Parent compounds of cyclopentadienyltitanium substituted heteropolytungstates with Keggin structure, An［(CpTi)XW11O39］·xH2O (A=Me4N, K; X=P, Si, Co; Cp=η5-C5H5) were synthesized in aqueous phase. By allowing parent heteropoly compounds to react with protonated 8-quinolinol, the title supermolecular compounds (C9H8NO)mAn［(CpTi)XW11O39］·xH2O (A=Me4N, H; X=P, Si, Co) were synthesized. The title compounds were characterized by means of elementary analysis, IR, UV, 1H NMR, XRD and TG-DSC. The results indicate that the title compounds are new heteropoly compounds, and there is a charge transfer interaction between the organic cation and heteropoly anion. The results obtained from thermal analysis show that QCpTiPW, QCpTiSiW and QCpTiCoW begin to decompose at 212.4, 194.2 and 171.2 ℃, respectively. The results obtained from antibacterial test reveal that QCpTiSiW has the best antibacterial activity, and the MIC values of QCpTiSiW against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aurous are 64.0 and 0.500 μg·mL-1, respectively.

Energy is most important issue in the world now because the chemical energy (oil, natural gas, coal et al) is on the edge of depleting. Many Countries are now paying attention to the use of sun power. Photovoltaic device is the most important way to make use of sun energy. Organic solar cell is one promising kind of photovoltaic device, though it’s low power conversion efficiency hampers its commercialization. This paper briefly reviewed two ways to improve the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells and pointed out the unsolved problems.

In order to realize the fast and non-contact detection of oil pollution in costal zone, the ultraviolet laser was used as the exciting source, a system used for oil pollution based on laser-induced-fluorescence (LIF) technology was established. The fluorescence spectra of several oil samples were measured through this system. The measurement results show that there are obvious differences among the fluorescence spectra of these samples, which can be used as a reference for oil pollution classification and recognition.

The present article investigated the laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for a wide range of plastic (HDPE, LDPE, PET, NYLON) with the ultraviolet (UV) excitation wavelength. Compared with the National Institute of Standards and Technology atomic spectroscopy database line data, the author analyzed the detailed spectral atomic lines of the dominated elements. With the help of principal component analysis in the Chemometrics, the identification model was constructed under the method of cross-validation. Besides, all kinds of potential influence were analyzed for the detailed model. The result showed us vividly that the laser induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with the principal component analysis had the capacity to discriminate different plastic materials. It gave us a new method for model building and material discrimination. These results can be useful for further research on laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for the differentiation of different materials.

Plasma continuum is composed of bremsstralung and recombination radiation, and the electron temperature could be obtained by fitting the continuum. Fitting experiment data with optimization viewpoint is proposed for sodium plasma continuum in Z-pinch, which can evaluate unknown variables in experiment, and the method is more accurate than linear fit which is adopted usually. The electron temperature from the optimization method accords with resonance line intensity ratio, showing that the optimization is valid.

The variations of width and shift of Ar Ⅰ(2P2→1S5) spectral line with discharge parameters were studied in a slot microplasma. In order to measure the wavelength shift, the Ar Ⅰ(2P2→1S5) spectral line emitted from argon discharge at pressure of 10 Pa was used as a reference line. With the gas pressure increasing in the range of 1×104～6×104 Pa, the width and shift of Ar Ⅰ(2P2→1S5) spectral line were measured in argon (99.92%)/air discharge. It was found that both the width and the shift of Ar Ⅰ(2P2→1S5) spectral line increase linearly with the increase in gas pressure, indicating that the electron density increases with the increase in gas pressure. In addition, the width and the shift of Ar Ⅰ(2P2→1S5) spectral line at gas gap width of 100 and 300 μm were measured for comparison. It was found that both increase with the increase in gas gap width, which indicates that the electron density in the slot microplasma increases with the increase in gas gap width.

The green emitting phosphors, Na2GdPO4F2∶Tb3+, was synthesized by high temperature solid-state method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectrum were used to characterize the samples. Under the low-voltage electron beam (0.5~5 kV) excitation, the Tb3+-doped Na2GdPO4F2 phosphor showed a very strong green emission corresponding to the characteristic transitions of Tb3+ (5D3,4→7FJ transitions, J=6~2) with the strongest emission at 546 nm, corresponding to 5D4→7F5 of Tb3+. The cathodoluminescent color of Na2Gd0.95Tb0.05PO4F2 was green to the naked eye with the Commission International de l’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of x=0.240 3, y=0.438 6, and the color temperature at about 8 634.3 K. The CL intensity increases upon raising the accelerating voltage, filament current and the doping concentrations, thereinto, the optimal concentrations of Tb3+ is 10 mol%.

Some kinds of phosphors were synthesized with Eu/Dy coating ZnO nanocrystals by co-precipitation approach derived from Zn(AC)2·2H2O, NaOH as precursors. The crystal structure and size were characterized by the X-ray diffraction. Photoluminescence(PL) measurements show an intense red luminescence at 612 nm caused by transition of Eu3+ ions in ZnO∶Eu3+ and intense luminescence band at 484 and 575 nm caused by transition of Dy3+ ions in ZnO∶Dy3+. The results show that the energy transfer was realized from the host to the rare earth ions. The mechanism of the energy transfer was discussed. Meanwhile Eu/Dy co-coating nano ZnO can be achieved white light emission by energy transfer.

The photoluminescence (PL) spectra and UV-Visible absorption spectra of a novel yellow phosphor dye of bis［2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)benzothiazolato-N,C2′］ iridium (acetylacetonate) denoted as (t-bt)2Ir(acac) were systematically investigated, which were measured in solution and film states with various concentrations. The results showed that the highest PL intensity was achieved when the solution concentration was 3×10－4 mol·L-1, and it decreased dramatically when the concentration kept on increasing because of concentration quenching of the phosphor dye. A red shift for PL spectra and UV-Vis absorption spectra of films compared to those of solutions were found, which is due to the shorter distance, aggregation effect, and stronger interaction of dye molecules in solid state. Based on the spectrum characterization, organic light-emitting diode was fabricated with an ultrathin structure based on this phosphor dye, which showed a high luminescence of 18 367 cd·m-2 at a bias of 13.2 V.

