Innovations in light microscopy have tremendously revolutionized the way researchers study biological systems. Although fluorescence microscopy is currently the method of choice for cellular imaging，it faces fundamental limitations such as the bulky fluorescent tags and limited multiplexing ability in the era of“omics”. In this paper，two chemical imaging strategies are presented respectively. First，a live-cell bio-orthogonal chemical imaging platform suited for probing the dynamics of small bio-molecules，which can not be effectively labeled by bulky fluorophores is devised. This scheme couples the emerging stimulated Raman scattering microscopy with tiny and Raman-active vibrational probes （e. g.， alkynes，nitriles and stable isotopes including 2H and 13C）. Exciting biomedical applications such as imaging fatty acid metabolism related to lipotoxicity，glucose uptake and metabolism，drug trafficking，protein synthesis in brain，DNA replication，protein degradation，RNA synthesis and tumor metabolism will be presented. Second，a super-multiplex optical imaging technique is invented. Electronic pre-resonance stimulated Raman scattering（epr-SRS）microscopy is developed， achieving exquisite vibrational selectivity with high versatility and sensitivity. Chemically，a unique vibrational palette is created，consisting of novel dyes bearing conjugated and isotopically-edited triple bonds，each displaying a single epr-SRS peak in the cell-silent spectra window. Up to 24 resolvable colors are currently achieved with great potential for further expansion. Using this approach，we monitored DNA and protein metabolism in neuronal co-cultures and brain tissues. This super-multiplex optical imaging approach promises to facilitate untangling the intricate interactions in complex biological systems，and find broad applications in photonics and biotechnology in general.

Optical microfibers and nanofibers have diameters close to or smaller than the wavelength of the guided light. Fabricated by physical drawing of glass or polymer materials，these tiny fibers show excellent surface smoothness and diameter uniformity，high mechanical strength，tight optical confinement，strong evanescent field，significant surface field enhancement，and large and abnormal waveguide dispersion，which bestow them with a variety of applications in fields ranging from optical communication，laser technology，sensors，nonlinear optics，and quantum optics. The application of micro-nano fiber in sensor，modulator and laser and the development trend of micro-nano fiber in the future are mainly introduced in this paper.

How to obtain high resolution images with little cost has become a research focus in the field of imaging. A method of obtaining high resolution image using image reconstruction technology based on object scanning is presented in this paper. First，a sequence of multiple images with small displacement by object scanning are obtained. Then，those images using Classical Keren algorithm are registered，whose registration accuracy is up to sub-pixel-level. There is only sub-pixel displacement between these low-resolution images，then interpolation reconstruction can be performed and a highresolution image is gotten. Simulation results show that the registration error of this image registration algorithm is less than 0.1 pixels，and image reconstructed by interpolation and reconstruction effectively gains a doubled-spatial-resolution with more details.

Classic dynamic range compression algorithm on infrared image has poor scene adaptivity，since it enhances noise in low dynamic range，and drops brightness in high dynamic range，thus cause a video blink problem. A scene adaptive method is proposed in this paper. Firstly，the minimum，average and maximum values of the origin infrared image from histogram are achieved. An adaptive parameter set is calculated then. Finally，all the grayscales on both side of average value by specific rules using the adaptive parameter set are mapped. Experimental results demonstrate that，when the dynamic range varies in large margin，the classic algorithms applied with adaptive parameter set will produce a series of infrared images with well impression. The proposed method performs an obvious improvement than the simple classic ones.

Infrared small target detection under complex cloud background is a problem to be solved in the infrareddetection system. The key of the problem is about the distinguishment between the infrared small target and the cloudclutters. The traditional features that are used to differentiate them are closely collected with the absolute gray intensity，which is severely influenced by the change of background，so that，they cannot adapt the detection of infrared small targetunder complex cloud background. To distinguish the infrared small target and the cloud clutters efficiently，a group of imagefeature，constructing with local contrast features and segmented shape features is proposed. The feature group incorporatesthe advantages of both the two kinds of features，and fully expresses the difference of gray contrast and distinction of shape.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed feature group can distinguish the infrared small target and the cloudclutters with much more efficiency.

