The mechanisms by which cells respond to mechanical stimuli are essential for cell function yet not well understood. Many rheological tools have been developed to characterize cellular viscoelastic properties but these typically require direct mechanical contact, limiting their throughput. We have developed a new approach for characterizing the organization of subcellular structures using a label free, noncontact, single-shot phase imaging method that correlates to measured cellular mechanical stiffness. The new analysis approach measures refractive index variance and relates it to disorder strength. These measurements are compared to cellular stiffness, measured using the same imaging tool to visualize nanoscale responses to flow shear stimulus. The utility of the technique is shown by comparing shear stiffness and phase disorder strength across five cellular populations with varying mechanical properties. An inverse relationship between disorder strength and shear stiffness is shown, suggesting that cell mechanical properties can be assessed in a format amenable to high throughput studies using this novel, non-contact technique. Further studies will be presented which include examination of mechanical stiffness in early carcinogenic events and investigation of the role of specific cellular structural proteins in mechanotransduction.

High spatial coherence is one of the salient properties of laser beam, while laser beam with low spatial coherence named partially coherent beam is preferred in many applications, such as correlated imaging (i.e., Ghost imaging), sub-Rayleigh imaging, free-space optical communications, particle manipulation, laser detection, and particle scattering. The coherence structure of conventional partially coherent beams is a Gaussian distributions. Recently, more and more attention is being paid to partially coherent beams with nonconventional coherence functions, and such beams display many extraordinary properties, such as self-shaping, self-focusing, self-splitting, and super-strong self-reconstruction. We will introduce research progress on manipulating spatial coherence of laser beam.

In order to realize non-mechanical large-angle beam steering, an LC optical phased array system using phase retarder and birefringent prism is studied. The simulation and analysis of beam steering result and phase distribution by liquid crystal spatial light modulator(LCSLM) is presented, using phase modulator of VirtualLab. The angle magnifier principle of half-wave LC retarder and birefingent prism is introduced. Then the parameters which impact on incidence angle and emergence angle are analyzed, to table the optimized parameter groups. The polarization of incidenceangle can be changed by altering the voltage of half-wave LC retarder, and voltage parameter groups are achieved. The experiment results confirm that phase retarder and birefringent prism are useful. In this paper, the phase retarder controlled by voltage is proved to be able to choose the path of beam, which can be widely used in the non-mechanical large-angle beam steering.

193 nm ArF excimer laser lithography as the current mainstream lithography technology, which can realize criticall dimension(CD) less than or equal to 90 nm of integrated circuit technology. The optical field uniformity and the accuracy of the pulse energy is the important index to realize high lithographic quality, so a single pulse energy detecting method for ArF excimer laser based on dark field noise cancellation is proposed to improve energy measurement precision. It can measure the real laser energy by subtracting the energy data of laser pulse detector with the energy data of the dark field energy detector. A dark field noise cancellation control circuit is designed. By controlling the time sequence synchronously, the noise integral part of the energy pulse integral signal result is effectively removed, so as to improve the accuracy of pulse laser energy measurement.

The pulse transformer is used to isolatedly drive the bridge topological MOSFET circuit to obtain the high voltage pulse with the amplitude of about 5 000 V and rise time of 48 ns. The output high-voltage amplitude can be changed by controlling the power supply voltage of the Royer oscillating circuit, and the output high voltage is four times of the output high voltage of the Royer oscillating circuit, which greatly reduce the withstand voltage of the device and the device size and power consumption. The output high voltage is electrically isolated from the input and control circuit, reducing electrical interference to other circuits. It can be widely used in laser, ground penetrating radar, high-speed camera, electromagnetic pulse research, accelerators and high-energy physics and other fields.

In this paper, a coherent balance detection method is proposed to suppress the noise of ROF link output signal. By introducing local oscillator light to couple with signal light, the output light suppresses the direct current disturbance of the optical signal through a subtractor, thereby suppressing RIN, indirectly suppressing the noise of the output signal and improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the output signal. Optiisystem simulation shows that when the RIN of signal light is higher than the RIN of local oscillator, the higher the power of signal light, the better the improvement effect of output signal noise of coherent balance detection system. At this time, if the power of local oscillator is higher than that of signal light, the signal-to-noise ratio of output signal of coherent balance detection will be improved. When the frequency difference between lasers is 0.1 GHz, the signal-to-noise ratio of coherent balance detection output signal will be improved. Compared with the traditional feedback method, the balanced detector can effectively reduce the access of external electrical signals. The best working area and environment of balanced detection method to suppress roF links is summarized, which provides an experimental reference for the subsequent research and improvement of this method.