In the present paper, the samples of nanomaterials TiO2—SiO2∶Eu3+ with different proportion of Ti/Si were prepared with the sol-gel method, and influence of the proportion of Ti/Si on the luminescence properties of samples have was studied. The structure of the samples was examined by FTIR, indicating that the compound TiO2 and SiO2 reacted, forming the new chemical bond of Ti—O—Si. The TEM of samples show that TiO2—SiO2∶Eu3+ are sphericity nanoparticles with monodispersion and uniform size of 35 nm. The samples were still anatase phase after annealing at 900 ℃, which was studied by XRD and SAED, suggesting that the bond of Ti—O—Si was conducive to the stability of anatase phase. There will be isoelectronic trap as Si4+ enters the TiO2 lattice replacing some of the Ti4+ position, and this structure is conducive to transfering energy and improving the transition of Eu3+ (7F0→5D2), which were found by excitation and emission spectra.

Na2SO4∶Cu phosphors were prepared by heating pure natural thenardite with Cu at 1 100 ℃ for 20 min in air. Their photoluminescence spectra were investigated at room temperature. The shapes of emission spectra depend on the excitation wavelengths, The emission spectrum under 260 nm excitation consists of a broad band with a peak at 430 nm, which can be attributed to the 3d 94s→3d10 transition within Cu+. The emission spectrum under 300 nm excitation consists of two broad bands with peaks at 430 and 550 nm respectively, which can be attributed to the 3d 94s→3d10 transition within Cu+ and transition from the conduction band of Na2SO4 to the level of excited Cu2+(d9) in the Na2SO4 band gap, respectively. With the increase in Cu contents, concentration quenching did not occur in the luminescence at 430 nm, but occured at 550 nm.

The BaMoO4∶Eu3+ phosphors were synthesized by solid-state method and were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence spectra. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of BaMoO4 at 800 ℃ and exhibited a tetragonal crystal structure. The excitation spectrum of samples showed one broad band and some peaks located behind 350 nm. The former was attributed to the charge transfer transition of Eu3+—O2-, while the latter belonged to the f—f transitions of Eu3+ ions. The emission spectrum shows four peaks at 591, 615, 654 and 702 nm, respectively. The dominant peak is located at 615 nm due to the 5D0—7F2 electric dipole transition of Eu3+.

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) with a liquid host of 9-(2-ethylhexyl)carbazole (EHCz) doped with a guest dye of 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnapthacene (rubrene) was demonstrated. Here the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene)∶poly(styrenesulphonate) (PEDOT∶PSS) and Cs2CO3 were served as the hole injection material and electron injection material, respectively. The device structure consists of ITO/PEDOT∶PSS/EH Cz∶rubrene/Cs2CO3/ITO. Electroluminescence from rubrene with the highest external quantum efficiency of 0.03% at 0.26 mA·cm-2 was obtained. The photoluminescence (PL) and PL quantum efficiency of the materials were further studied.

In near infrared spectral quantitative analysis, many models consider separately each component when modeling sample composition content, disregarding the underlying relatedness among sample compositions. To address this problem, the present paper views modeling each sample composition content as a task, thus one can transform the problem that models simultaneously analyze all sample compositions’ contents to a multi-task learning problem. On the basis of the LS-SVR, a multi-task LS-SVR (MTLS-SVR) model is proposed. Furthermore, an efficient large-scale algorithm is given. The broomcorn samples are taken as experimental material, and corresponding quantitative analysis models are constructed for three sample composition contents (protein, lysine and starch) with LS-SVR, PLS, multiple dependent variables LS-SVR (MLS-SVR) and MTLS-SVR. For the MTLS-SVR model, the average relative errors between actual values and predicted ones for the three sample compositions contents are 1.52%, 3.04% and 1.01%, respectively, and the correlation coefficients are 0.993 1, 0.894 0 and 0.940 6, respectively. Experimental results show MTLS-SVR model outperforms significantly the three others, which verifies the feasibility and efficiency of the MTLS-SVR model.

The stratosphere ozone plays the protective action role for human and the ground-level ozone is harmful to human health. Monitoring ozone with different ways and methods took an active part in understanding distribution and transformation of ozone, which was useful to controlling pollution emission. Spectra were got by multi-reflected white cell Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, inversed with nonlinear least squares (NLLSQ) method and then the concentrations of ozone were got exactly. The correlations of measured ozone concentration time series by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, open path UV differential optical absorption spectrometer and ozone analyzer of the Thermo Corporation were significant. The results showed that the measured ozone absolute concentrations with different monitoring methods and instruments had some differences, but the concentration diurnal variations were coincident and the correlations were good. Therefore, ozone concentration inversion method, based on multi-reflected cell Fourier transform infrared spectrum and not reported in domestic articles, could be used as an effective technique to measure ozone concentration.

This article used hemicelluloses content in acacia spp. wood as a case study to demonstrate the influence of noise in the reference data on the results of NIR calibration model. The results indicated that the accuracy of NIR calibration model was affected by the reference data noise. The less noisy data was used in calibration model, the better result could be obtained. But when the noise was larger, NIR calibration model which was built by using regression mathematics methods can perform better than using primary reference data.

The effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B(UV-B) radiation on chemical compositions of radix, stem and leaf of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi were studied via FTIR. Results showed that alcohols and phenolic substances in the radix and leaf of S. baicalensis Georgi were increased by UV-B radiation as well as the content of flavonoids and flavonoids glycosides. The terpenoids content in radix and protein content in leaf were increased by supplementary UV-B radiation. Contrary to the circumstance in radix and leaf, contents of alcohols and phenolic, flavonoids, unsaturated fat and lactone in stem were decreased by UV-B radiation. These results indicated that there is a trade-off in distribution of the metabolites in radix, stem and leaf of different parts. More information could be revealed for the result of FTIR spectral analysis via FTIR second derivative spectrum, especially the information of the combination between flavonoids and glycosides. The effects of UV-B radiation on chemical composition in radix, stem and leaf of S. baicalensis Georgi could be examined simply and rapidly via the method of FTIR. Thus, it can be used as a prior method before the further analysis of chemical composition.

In the present study, NIRS was applied to nondestructive and rapid measurement of firmness and surface color of pear. In order to improve the prediction precision and eliminate the influence of uninformative variables on model robustness, Monte Carlo uninformative variables elimination (MC-UVE) and Monte Carlo uninformative variables elimination based on wavelet transform (WT-MC-UVE) methods were proposed for variable selection in firmness and surface color NIR spectral modeling. Results show that WT-MC-UVE can reduce the modeling variables from 1 451 to 210, and get similar prediction results for firmness. WT-MC-UVE improved the prediction precision for surface color, the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and calibration variables were reduced from 1.06 and 1 451 to 0.90 and 220 respectively, and the correlation coefficient (r) was improved from 0.975 to 0.981. The proposed method is able to select important wavelength from the NIR spectra, and makes the prediction more robust and accurate in quantitative analysis of firmness and surface color.

