Fourier transform spectrometry is a type of novel information obtaining technology, which integrated the functions of imaging and spectra, but the data that the instrument acquired is the interference data of the target, which is an intermediate data and couldn’t be used directly, so data processing must be adopted for the successful application of the interferometric data.In the present paper, data processing techniques are divided into two classes: general-purpose and special-type.First, the advance in universal interferometric data processing technique is introduced, then the special-type interferometric data extracting method and data processing technique is illustrated according to the classification of Fourier transform spectroscopy.Finally, the trends of interferogram data processing technique are discussed.

Organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) have been used in flat-panel displays and lighting with a near-30-year development.OLEDs possess many advantages, such as full solid device, fast response, flexible display, and so on.As the application of phosphorescence material, the internal quantum efficiency of OLED has almost reached 100%, but its external quantum efficiency is still not very high due to the low light extraction efficiency.In this review the authors summarizes recent advances in light extraction techniques that have been developed to enhance the light extraction efficiency of OLEDs.

The geographical origin traceability of food, an important part of traceability system, is effective in protecting the quality and safety of foodstuffs.Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), which is a powerful technique for geographical origin traceability, has attracted extensive attention by scientists due to its speediness, non-pollution and simple operation.This paper presents the advantages and disadvantages of techniques that have been used for food geographical origin traceability.The basic principles of NIR and its applications in different food geographical origin traceability are presented too.Furthermore, problems in applications are analyzed and the future development trends are discussed.

Driving voltage of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) was lowered by applying (NPB/MoO3)x/NPB as a hole transport layer (HTL).(NPB/MoO3)x was multi-layer periodic (MLP) structure with x changed from 0 to 3.Compared with the conventional device with 0-periodic structure, the driving voltage of the device with 1-periodic structure was the lowest.This was due to charge transfer (CT) complex formation between NPB and MoO3.The driving voltage of tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3)-based organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) could be lowered by 0.8 V at 1 000 cd·m-2 by using multiple structure of NPB/MoO3/NPB.

The present work investigates the effects of different buffer layers on the performance of blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and compares them with the device with no buffer layer.Two kinds of blue OLEDs with 4,4’-bis(2,2’-diphenyl vinyl)-1,1’-biphenyl (DPVBi) as the emitting layer, N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’-1-diphenyl-1,1’-biphenyl-4,4’-diamine (NPB) as the hole transporting layer, and copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)∶poly(styrenesulphonate) PEDOT∶PSS as the hole injection layer respectively were fabricated with the structures of ITO/CuPc/NPB/DPVBi/BCP/Alq3/Al and ITO/PEDOT∶PSS/NPB/DPVBi/BCP/Alq3/Al.Moreover, the effects of different preparation technology of CuPc on the performance of OLEDs were also investigated.It was found that the performance of the devices with a hole injection layer is better than that of the device without any hole-injection layer.Although the luminance and efficiency of the water-soluble CuPc based device are worse than that of the device with thermally evaporated CuPc, but better than that of the device with water-soluble PEDOT∶PSS.So the water-soluble CuPc is a good hole injection material because it is easier to fabricate the film than traditional CuPc.

Spherical Zn2SiO4∶Eu3+ phosphors were prepared by a Pechini sol-gel process.The microstructure and luminescent properties of the obtained Zn2SiO4∶Eu3+ particles were well characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra.The results of SEM demonstrated that the Zn2SiO4∶Eu3+ particles with a diameter about 1～3 μm, which have spherical morphology, emitted an intensive red light emission at 613 nm under excitation at 395 nm.Besides, the effects of the Eu3+ concentration, annealing temperature and charge compensators of Li+ ions on the PL emission intensities were investigated in detail.The investigation showed that the PL intensity increased with the annealing temperature increasing.At the same time, the PL intensity firstly increased and then decreased with the Eu3+ and Li+ concentration increasing.

