human. The simulation result shows that no matter to singular peak or congested peaks, when the signal-to-noise ratio of Raman peak is greater than or equal to 6, the recognition accuracy of MLSNR algorithm is 100%, even to the singular peak at the detection limit, the recognition accuracy is more than 95%. MLSNR algorithm is a practical Raman spectral peak identification method.

The slag sample is ablated by laser with the wavelength of 1064 nm. Some factors which influence the stability of signal are analyzed. The fluctuation of energy within ±2% has an unapparent influence on the stability of signal. The energy of reference laser has an unclear relationship with the intensity of signal spectrum. When the laser frequency is reduced to 4 Hz, the relative standard deviation of signal falls to about 10%. It is found that the intensity and stability of signal are the best when laser focus position is 3 mm below the surface of sample. It is demonstrated that the signals of smelt slag samples have better stabilities than thoes of grinded slag samples and different kinds of slags also have different signal stabilities. It is shown that the stability of signal from different ablated spots is better than that of the signal from the same ablated spot for atom lines, but there is no obvious distinction for ion lines.

Using nanosphere lithography and magnetron sputtering technique, ordered ZnO nanoparticle arrays are fabricated on normal glass substrates. The surface morphology under scanning electron microscope (SEM) is observed. The fluorescence (PL) spectra of samples is tested. The result shows that comparing with the ordinary ZnO thin film, the structure of ordered ZnO nanoparticle arrays improves the luminescent properties in the ultraviolet region and reduces the defects of blue-green light emission. The influences of different heights of ZnO nanoparticle arrays and different sizes of colloidal spheres masking on luminescence properties of ordered ZnO nanoparticle array samples are studied. The quality of ordered nanoparticle array samples are good at the condition of 30 min sputtering time. The absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra exhibit a blue shift as the size of polystyrene (PS) nanoparticle decreases.

The structure，optical and electrical properties of different Cl- concentrations doped CdS thin film deposited by electron beam evaporation using the mixture of CdS and CdCl2 has been investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), four probe tester and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The results indicate that the films prepared by this method are polycrystalline structure with preferred growth orientation (002) which perpendicular to plinth, known as hexagonal phase, the crystallinity of the samples can be improved when the Cl- doping mole fraction is 0.1% and the influence on the optical energy gap is small，the variation is 0.07 eV. The minimum of the bright resistance is 100 Ω/□ and the photo sensitiveness reaches 2.9×105. In conclusion, the crystallinity, optical and electrical properties of CdS thin films can be improved after the Cl- doping process.

The measurement algorithm and evaluation model for the visual perceptual quality of print sharpness are studied. A test target with slanted-edges is designed for print sharpness evaluation based on the factors analysis for print sharpness, and an optimized measurement algorithm for print sharpness quality metric is proposed based on the truncated frequency band. The objective measurement and subjective evaluation experiment are carried out for 26 digital prints with different sharpness effects, and a new evaluation model of perceptual print sharpness quality is established based on the subjective and objective data coupling. Verification tests of 20 other digital prints show that the predicted scale has a good agreement with the subjective evaluation scale, whose correlation index is 0.9916. This agreement proves that the quantitative evaluation method for the perceptual quality of print sharpness is feasible and effective, and can solve the problem for which is only rely on the subjective visual evaluation by human eyes in the printing industry.

In order to analyze the accuracies of the color measurement for pillars pattern of holographic paper with different spectrophotometers, the X-Rite 7000A integrating sphere, X-Rite MA68Ⅱ multi-angle and X-Rite Spectro Eye45/0 three different instruments with different geometries are selected to measure the positions of along and perpendicular to the pillars. The data analysis indicates that the X-Rite 7000A with the large area view and specular component includes mode shows the smaller spectral mean square error on different positions. The chromaticity values of holographic paper along the pillars measured by X-Rite 7000A are similar while perpendicular to the pillars the chromaticity values fit a good linear relationship. It is found that the chromaticity values are very similar with the same position by rotating 180° and the graving direction of the grating can be deduced by the chromaticity values from different positions perpendicular to the pillars.