The objective of the present research was to optimize the model of sugar content in navel orange for improving the detection presicion by the online near infrared spectroscopy. The reference wavelength was chosen by coefficient of variation of the different wavelengths in the calibration set in the wavelength range of 700.28～933.79 nm. Then the spectra were transformed into ratio specra. The absorbance and ration spectra were pretreated by different preprocessing methods. The models of sugar content were developed by partial least squares (PLS) and least squares support vector regression (LSSVR). The 30 unknown navel orange samples were applied to evaluate the performance of the models. By comparison of the predictive performances, the LSSVR model was the best among the models with the first derivative preprocessing and ration spectra. The correlation coeffiecient (RP) of the best model was 0.85, the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.41 °Brix. The results suggested that it was feasible to improve the precision of online near infrared spectroscopy detecting sugar content in navel orange by the optimization of reference wavelengths, the first derivative preprocessing and LSSVR.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with multiple internal reflection mode (FTIR-MIR) has been applied for the first time to measure the permeability of concrete. The effect of water-cement ratio and curing time on the microstructure and permeability of concrete was studied. Also, the penetration process of H2O and SO2-4 through the concrete specimens was investigated. The results indicated that the movement of H2O through unsaturated concrete was mainly caused by capillary suction and the movement of SO2-4 through unsaturated concrete should take into account diffusion, advection caused by a capillary suction flow and the reaction between SO2-4 and the cement hydration products. The permeability of concrete was determined by its microstructure. With the decrease in water-cement ratio and the increase in curing time, the porosity and the connectivity of pores in concrete decreased, which resulted in the decrease of concrete permeability.

Carbon dioxide is a major sort of greenhouse gas as well as important carbon resource. With the developments of industries, emission of carbon dioxide has increased sharply. Hence, controls of carbon dioxide emission and resource transformation have become the hotspot of current study. As a new kind of carbon resource, the fields of CO2 research andapplication are very extensive. Among those methods, the amine absorption has good qualities of faster absorption rate, higher efficiency and so on, so it has been widely studied. But organic amine have such shortcomings: high consumption of heat energy, strong corrosive and easy oxidated, now pursuer mainly focused on the organic amine modified. The results showed that, when the time the amount of antioxidant 1010 is 0.15%, the absorption capacity is 2 503.53 mL. the volume of analysis is 982.00 mL, and the absorption rate changes more slowly, by FTIR, Samples of its renewable-OH associating is not apparent that the antioxidant content in 1010, oxidation products of the MEA is acid or less oxidation and antioxidant 1010 product in early to respond fully to form stable non-radical compounds. Therefore, the best dosage of antioxidant 1010 is 0.15%. When the time that the amount of Na2SO3 is 0.15%, the absorption capacity is 2 922.88 mL. Analysis of the volume is 7 23.00 mL, by FTIR, which reveals the oxidation products of the MEA is amide CO which in alkaline solution can be transiting into primary amine, and be easy absorbing CO2. Comparing the antioxygenic proerty of antioxidant 1010 with Na2SO3, from the absorption rate, the amount of absorption , Na2SO3’s antioxidant properties is superior than antioxidant 1010; by infrared spectral analysis, 1010/20% MEA solution’s oxidation products is the acid, Na2SO3/20% MEA solutions, the oxidation product is amide, amide solution is advantaged for absorbing CO2, So Na2SO3’s antioxidant properties is superior than antioxidant 1010.

Soil is the foundation of agricultural production. Rapid analysis of soil nutrients, using near infrared spectral analysis technology, can guide process of agricultural production. Developing near-infrared measuring system with discrete wavelength will change the extensive operation situation of agricultural production. First, the spectra of 85 black soil samples of northeast China, collected by FOSS XDS near-infrared spectrometer were analyzed using the correlation spectra and successive projection algorithm. Then, the characteristic wavelengths of total nitrogen and organic matter were obtained. After that the authors collected the spectra of soil samples using the measuring system with high signal to noise ratio (SNR) that the authors developed. The calibration models for total nitrogen and organic matter were established. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of total nitrogen and organic matter is 0.019% and 0.36% respectively, and the correlation coefficient of prediction (Rp) is 0.851 and 0.923, respectively. Experimental results indicate that the characteristic wavelengths for total nitrogen and organic matter can be obtained through the near infrared spectra analyses. The measuring system can be used for soil nutrient analysis and lays the foundation for the industrial applications.

A novel method was proposed to discriminate different kinds of spilled oil. The identification of the spilled oils has great significance to developing the treatment program and tracking the source. The present method adapts to Fourier transform NIR spectrophotometer to collect the spectral data of simulation gasoline, diesel fuel and kerosene oil spills. The Sparse Nonnegative Matrix Factorization algorithm was used to extract features. Through training with 210 samples and 5-fold cross-validation, the authors constructed the qualitatvie analysis model based on support vector machine. The authors also researched the effect of the number of features and sparseness factor. The proposed method has the identification capabilities with the accuracy of 97.78％ for 90 samples for validation. The present method of SNMF-SVM has a good identification effect and strong generalization ability, and can work as a new method for rapid identification of spilled oil.

In order to discriminate fake and genuine cigarettes correctly and rapidly, cigarettes of brand A and fake cigarettes of brand A were scanned by the NIR spectrometer, and an identifying model was developed by near infrared spectroscopy combined with principal component-Mahalanobis distance pattern recognition method. The pretreated spectra data of cigarette samples were analyzed through principal component analysis (PCA), and the result of the analysis suggested that the accumulation of first 4 principal components was more than 97.46%. One hundred samples from total 120 cigarette samples were selected randomly. Then they were used to build qualitative discriminating model and the correlation coefficient was 0.95. Twenty unknown samples were validated by this model. The recognition rate is 100%. The model is reliable and practicable, and could be used as an assistant means for identifying fake and genuine cigarettes.

Fourier transform infrared spectrometer was used to collect infrared spectra of Cortex Phellodendri from six different regions. Original spectra were preprocessed by carrying out appropriate baseline correction and five-points smoothing, and the averaged spectra of Cortex Phellodendri from the six origins were analyzed. As a result, the averaged spectra looked quite similar. The normalized spectra were selected to construct principal component analysis model in the range of fingerprint region 1 800～500 cm-1, and according to the model, the first three principal components accounted for 98% of the variance information in the fingerprint region, and each sample was able to form distinct cluster in the principal component space, then the identification of Cortex Phellodendri from the six regions was basically achieved; besides, to some extent, the sparse density of the samples distribution reflected the genetic relationship. The loading factors of the model were analyzed, and the results indicated that the differences between Cortex Phellodendri samples mostly depended on the contents of protein, carbohydrates, lipids, alkaloids, sterols, obaculactone, oba-cunone, and obacunonlc acid. On the whole, combined with principal component analysis, FTIR provides an effective way to evaluate the herbal Cortex Phellodendri rapidly and nondestructively, which also reflects the content difference of material composition.