Taking the infrared and visible image of marine targets as data source，considering the characteristic of multiscale and multi-band information of data source for marine targets，based on the prototype YOLOv3 network architecture and FPN principle，the bottom feature map of the 11th layer is fused with the deep layer feature map of the 103rd layer to achieve the expansion of the network scale，and k-means clustering algorithm is used to obtain the prior box at a more refined scale. Meanwhile，the infrared and visible images are combined in a certain proportion to form the physical layer fusion of the image source，and then the mixed data set is constructed for multi-band cooperative model training. The experimental results show that the recognition accuracy of S4-YOLO network model is higher than that of YOLOv3 and YOLOv3-Tiny models，and it can adapt to the identification needs of multi-scale marine targets.

At present，supervised learning through convolutional neural networks（CNN）has been widely used in the field of computer vision. In contrast，unsupervised learning with CNN has received less attention. In response to this problem，in order to reduce the application gap between CNN in supervised learning and unsupervised learning，a deep convolution generative adversarial network （DCGAN） is introduced. Using the generative adversarial networks，data training is performed on the existing face dataset，and the representation level of the image local feature to the overall scene in the generator and the discriminator is generated against the network，and the new person face data composed of the individual face features is outputted. By training on various image datasets to make up for the deficiency of image data，the purpose of improving the recognition accuracy is realized，which proves the practicability of the method in unsupervised learning.

For shipboard electro-optical reconnaissance equipment，lots of problem exist，such as business data to the charges at the transmission distance，complex electromagnetic environment and confidentiality requirements. A kind of optical fiber transmission system based on the GTP transceiver made of Xilinx Aritx-7 series FPGA is designed in this paper. It is implemented that 1 channel visible light high definition video of the HD-SDI interface，1 channel infrared video of camera link interface and 1 channel RS422 interface data through a single fiber. In the sending part，the parallel business data is converted to serial data and transferred by the design of the state machine and the use of time-sharing multiplexing. In the receiving part，using the DDR3 and FIFO buffer，the business data from the optical fiber channel to the reduction of the original video interface and RS422 interface is implemented. The experimental results show that the transmission system can satisfy the remote transmission of video and control command information，the video is clear，the manipulation is smooth and easy. For other business data transmission，this design still has the certain reference value.

Water-to-air imaging is affected by waves when light penetrates the sea-air interface，which will bring unfavorable factors such as defocus，blur，and distortion to the image. When the wave has a positive slope，the vertical resolution of water-to-air imaging will be increased to a certain extent，which can improve the detection probability of the target. Theoretical analysis and simulation methods to quantify the change in the incident angle of the target in the air caused by the forward slope wave are used. The resulting vertical resolution stretch of the target is analyzed. The reliability of the theory is verified through experiments，which provides a basis for the design of the optical system and the evaluation of image quality.

Along with the development of new concept weapon and information ammunition，the measurement accuracyof impact is required to be improved gradually in sea fire test. In this paper，the accurate measurement of the impact isproposed based on the UAV shooting and simulatedtarget region. Through the analysis of computational procedure andsimulative calculation of the distribution of impact points affecting on the accuracy，the measurement principle is proved tobe feasible. The precision can meet the demand of less than 5 m within 100 m range. The research results have a guidingsignificance for the measurement scheme design of the impact point at sea.

The simultaneous acquisition of spatial information，spectral information and polarimetric information canobtain more characteristic information to distinguish targets. Aiming at the problems that traditional spectral polarizationimaging technology requires dynamic modulation，low luminous flux，limited spectral resolution and complicatedcomputation etc.，a new imaging mode based on imaging fiber bundles and pixel-level polarization detector is proposed.Combining the fiber-optic imaging spectroscopy and pixel-level polarization information extraction technology，the twodimensionalspatial information，one-dimensional spectral information and four Stokes polarized information of the targetcan be acquired in a snapshot mode. Combined with the system model，an experimental device is set up to obtain four-anglespectral polarization images of 200 spectral bands ranging from 430 nm to 630 nm（spectral resolution is about 1 nm），aswell as the degree of polarization and polarization angle of each spectral band. The system’s spectral polarization imagingdata acquisition capability，and the correctness and feasibility of the technical principle are verified. The technology hashigh application value in the fields of astronomical observation，atmospheric detection，target recognition and other fields.