A serial of chalcogenide glasses based on 78GeS2-12Ga2S3-10CsI (in molar%) system doped with the different radios of Ho3+/Tm3+ ions were synthesized by melt-quenching method.Their absorption spectra and mid-infrared fluorescence under 808 nm laser excitation were measured.According to Judd-Ofelt theory, the intensity parameters Ωi(i=2, 4, 6), spontaneous transition probabilities Arad and radiative lifetomes τr for Ho3+ ion were calculated.Absorption cross-sections σa, emission cross-sections σe and gain coefficient G(λ) corresponding to the emission of Ho3+ ions at 2.0 μm were obtained.By changing the Tm3+ concentration, the energy transfer regime of Tm3+ and Ho3+ ions under 808 nm excitation was investigated.The results show that Ho3+/Tm3+-codoped Ge-Ga-S-CsI glasses would be a potential material for 2.0 μm emission.

The emission spectra of air dielectric barrier discharge were measured through dielectric barrier discharge experiment system, and the influence of argon fraction on the emission spectra of air dielectric barrier discharge was studied in the present paper.In the wavelength range of 280~500 nm, the second positive band system of nitrogen Ｎ２(Ｃ ３Πｕ-Ｂ ３Πｇ) and the first negative band system of nitrogen ion N+2(B ３Σ＋ｕ-Ｘ ２Σ＋ｇ) were found.Adding 10% argon under the same conditions, initial discharge voltage reduced from 26 to 23 kV, both dielectric barrier discharge and its emission spectra intensity were enhanced, and the full width at half maximum increased.With increasing argon fraction, the trends of each nitrogen second positive band system line were different and two nitrogen ion first negative band system lines (391.44 and 427.81 nm) were reduced.

By inscribing a long-period fiber grating (LPG) on a polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF), a fiber Sagnac loop sensor for simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature has been proposed and demonstrated.The LPG was fabricated on the PMF by using a CO2 laser, and then inserted into a fiber loop formed by using a normal single-mode fiber coupler.One of the transmission minimum of the Sagnac loop sensor was measured, whose wavelength varied with temperature and the intensity changed with refractive index.Temperature sensitivity of -0.654 nm·℃-1 and refractive sensitivity of 49.9 dB·RIU-1 have been achieved.The sensor system shows advantages of small size and low cost, and owns a good application prospect.

Composites were prepared by filling high density polyethylene (HDPE) with acetylene black (AC-CB) and high-structure CB (HG-CB), respectively.Optical properties of the composites were characterized with terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS).It was found that as frequency increases the absorption coefficients of the composites increase whereas the refractive indexes decrease.Both the absorption coefficient and refractive index increase with increasing the particle concentration.The HG-CB filled composites have larger absorption coefficient but smaller refractive index compared with that of the AC-CB composites at the same particle concentration.These phenomena are related to the different particulate structures and aggregate structures of the CB particles.Assuming that the dielectric loss in THz frequency range is mainly attributed to the electron transport within the conductive clusters and the interfacial polarization of HDPE, the information of relaxation time and relaxation strength was obtained through fitting the experimental results to two-Debye theory of dipole relaxation.

There was a very good observation area in Chongqing for the total solar eclipse along the Changjiang river on 22 July, 2009.Through the experiments, the outdoor meteorological data (solar radiation, air temperature and relative humidity) were observed and recorded on 21 July and 22 July.Based on the experimental observation data, the effect of thermal environment in Chongqing area was to analyzed and discussed.Experiment indicates that the reduction of air temperature and surface temperature resulted in the decrease in the solar radiation intensity, and the amplitude of the air temperature change is 2.4 ℃ during the total solar eclipse.Compared with the two days’ air temperature, the amplitude of the air temperature change reached 4.6 ℃ on account of the total solar eclipse.