Spectrum intercomparison search means calculating the similarity of question spectrum and standard spectrum in the database to find the same or similar spectrum as the question spectrum. To weaken the impact of irrelevant information on spectrum intercomparison search results and improve the search accuracy, the question spectrum noise is taken for example and the impact of spectrum noise on the calculated similarity results is analyzed; for the characteristics that when infrared spectrum is multi-scale decomposed, the useful information is mainly concentrated in the low-frequency part and the high-frequency part is mainly noise, the infrared spectrum intercomparison search method based on wavelet multi-scale decomposition is proposed; the impact of spectrum decomposition level on the calculated similarity results is analyzed; the entire waveform search method is used as reference method and the search program of both methods is designed with MATLAB 7.0 and the feasibility of infrared spectrum intercomparison search method based on wavelet multi-scale decomposition is confirmed by the experimental results.

Bell’s palsy is a kind of facial nerve diseases with a high incidence, and the patients who get the disease the first time predominate in the patients who suffer mildly or moderately. The aim of the present study is to explore a novel assessment for Bell’s palsy objectively and noninvasively based on infrared thermal image. As the acupoints on the face are approximately bilateral symmetric, the acupoints on the affected side were chosen as the experimental group, while the same ones on the other side as the control group. Their infrared thermal radiations were researched separately and the results were as follows: on acute stage, the differences of infrared thermal radiation intensity of the same points were significant between the healthy and affected sides, indicating significant temperature difference (over 0.3 ℃). The acupoints on the affected side with its surrounding tissue formed an irregular abnormal region on the infrared thermal image. Its pseudocolor was obviously different from that of the healthy side. At the same time, the more serious the Bell’s palsy, the more evident the temperature differences of the same acupoints on bilateral sides. It was positive correlation (r=0.676, r=0.498, r=0.506, r=0.545, r=0.518, all P<0.05) between the bilateral temperature differences of acupoints (Quanliao, Dicang, Jiache, Yuyao, Yangbai) and the lesions degree of Bell’ palsy, which was statistically significant. Thus, infrared thermal image could be used to objectively assess the severity of Bell’ palsy.

The values of Raman scattering coefficients of some molecules in which Fermi resonance occurs vary with solution concentration variation. We measured the Raman spectra of some solvents such as CCl4, CS2, C6H6, etc by changing the concentration of the solutions ranging from 10% to 100% in volume. As a result, the authors obtained the general law of Fermi resonance. We found some weak Fermi resonance phenomena as well that the two bands of Raman spectrum shift asymmetrically and that the fundamental of overtone is tuned by Fermi resonance and moves towards the same direction with the overtone simultaneously, which is same as the results Bier K. D. obtained by means of high-pressure technique. By means of this method, the authors demonstrated the conclusion that only the fundamental in combinations which has the same symmetry as the fundamental involved in Fermi resonance directly can its intensity variation influence the Fermi resonance. In this article, the authors present a new method to study Fermi resonance. This method is valuable in the identification and the assignment of spectral lines of solutions, the determination of molecular configuration of enzyme, the discrimination of isomer, as well as the influences on the molecular structures and properties caused by hydrogen bond.

The present paper reports the FT-infrared spectra and FT-Raman spectra of the S-thyminyl-L-cysteine. The optimal concentration of the S-thyminyl-L-cysteine on silver sol is 10-4 mol·L-1. The interaction of S-thyminyl-L-cysteine with Ag nanoparticles was adsorbed by COO-, NH+3, S, and ring in the tilted way. Amino peak was enhanced in the acidic condition, carboxyl peak was enhanced in alkaline condition. Adsorption of S-thyminyl-L-cysteine on silver nanoparticles was mainly with carboxyl under the acidic condition and with amino under the alkaline condition. Other groups had no change at different pH. Establishment of this adsorption model provided important information and useful reference for further Raman spectra study of PNA, peptides and other biological molecules.

To implement calibration transfer between Raman spectrometers, an improved piecewise direct standardization (PDS) is proposed in the present paper. Standard normal variate (SNV) is firstly introduced to reduce the influence of spectral background and intensity corresponding to the master spectrometer and the slave spectrometer; then PDS algorithm is used to eliminate the differences between Raman spectra for a specific sample. Moreover, a new quantitative criterion, called transfer error rate, is proposed to evaluate the performance of calibration model transfer. This improved PDS is applied to Raman spectral analysis of gasoline. The result shows that the proposed algorithm not only needs a small quantity of transfer samples, but also obtains high transfer accuracy and strong model robustness.

Femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectra technique based on non-collinear optical parametric amplification is a new method for ultrafast spectroscopy research. In the present report, the authors discuss the dynamic range for amplifying fluorescence. The supercontinuum seed can be amplified linearly to its transient intensity. Due to large amplification ratio up to 107, small instability in pump pulse energy produces large fluctuation in final output amplitude. Here the authors introduce a method using cone emission as reference to overcome this difficulty. The results show significant improvement in fluorescence dynamics curve.

Based on a few bands and unabundant spectral information of TM remote sensing image, two endmember extraction algorithms are put forward. First, spatial split endmember extraction algorithm, which firstly browses the image, based on the complexity of objects, divides the image into different blocks, then uses hourglass algorithm to extract endmembers. Second, region continuity algorithm, also based on dividing-into-blocks idea, which uses extraction and classification of homogenous object algorithm and spectral correlation energy level matching algorithm to extract endmembers. Finally, comparing the two algorithms, spatial split endmember extraction algorithm runs fast, with little prior knowledge, however, the probability of error extraction endmembers exists; and region continuity algorithm’s precision is higher, needs for prior knowledge, and the segment process is slow. Experimental results show that both spatial-and-spectral combined endmember extraction algorithms can effectively solve the large regional scale, multispectral endmember extraction problem, and have broad application prospects.

The effect of pressure on fluorescence of tyrosine (Tyr) and Tyr in different concentration of Cu2+ was investigated. The results showed that Tyr fluorescence intensity was enhanced with increasing pressure in the absence of Cu2+, with the fluorescence intensity increasing by about 9% when the pressure reached 60 MPa. Furthermore, Tyr fluorescence quenched by Cu2+ and the quenching became stronger when the concentration of Cu2+ was higher. The effect of pressure on the fluorescence of Tyr was different under various Cu2+ concentrations. When Cu2+ concentration was lower, the fluorescence intensity increased relatively weakly (under 60 MPa and ［Copper ion］/［Tyr］=1, fluorescence intensity increased by 14.4%) and vice versa, the fluorescence intensity increased relatively strongly (under 60 MPa and ［Copper ion］/［Tyr］=40, fluorescence intensity increased by 38.4%).