Aiming at the question of the short distance for laser Doppler velocimeter（LDV），an idea of using the optical structure of a similar telescope to transform the Gaussian beam is proposed. The principle of velocity measurement with laser Doppler and the specific method of Gaussian beam transformation ware expounded while a portable decameter level laser velocimeter is designed. The result of theory and experiment show that it could acquire the speed of the passing vehicle with the characteristic of portable. The working distance of laser velocimeter is from 6 to 14 meter while the measurement accuracy is 0.2%. So it is achievable to detect the overdrive using the portable decameter level laser velocimeter in the expressway.

Aiming at the parfocalization feafures of large zoom ratio infrared continuous zoom lens，the bi-directional compensation curve of zoom lens is fitted by using specific data structure and on-line calibration method. By changing the ambient temperature and double-line interpolation method，the fitting curve is expanded into a two-dimensional network table and stored in FLASH. Parfocalization feafures compensation based on pre-processing algorithm，double-loop control algorithm and pulse control algorithm can quickly and accurately realize compensation motor drive control. At the same time，the problem of insufficient compensation when the target distance is less than the minimum imaging distance can be effectively compensated by adding gray gradient calibration.

2M virtual layers（Al2O3 coating，optical thickness is λ/2）are deposited on the surface of high reflective wave stacks，which reflectance is more than 99.999 7% and the center wave length is 635 nm，by ion beam sputtering method. Roughness，reflectance of all samples in different stages are measured and analyzed. The absorption of 2M Al2O3 coatings are calculated by optical coating theory. Effects of oxygen flow on absorption and the root-mean-square surface roughness（RMS）of Al2O3 coatings are discussed. The measured RMS value of all samples are better than 0.15 nm. The results show that 2MAl2O3 coatings have no obvious effect on RMS. The absorption of Al2O3 coatings is decreased with the increasing of oxygen flow at first stage，and then the absorption arrives its minimum，the absorption is increased with the increasing of oxygen flow at second stage. The extinction coefficient of 2M Al2O3 coatings lower than 5×10-6 at 635 nm can be prepared after optimizing process parameters.

Laser induced damage threshold（LIDT）is an important index to measure the anti-laser action of thin films optical components，and its size is affected by various factors such as pulsed laser output parameters，laser action modes， film materials and preparation methods，and damage identification methods. Using K9 glass as the substrate，ion beamassisted thermal evaporation deposition methods are used to prepare three kinds of single-layer thin film samples of silicon dioxide，hafnium dioxide，and titanium dioxide. The experiments are performed on an independently developed multiwavelength laser damage threshold tester. In the 1-on-1 measurement method，the damage thresholds of three materials are tested with pulsed lasers with wavelengths of 1 064 nm and 532 nm，respectively，and the influence of damage thresholds at different wavelengths is analyzed. In this dissertation，the damage thresholds of three kinds of thin film materials under different pulsed laser wavelengths and their changes are experimentally studied. The test results show that the damage threshold of the three films decreases with the decrease of the laser wavelength，when the film thickness is fixed or the film thickness is changed. The test results are in line with theoretical expectations. The influence of different wavelengths on the damage of dielectric films has important guiding significance for film preparation and damage identification.

In order to explore the reasons why the transmittance of plastic lenses decreases under high humidity and film cracking is prone to occur under high temperature，Ti3O5 and SiO2 are selected as materials with high and low refractive index. TFCalc is used to design and optimize the film system. Electron beam evaporation process is adopted to obtain the antireflection film with an average reflectance R≤1% of 420~880 nm. The test results show that the transmittance of the coated plastic lenses decreased by less than 1% after 24 h at 85 ℃ and 85RH. 2# and 4# lenses show film cracking phenomenon after 24 h at 120 ℃. Changing the baking temperature and increasing the aggregation density of the film layer can effectively improve the waterproof performance and high temperature resistance performance of the plastic lens.