An on-line three-dimensional (3D) measuring method based on oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF (ORB) algorithm is proposed to match feature points of moving objects. Only a fixed sinusoidal grating is projected onto the measured object with uniform motion, and the CCD is used to take photos at equal time intervals to obtain the five deformed patterns on the object and extract the background patterns respectively. With the aid of the ORB feature points matching algorithm on the background patterns, the displacement of the object in the last four frames relative to the first frame can be obtained. So a group of deformed patterns with the same shifting phase can be cut out. And then the 3D surface shape of the object can be reconstructed successfully with an equal phase-shifting algorithm. The experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed method. And it is suitable for on-line 3D measurement.

Small UAV detection has special significance in the field of anti-UAV and UAV control. Due to the change of object size, illumination condition, complex background and other factors, the detection results will be affected. A novel small UAV detection method is proposed based on visual saliency to overcome these problems. First, the histogram is used based contrast method to detect the visual saliency features. Second, the selective search method is used to acquire the propose region set. Then, the visual saliency features is used to optimize the propos region set. Final, the normalized gradient features is extracted for each propose region, and the SVM classifier to detection is used UAV objects. The simulation results show that the mean average precision of our method can reach 84. 74%, and it still maintains 80. 97% under the condition of 20 dB noise. It suggests that our detection model has good detection ability for small UAV, and has potential engineering application value.

In the high precision testing of large aperture aspheric surface, the quality of compensation devices has a direct influence on the result. For the large aperture paraboloid CGH due to its high spatial frequency, the error control is difficult. Through a specific design, the optical field distortion caused by the positioning error during machining is analyzed. In order to reduce the influence of error, the aspherical surface testing is performed by using the double CGH optical path. The separation of the non-operating order diffracted rays of the double compensator and the optical field distortion caused by the positioning error are analyzed. The results show that the maximum spatial frequency of the double CGH is much smaller than that of the monolithic structure, and the RMSE value of the optical field distortion caused by the positioning error is 0. 65 times that of the monolithic structure under the same conditions. It shows that when compensating for testing large aperture aspheric, double compensation CGH element, while meeting the design requirements can well suppress the influence of error caused by the processing.

A nonlinear calibration model based on the spectral responsivity of FTIR spectrum measurement system was established. Based on the three-stage high-temperature blackbody radiation source, the spectral responsivity calibration experiment of FTIR spectroscopy system was studied. The three-stage high temperature blackbody covers 600~950 °C temperature zone, and the spectral range covers 3~14 μm. Compared with the traditional piecewise linear calibration method, the results show that the average deviation of spectral radiance and theoretical spectral radiance based on nonlinear calibration is better than 0. 04%, and the average deviation of piecewise linear calibration is 0. 93%. The two have good consistency, and the accuracy of the nonlinear calibration method is an order of magnitude higher than the accuracy of the piecewise linear calibration method.

Aiming at the problems of long-distance sea-scanning small targets with low contrast, easy interference and difficult extraction, an automatic detection and threat calculation method for infrared sea-scanning small targets was proposed. By modeling and analyzing the infrared imaging system, combining the position of the image sea-sky line to determine the target threat area, and then using morphological filters to suppress the background of the image, and finally counting the characteristic information of the suspicious target, evaluating the threat level of the suspicious target, and selecting the threat level, the highest target is tracked. The experimental results show that the algorithm has a good detection effect on targets near the sea antenna. The threat coefficient of the sea surface target is distributed between 0 and 5. 104, and it is related to the target brightness, scale and position. The calculated threat coefficient is consistent with human subjective judgment. The degree is very high, and the algorithm has important reference value.

Data accuracy is an important index of the shipborne IRST, and the installation error is an influence factor of the data accuracy. According to the working principle of IRST, the errors of installation on board were analyzed, five coordinate systems were established. Through the matrix transformation, the calculation method the installation error of the effect on accuracy was derived. The errors caused to various working conditions were calculated. The results show that the installation error has a great influence on the IRST, and it is easy to lead to the data accuracy deviation when the vertical and horizontal shaking is too large so it is necessary to control or compensate for it.

In this paper, a speckle imaging method based on phase diversity is proposed by using SLM. The aperture function of the imaging system is changed by SLM, the corresponding speckle pattern and aperture function changes are recorded every time, then the hidden target image is reconstructed by using maximum likelihood estimation and quasi Newton algorithm. The numerical simulation results show that the method of using spatial light modulator to change the aperture function of the uncorrelated imaging system, compared with the previous method of changing the camera position, can improve the image quality degradation caused by the camera position movement.