In the present paper, the effect of pH value of methyl orange solution on the fluorescence enhancement effect of silver nanoparticles was studied. When pH 1.5 and 2.1 the absorption spectra had little change with added silver colloid. When pH 3.1 a blue shift of 26 nm and a decrease in the intensity of the absorption peak were observed. When the values of pH are in the range of 3.8～8.2 a blue shift of the absorption peak and a 426～456 nm broad absorption band were observed. When silver colloids were added into methyl orange solutions with different pH values the fluorescence intensity of S2→S0 electronic transition decreased and was little impacted by pH value; while the fluorescence intensity of S1→S0 electronic transition was enhanced and was impacted by pH value. The largest and smallest fluorescence enhancement ratios were observed at pH 2.1 and 4.8, respectively. The results indicated that the reasons of effect of pH of methyl orange solution on the fluorescence enhancement of silver colloid depend on methyl orange structure, molecular adsorption mode, media and so on, especially the distance between molecule and silver nanoparticle.

Two new chromophores with carbazole as molecular focal point bearing either one o-pyridine-benzothiadiazole unit or two o-pyridine-benzothiadiazole units at the periphery respectively, named as 2,8-(o-pyridine-benzothiadiazole)-N-ethyl-carbazole (CPTZ1) and 2,8-bis(o-pyridine-benzothiadiazole)-N-ethyl-carbazole (CPTZ2), were synthesized and characterized by IR spectra, 1H NMR spectra and MS. The influence of proton upon one-photon and two-photon fluorescence about these two compounds was discussed. Stern-Volmer equation gives that the S-V constants (k1PSV) of one-photon fluorescence (1PF) of CPTZ1 and CPTZ2 are 0.04 and 0.10 L·mol-1, respectively; while the k2PSV of two-photon fluorescence (2PF) of CPTZ1 and CPTZ2 are 0.20 and 0.22 L·mol-1, respectively. Obviously, two-photon (2P) fluorescence detection presented more sensitivity than one-photon (1P) fluorescence response, which exhibits the potential application of two-photon sensor in PH detection.

Detecting the aging situation of stock explosive is essentially meaningful to the research on the capability, security and stability of explosive. Existing aging explosive detection techniques, such as scan microscope technique, Fourier transfer infrared spectrum technique, gas chromatogram mass spectrum technique and so on, are either not able to differentiate whether the explosive is aging or not, or not able to image the structure change of the molecule. In the present paper, using the density functional theory (DFT), the absorb spectrum changes after the explosive aging were calculated, from which we can clearly find the difference of spectrum between explosive molecule and aging ones in the terahertz band. The terahertz time-domain spectrum (THz-TDS) system as well as its frequency spectrum resolution and measured range are analyzed. Combined with the existing experimental results and the essential characters of the terahertz wave, the application of THz-TDS technique to the detection of aging explosive was demonstrated from the aspects of feasibility, veracity and practicability. On the base of that, the authors advance the new method of aging explosive detection using the terahertz time-domain spectrum technique.

Due to the high data dimensionality of a hyperspectral image, dimensionality reduction algorithm has attracted much attention in hyperspectral image analysis. Band selection algorithm, which selects appropriate bands from the original set of spectral bands, can preserve original information from the data and is useful for image classification and recognition. In the present paper, a novel band selection algorithm based on orthogonal projection divergence (OPD) is proposed, it aims to discriminate the interesting objects from background and noise information, maximize the spectral similarity between different spectral vectors by projecting the original data to feature space. Two HYDICE Washington DC Mall images and an HYMAP Purdue campus image data were experimented, and support vector machine (SVM) classifier was used for classification. The selected band number varies from 5 to 40 in order to study the impacts of different band selection algorithms on different features. For the computation complex, the sequential floating forward search (SFFS) was used to get the appropriate bands. The experiments have proved that our proposed OPD algorithm can outperform other traditional band selection methods such as SAM, ED, SID, and LCMV-BCC for hyperspectral image analysis. It is proven that OPD band selection is effective and robust in hyperspectral remote sensing dimensionality reduction.

The present paper proposes a novel hyperspectral image classification algorithm based on LS-SVM (least squares support vector machine). The LS-SVM uses the features extracted from subspace of bands (SOB). The maximum noise fraction (MNF) method is adopted as the feature extraction method. The spectral correlations of the hyperspectral image are used in order to divide the feature space into several SOBs. Then the MNF is used to extract characteristic features of the SOBs. The extracted features are combined into the feature vector for classification. So the strong bands correlation is avoided and the spectral redundancies are reduced. The LS-SVM classifier is adopted, which replaces inequality constraints in SVM by equality constraints. So the computation consumption is reduced and the learning performance is improved. The proposed method optimizes spectral information by feature extraction and reduces the spectral noise. The classifier performance is improved. Experimental results show the superiorities of the proposed algorithm.

Contaminants in the snow can be used to reflect regional and global environmental pollution caused by human activities. However, so far, the research on space-time monitoring of snow contamination concentration for a wide range or areas difficult for human to reach is very scarce. In the present paper, based on the simulated atmospheric deposition experiments, the spectroscopy technique method was applied to analyze the effect of different contamination concentration on the snow reflectance spectra. Then an evaluation of snow contamination concentration (SCC) retrieval methods was conducted using characteristic index method (SDI), principal component analysis (PCA), BP neural network and RBF neural network method, and the estimate effects of four methods were compared. The results showed that the neural network model combined with hyperspectral remote sensing data could estimate the SCC well.

Four kinds of covalent serum albumin (BSA or HSA) conjugates of β-tetrakis［(3,5-dicarboxy)phenoxy］-phthalocyaninatozinc (1) and β-octakis ［(3,5-dicarboxy)phenoxy］-phthalocyaninatozinc (2) were synthesized by the approach of amide bond. The molar ratio of phthalocyanine to albumin in conjugates were found to be 6~7∶1. Their absorption spectra were measured in PBS solution. When conjugated to albumin, compound 1 displays more distinct monomer absorption characteristics (with the maximum absorption at 677 nm) than its free form. Compound 2 in albumin framework exists mostly in monomer form, which is beneficial to photodynamic therapy in aqueous solution. Both 2-BSA and 2-HSA show a sharp and intense Q-band at 681 nm and 682 nm with the molar extinction coefficient of 2.01×105 and 2.05×105 mol-1·L·cm-1 respectively. The Q-band absorption spectra and existent state of phthalocyanine 1 or 2 in conjugates were not affected by the pH value of aqueous solution, which are obviously different from that of the corresponding free phthalocyanine.

The technology of visible-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy for tongue inspection was used for the noninvasive prediction of red blood cell counts (RBC). Reflectance spectra on the tongue tips of 240 volunteers were collected, and the tongue picture was recorded at the same time. Samples were separated into two parts: calibration sample and prediction sample. Spectra were then subjected to a partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis. The correlation between the data and prediction of HCT yielded calibration samples value of 0.991, and RBC levels of prediction samples predicted by this model from Vis-NIR spectra provided a coefficient of determination in prediction of 0.994 with an average relative error of prediction of 0.81%, and a root mean square error of prediction of 0.472. Experiment results showed that the correlation between tongue and RBC exists, and also demonstrated that the tongue can be used as the measure site for noninvasive prediction of RBC. From the results of prediction model and prediction results we can conclude that reflectance spectroscopy of tongue can be used to predict the RBC noninvasively.

Single-shot laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (single-shot LIBS) has become one of the most important branches of material detection. The present article mainly focuses on analysis of the emission spectra of lead by quantitative methods. In the experiment, both qualitative and quantitative analysis are made to detect the content of lead in different material using single-shot LIBS with Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers whose pulse width is 10ns. In quantitative analysis, detections of the emission lines of pure lead with different pulse energies: 107, 139.2 and 171.5 mJ and different wavelengths: 1 064, 532 and 1 064/532 nm are made. Spectra under three conditions (1: same wavelengths and different pulse energies for single pulse lasers; 2: same pulse energy and different wavelength for single pulse lasers and 3: same wavelengths and different pulse energies for double pulse lasers) are acquired and compared.

Insufficiency of phosphorus could greatly effect rice production, thus it is significant to adopt quick and nondestructive diagnosis of phosphorus content. The present paper focused on first expanded leaves with different phosphorus fertilization levels, comprehensively extracted 26 features’ spectral information such as color, texture and shape etc. Single feature index analysis was conducted. Then features were collected to integrate CfsSubsetEval+Scattersearch method for optimizing, evaluation and choosing. Based on the feature selection for different leave positions, leaves in different phosphorus fertilization levels were finally classified into three grades (extremly insufficient, significant insufficient and normal) according to rough set theory. Results showed that the accuracy of recognition was very high while few phosphorus contained in the leaves. Moreover, the third expanded leaf is the best part for phosphorus-nutrient diagnosis.

The additives were abstracted from the manganese dioxide products with four kinds of organic solvents, ether, acetone, chloroform and toluene. The extracts were then baked and their attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR spectra were measured using liquid membrane method. The number of chemical components of the additives was determined by median absolute deviation (MAD), and the spectral information of the pure component was extracted by kernel independent component analysis (KICA). The extracted spectral information of the additives is accordant to that of the practically used compounds. An adaptive kernel independent component analysis (AKICA) was proposed for directive extraction of spectral information from chemical mixtures. The results demonstrated that the AKICA method provides an alternative approach to extracting spectral information from the chemical mixtures without previously chemical or physical preseparation for direct extracting spectral information of pure components in the mixed system.

The photochemistry of pyrene in conventional solvents (acetone, acetonitrile, cyclohexane) and ionic liquids ［Bmim］［PF6］, ［BuPy］［BF4］, R4NNTf2 was investigated by time-resolved laser photolytic techniques. The transient absorption spectra of the excited pyrene and other radical species were compared. The absorption band of pyrene cation radical was observed in the acetone, acetronitrile and pyridinium ionic liquid ［BuPy］［BF4］ systems. Only excited triplet pyrene was observed in cyclohexane and ［Bmim］［PF6］ and R4NNTf2. The result demonstrates that there was an interaction between pyrene and solvents, and the pyrene cation radical was formed by electron transfer from the excited state of pyrene to acetonitrile, acetone and ［BuPy］［BF4］. The possible mechanisms of the six systems were suggested.

The absorption, fluorescence and time-resolved fluorescence spectra of Rhodamine 101 dye in both methanol and acidic methanol solutions were measured. The authors achieved the characteristic information of the absorption and fluorescence spectra, and obtained the S1 lifetimes. The authors assigned vibrational modes of the Rhodanmine 101 dye molecule through spontaneous Raman spectrum, infrared spectrum, and density function theory calculation. This work systemically characterizes the spectral, molecular structural, and vibrational information of Rhodamine 101 dye molecule, and provides necessary information for the application of Rhodamine 101 dye in dye sensitized solar cell and biological fluorescence marker.

In the present study, seedlings of Pinus Thunbergii and Pinus Massoniana were planted and used for reflectance spectrum measurement. In different stage after being infected by pine wood nematode, reflectance spectra were measured by ASD spectrometer and the features of spectral parameters and the change of chlorophyll were analyzed. The results showed that (1) Disease could be estimated in the early stage according to the curve of mid-infrared reflectance; (2) Dynamic parameters such as the position of red edge, green peak height, reflectance of red band, slope of red edge and reflectance of water-stressed wave band were consistent with the disease features of two pine species after being infected by pine wood nematode; (3) To both of two pine species, content of chlorophyll tended to reduce with the development of disease and obvious linear relationship was observed between chlorophyll content and spectral parameters. There results might be able to provide some theoretical basis for the application of remote sensing technology in monitoring of pine wood disease. In addition, it might be also used as theoretical support for the controlling measures in different stage after being infected by pine wood nematode.

The classification and de-aliasing methods with respect to multi-spectra and hyper-spectra have been widely studied in recent years. And both K-mean clustering algorithm and spectral similarity algorithm are familiar classification methods. The present paper improved the K-mean clustering algorithm by using spectral similarity match algorithm to perform a new spectral classification algorithm. Two spectra with the farthest distance first were chosen as reference spectra. The Euclidean distance method or spectral angle cosine method then were used to classify data cube on the basis of the two reference spectra, and delete the spectra which belongs to the two reference spectra. The rest data cube was used to perform new classification according to a third spectrum, which is the farthest distance or the biggest angle one corresponding to the two reference spectra. Multi-spectral data cube was applied in the experimental test. The results of K-mean clustering classification by ENVI, compared with simulation results of the improved K-mean algorithm and the spectral angle cosine method, demonstrated that the latter two classify two air bubbles explicitly and effectively, and the improved K-mean algorithm classifies backgrounds better, especially the Euclidean distance method can classify the backgrounds integrally.