In order to meet the non-contact non-destructive testing requirements of composite materials, the composite defect (taking the pores as an example) detection technology was studied, and a method based on machine vision for composite defect image recognition was proposed. The method adopts the method of adaptive histogram equalization to improve the image contrast, enhance the image detail, and modify the deep convolutional neural network Yolo-V3 based on the digital ray technology for composite defect image acquisition and the contrast of the contrast of the ray image. The input and output are trained by self-built data sets to achieve high-precision identification of composite defects, and the calculated average accuracy is 86. 04%.

In order to explore the change of the reconstructed images beyond the range of the optical Memory effect, speckle-correlation imaging through scattering turbid media with the auxiliary of a known reference object was presented in this paper. The tolerated lowest range of the adjacent optical memory effects was analyzed by changing the relevancy of the point spread function of the target and reference objects in different sub-optical systems. In addition, the influence of the correlation of the point spread function on the quality of the reconstructed target image was discussed. As the correlation of point diffusion function of adjacent optical subsystem decreases gradually, the imaging effect also becomes worse gradually. When the correlation value is lower than 0.383 9, the reconstructed image can no longer be distinguished by the naked eye. For the point diffusion function of the same degree of correlation, its spatial distribution function does not affect the quality of the reconstructed target. At the same time, in the process of adjacent speckle superposition forming the superposition speckle, the superposition area is proportional to the simulated imaging effect, that is, the imaging effect becomes worse with the decrease of the superposition area of speckle.

In order to realize the real-time and automatic measurement of various indexes of digital optical bench such as focal length, top focal length, exit pupil diameter, etc., an automatic focusing algorithm suitable for digital optical bench is proposed. The algorithm uses the Brenner clarity evaluation function, the coarse focus phase uses an improved adaptive variable step size hill-climbing algorithm, and the fine focus phase uses a least squares-based curve fitting algorithm. Experimental results show that this algorithm can accurately and efficiently find the focal plane position, the focusing accuracy reaches 0. 3%, and the repeated focusing accuracy is high.

According to the dither transfer function, noise signal characteristics, dither overlock theory and the transfer characteristics of dither noise, the input and output of the dither random amplitude modulated signal in the dither system are discussed, and the bandwidth of the dither random noise is determined. The dither input, output and noise obtained through experiments are consistent with the signal principle, which is helpful for understanding the laser gyro and improving the control method of the laser gyro.

Aiming at the cumbersome problem of analyzing the inertial navigation error in the frequency domain, the modulation mechanism of the systematic error and random error of the inertial measurement unit is analyzed based on the inertial differential equation and the error covariance Riccati equation in the time domain. Combined with the characteristics of the RLG dual-axis rotation modulation inertial navigation system, the simulation experiments and actual experiments are designed to verify the theory analysis. The experimental results show that the dual-axis rotational modulation can modulate the influence of systematic errors, but cannot modulate the influence of random errors. The conclusion could guide inertial devices’ selection of long-endurance and high-accuracy dual-axis rotation modulation inertial navigation system.

Single factor optimization method was used to optimize the deposition parameters to obtain silver films with low resistivity. The influences of sputtering power, pressure and temperature on the resistivity and deposition rate of silver films were investigated. The results show that low sputtering power and high pressure are beneficial to reduce the resistivity. This should be ascribed to the low deposition rate under such conditions, which favors the migration of Ag atoms, thereby improving lattice integrity. Increasing substrate temperature can also reduce resistivity, but should not exceed 100 oC. In order to suppress agglomeration, nitrogen gas (N2) was added to the argon sputtering gas. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra show that the (1 1 1) orientation of Ag lattice was promoted by N2, thus leading to suppression of agglomeration and refined grains. The surface roughness (RMS) and resistivity increased when N2 was added, but decreased after annealing, which may be caused by desorption of the residual nitrogen from the film during annealing. The results are useful for controlling the grain orientation of silver films and obtaining thermally stable silver films with low resistivity.

In this paper, the spectrum characteristics of gain and refractive index change of the TE and TM modes of single quantum well versus well width and strain are comparatively analyzed. The influences of the above factors on balancing gain and refractive index change are further investigated by introducing overlap region area of 3dB spectrum width, and the physical mechanisms are dissected. Further considering the optical confinement factor of the waveguide and the non-uniformity of the carrier concentration distribution in the multiple quantum well, a multi-parameter matching method is proposed, based on which a low-polarization quantum well material that can balance the gain spectrum and the refractive index change spectrum in the C-band (1530~1565 nm) is designed. Finally, the effect of carrier concentration is analyzed and the appropriate carrier concentration is selected. When the carrier concentration is 3. 22×1024m-3, the overlap region area of 3dB spectrum width of the two spectra of the TE and TM mode are 84. 81 nm/cm and 74. 50 nm/cm, respectively, and the gain polarization dependence and refractive index polarization dependence are maintained at within 4% and 6%. The results of this paper will help the optimal design of related devices in the all-optical network in the future.