Mountainous ice sheet and snow cover play an important role in water balance in many area, and the measurement of it in large area is mainly depending on remote sensing. In order to retrieve the storage volume of snow cover in an area with remote sensing, knowing the spectral feature is prerequisite. In the present paper, the Miyaluo district in northwest of Sichuan province was selected as the study area, twenty four measurement points were laid in study area, and the ASD FieldSpec Pro Ⅲ was selected as the spectral measurement instrument to collect the reflectance spectra of the snow on 21—22, January 2007. Then, the spectrum feature of the snow in the study area was analyzed. The result indicates that 1 026, 1 256, 1 493 and 1 990 nm are the characteristic absorption valleys, the snow reflectance on the surface has some relation with the snow depth, and also the snow reflectance varies with the depth in the study area.

The rapid identification of the minerals in the field is crucial in the remote sensing geology study and mineral exploration. The characteristic spectrum linear inversion modeling is able to obtain the mineral information quickly in the field study. However, the authors found that there was significant difference among the results of the model using the different kinds of spectra of the same sample. The present paper mainly studied the continuum based fast Fourier transform processing(CFFT) method and the characteristic spectrum linear inversion modeling(CSLM). On one hand, the authors obtained the optimal preferences of the CFFT method when applying it to rock samples: setting the CFFT low-pass frequency to 150 Hz. On the other hand, through the evaluation and study of the results of CSLM using different spectra, the authors found that the ASD spectra which were denoised in the CFFT method could provide better results when using them to extract the mineral information in the field.

Under the condition of sodium citrate as stabilizer, the gold-selenium (AuSe) nano-alloy was prepared by sodium borohydride reduction procedure, and was modified by single-strand aptamer to obtain an aptamer nano-alloy probe (apta-AuSe) for Hg(Ⅱ). In pH 6.8 Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 buffer solution and in the presence of NaCl of 33 mmol·L-1, the Apta-AuSe probe is not aggregation. The apta-AuSe interacts with Hg2+ to form stable double-strand T-Hg(Ⅱ)-T mismatches and to release AuSe nano-alloy particles from the probe. The released AuSe nano-alloy particles (20∶1) aggregated to form bigger clusters that resulted in the resonance scattering (RS) intensity (I590 nm) increasing at 590 nm. The increased intensity ΔI590 nm was proportional to the Hg2+ concentration from 1.3 to 1 466 nmol·L-1, with a detection limit of 0.74 nmol·L-1．The regress equation was ΔI590 nm=0.603ｃ+2.0. Thus, a new resonance scattering (RS) spectroscopy of apta-AuSe was applied to the analysis of trace mercury ion. This simple, rapid, selective and sensitive aptamer AuSe nano-alloy RS assay was applied to the determination of Hg2+ in wastewater, with satisfactory results.

A new full-polarized multi-spectral imaging system is described, which uses electronically controlled LCVR (liquid crystal variable retarder) to modulate the full-polarized state of light in the visible to IR range. The system consisted of optical lenses, LCVRs, filters and CCD. Firstly, the system structure, working theory and optical design are introduced in the present paper. A polarization calibration method is provided and the calibration system was set up, which realized high-precision polarization calibration using a small polarized source. Then, a field experiment with the imaging system was carried out. Polarized spectral images with higher spectral and spatial resolution were collected. Finally, the data acquired were rough processed to get polarization degree image of the targets. It is concluded that the experiment has proved that the imaging system is effective in obtaining full-polarized and multi-spectral data. The image captured by the system can be applied to object identification and object classification.

Several attributes of MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectrometer) data, especially the short temporal intervals and the global coverage, provide an extremely efficient way to map cropland and monitor its seasonal change. However, the reliability of their measurement results is challenged because of the limited spatial resolution. The parcel data has clear geo-location and obvious boundary information of cropland. Also, the spectral differences and the complexity of mixed pixels are weak in parcels. All of these make that area estimation based on parcels presents more advantage than on pixels. In the present study, winter wheat area estimation based on MODIS-NDVI time series has been performed with the support of cultivated land parcel in Tongzhou, Beijing. In order to extract the regional winter wheat acreage, multiple regression methods were used to simulate the stable regression relationship between MODIS-NDVI time series data and TM samples in parcels. Through this way, the consistency of the extraction results from MODIS and TM can stably reach up to 96% when the amount of samples accounts for 15% of the whole area. The results shows that the use of parcel data can effectively improve the error in recognition results in MODIS-NDVI based multi-series data caused by the low spatial resolution. Therefore, with combination of moderate and low resolution data, the winter wheat area estimation became available in large-scale region which lacks completed medium resolution images or has images covered with clouds. Meanwhile, it carried out the preliminary experiments for other crop area estimation.

In order to extract more reflection characteristic information of oil film on water surface by using remote sensing technology, the authors measured and analyzed the multi-angle hyperspectral polarized reflection information of oil film based on the traditional remote sensing researches. The authors used polarization as the indicator of quantitative study, adopted a three-factor-three-level orthogonal test to analyze the incident angle, oil film thickness, band, and the influence of oil film on water surface from their interaction between each other. The results of variance analysis of this orthogonal test show that: the three factors and their interaction between each other all have an influence on the polarization of oil film; the interaction between incident angle and thickness of oil slick, and the interaction between band and thickness of oil slick both show a significant impact on polarization. That is to say, the research on oil film by using hyperspectral multi-angle polarized reflectance needs both the influence on polarization from each factor and their interaction.

The visible difference spectra, M412 yield and M412 decay lifetime in blue membrane (bM) to purple membrane (pM) transition induced by Na+, Mg2+ and Tb3+ metal ions were characterized. The transition ability from bM to pM induced by Tb3+, Mg2+ and Na+ has distinguished difference, their concentration ratio at the midpoint of ion-induced absorbance changes is 1∶2.5∶650. Meanwhile, the curve of absorbance changes at 540 nm is similar to that of M412 yield changes in bM to pM transition. The M412 decay lifetime of regenerative pM induced by Tb3+ was prolonged remarkably when more Tb3+ was added. However, for the other two ions, additional ions have no effects on its lifetime. These results suggest that diverse valence metal ions exist in different binding ways from pM.

The natural bentonite was purified and changed to sodium form by NaCl via exchange reaction. Their characteristics, such as swelling volume, swelling value, colloid valence, ethylene blue adsorbed and cation exchange capacity, were measured. The results indicate that the property of Na-bentonite is better than that of natural bentonite. Using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) and homopolymer of dimethyldiallyammomium chloride (PDMDAAC) as organo-intercalating reagents, two organic modified bentonites were prepared and characterized by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and BET surface area. The XRD results showed that the CTMAB-bentonite and PDMDAAC-bentonite had typical X-ray diffraction peaks, and the d001 values increased to 1.89 and 1.45 nm, respectively. Combined with the results of FTIR, the modified reagents had been intercalated to the layer of bentonite. The BET areas, pore volumes and average pore diameters of the two organo-bentonites were decreased as compared to that of Na-bentonite.

A series of CdSe nanoparticle-deposited anatase TiO2 nanobelts were prepared by hydrothermal process. Their crystal structures, morphologies, depositing content of CdSe and visible-light photocatalytic activities were characterized using various measurement techniques. The measurement results show that the CdSe nanoparticles with zinc blende face-center-cubic structure and controlled content have deposited on anatase TiO2 nanobelts; the special surface areas of the products become lower in comparison with that of TiO2 nanobelts due to the deposited CdSe, whereas their visible-light absorptions exhibit much more obviously. The visible-light photocatalytic activities in degradation of rhodamine B solution demonstrate that the products with excess depositing content of CdSe nanoparticles and existence of NH3 molecules on the surface, show much lower photodegradation activities. On the contrary, the products with less CdSe nanoparticles and less NH3 molecules exhibit much higher photodegradation activities.

The inherent optical properties are needed when establishing the semi-analytic model in the ocean color retrieval algorithm. Using the in-situ measurements, a retrieval model for inherent optical properties from remote sensing reflectance was established. The in-situ data measured in the 2003 spring cruise over the Yellow and East China Seas is introduced. The measurement method for remote sensing reflectance, particle backscattering and absorption coefficients are detailed. Based on the bio-optical model, the inherent optical properties were retrieved by optimization of Nelder-Mead simplex. The retrieval results of the absorption and backscattering coefficients for the material other than pure water were compared with the counterpart of the in-situ measurements. The comparison shows that the root-mean-square relative error for the absorption coefficient of materials other than water is less than 33%. The value is 30% for the particle backscattering coefficient. The analysis of the error shows that the retrieval model established in this paper can provide an efficient approach to retrieving the absorption and backscattering coefficients. The retrieval model can provide a reference for the application of remotely sensed data to the research on the bio-optical properties of Yellow and East China Seas.

Characteristics of polymeric phosphate ferric sulfate (PPFS) were investigated using FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectrometer), XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (scanning electron microscope) in the present study. The formed PPFS structure and morphology were stereo meshwork, which was clustered and close to coral reef, synthesis of high charge density, bioactive polyhydroxy and mixed polynuclear complex PPFS. The results showed that charge neutralization of PPFS had not played a decisive role in the coagulation beaker test and the zeta potential proved that PPFS was largely affected by bridging and netting sweep. Therefore, the coagulation mechanisms of PPFS were mainly composed of charge neutralization, adsorption bridging and netting sweep mechanisms.

Using K-fold cross validation method and two support vector machine functions, four kernel functions, grid-search, genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization, the authors constructed the support vector machine model of the best penalty parameter c and the best correlation coefficient. Using information granulation technology, the authors constructed P particle and ε particle about those factors affecting net photosynthetic rate, and reduced these dimensions of the determinant. P particle includes the percent of visible spectrum ingredients. ε particle includes leaf temperature, scattering radiation, air temperature, and so on. It is possible to obtain the best correlation coefficient among photosynthetic effective radiation, visible spectrum and individual net photosynthetic rate by this technology. The authors constructed the training set and the forecasting set including photosynthetic effective radiation, P particle and ε particle. The result shows that epsilon-SVR-RBF-genetic algorithm model, nu-SVR-linear-grid-search model and nu-SVR-RBF-genetic algorithm model obtain the correlation coefficient of up to 97% about the forecasting set including photosynthetic effective radiation and P particle. The penalty parameter c of nu-SVR-linear-grid-search model is the minimum, so the model’s generalization ability is the best. The authors forecasted the forecasting set including photosynthetic effective radiation, P particle and ε particle by the model, and the correlation coefficient is up to 96%.

The influence of boron existing in sample solution on the excitation temperature of the ICP was studied in the present paper. Method of Boltzmann plot of Fe lines were used for the excitation temperature determination. Slop of the plot was obtained from linearity regression. Experimental results showed that excitation temperature was varied with the reference values of lg(gf), and boron concentration has no effect on the temperature. The conclusion is quite different from Ref which was earlier reported by Broekaert.

Ore sample, pretreated at 650 ℃, was decomposed with aqua regia. Gold in the sample solution was then pre-concentrated by adsorbing with polyurethane foam plastic, released with thiourea solution, and determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Based on the characteristic of the copper matte and sinter containing copper, the effects of sample dissolving condition, matrix effect and interference of coexisting elements were investigated. The accuracy, precision and detection limit were discussed. The results of test show that both of the two methods were suitable for determining the contents of gold in copper matte and sintered copper material.

The bioorganic carbon contents and chemical element compositions in six kinds of cereals: paddy (rice), wheat (flour), soybean, millet, sorghum and corn were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrum, meanwhile a new method was established to probe their protein contents. In the cereals, the average bioorganic carbon content is about 44%. The highest protein content is 42.74% from soybean, and other protein content is 28.56% in millet, 27.57% in wheat, 24.99% in corn, 22.21% in sorghum, but only 20.31% in rice. Based on our new definition of carbon chemical circulation presented in the current work, the authors have found that in 2009 humankind used bioorganic carbon to discharge CO2 into the earth’s atmosphere that accounts for one percent of the total CO2 discharge, and consumed organic carbon to release CO2 into the earth’s atmosphere, accounting for 10.73% of the total CO2 discharge. The clear definition of carbon chemical circulation and the discharged CO2 content from the distinct types of carbon compounds would advance the study on carbon chemical circulation and the atmospheric CO2 greenhouse effect. Our work further found that it takes eight years to circulate the total earth’s atmospheric CO2. The short period shows the sensitivity for CO2 to keep its dynamical equilibrium in the earth’s atmosphere. However, no experimental data has been reported to prove a heavy destructive greenhouse effect of CO2 existing in the earth’s atmosphere.

The spectral resolution of the spectrometer will be seriously deteriorated by radius error which is inevitable in the flat-field holographic concave grating fabrication. In order to give theoretical guidance to the design and assembly of the spectrometers, the geometric ray-tracing method was used to calculate and analyze the variation of the spectral image width with different radius error. It was discovered that in a wide range of the radius error, the position of the tangential focal curve moves forward or backward as the radius changes, while the shape of the tangential focal curve remains almost unchanged. As is shown through the calculation, the radius error can be compensated by adjustment of the detector's position or entrance slit distance. The simulation results indicate that with proper modification of the using structure, the grating can have a spectral resolution as good as the designed results.