The present paper builds a model based on Monte Carlo method in the projection of the blending tobacco.This model is made up of two parts: the projecting points of tobacco materials, whose coordinates are calculated by means of the PPF (projection based on principal component and Fisher criterion) projection method for the tobacco near-infrared spectrum; and the point of tobacco blend, which is produced by linear additive to the projecting point coordinates of tobacco materials.In order to analyze the projection points deviation from initial state levels, Mente Carlo method is introduced to simulate the differences and changes of raw material projection.The results indicate that there are two major factors affecting the relative deviation: the highest proportion of tobacco materials in the blend, which is too high to make the deviation under control; and the quantity of materials, which is so small to control the deviation.The conclusion is close to the principle of actual formulating designing, particularly, the more in the quantity while the lower in proportion of each.Finally the paper figures out the upper limit of the proportions in the different quantity of materials by theory.It also has important reference value for other agricultural products blend.

A new approach to detect the injury degree and time of pear based on visible-near infrared spectroscopy and multispectral image has been proposed.Firstly, visible-near infrared spectroscopy combined with partial least squares (PLS) and least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) was used for pear injury degree and time prediction.The result indicated that these two methods both have good performances in predicting pear injury degree in the late period.The LS-SVM method is more accurate in predicting the injury time of light pear injury, but its overall result of injury time prediction is not as good as that for the PLS method.Then, the multispectral image was used to predict the time of pear injury.The result shows that for different degrees of pear injury, the prediction models based on LS-SVM have a better performance with correlation coefficients around 0.85.The result of this study can be used to detect the injury degree and time of pear rapidly and non-destructively, and provide a new approach to pear classification.

The appearance features of tobacco reflect its inner quality.Many factors, such as different plant parts, variety and maturity, provide standard and foundation for tobacco production processing.According to the different position of tobacco plant parts, tobacco plants leaves can be divided into five parts as tip, upper-middle, middle, lower-middle and priming leaf respectively.Five hundred tobacco leaf samples (100 each for one of five tobacco plant parts) from Yunnan province in 2008 were collected using near infrared spectroscopy, which all belong to tobacco varieties of K326.The similarity analysis of tobacco plant parts was carried out using mathematical model of SIMCA similarity analysis.The conclusion showed that the tobacco plant parts similarity results based on near-infrared spectroscopy corresponded to the relative tobacco plant parts in Yunnan province.The farther two tobacco plant parts were away from each other, the lower the similarity of corresponding parts was.And the similarity results of djacent tobacco plant parts were different.The study discussed a method of confirming PC numbers and realized the quantitative similarity analysis between classes.It is instructive in replacement or adjustment of tobacco leaf blending and evaluation of tobacco industrial grading.

ATR-FTIR and SEM were respectively utilized to analyze the chemical components and to observe the micromorphology of a broken brake hose from a traffic case, which could be a supplementary for the traditional microscopic examination.The instrumental analysis results indicated that the rubber from the brake hose had already aged; the rubber from external side had experienced brittle fracture and there were original hollows in the rubber from internal side.The breaking of the brake hose resulted from all these reasons.The experimental results also demonstrated that the fact could be reflected efficiently, accurately and objectively by the application of ATR-FTIR and SEM to the physical evidence from a case.Therefore, it could be an effective complement for traditional traffic trace examination.

Near-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics methods for diagnosis of cancer has been reported in literatures.In our study, the NIR spectra of 77 specimens of different physiological stages of endometrium were collected.Spectral data were pretreated firstly by multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), orthogonal signal correction (OSC), and both of them, respectively, and then by SG smoothing.Latin partition method was used to select 3/4 samples as a training set, and the other 1/4 samples for test set.Support vector machine (SVM) model was built for classification, and the classification results was compared with that of partial least squares (PLS) model based on the same pretreatment methods.Samples of malignant, hyperplasia and normal endometrium were classified better by SVM (classification accuracy was 92%) than PLS (classification accuracy was 90%).The results suggested that classification accuracy was affected by pretreatment methods and models.SVM combined with endometrial tissue near infrared spectroscopy is expected to develop into a new approach to tumor diagnosis.

Near infrared spectra of 99 lamb meat samples from three pasturing areas and two farming areas of China were scanned and analyzed to seek a cheap, rapid and effective method for lamb meat origin traceability.Two chemometric methods including linear discriminant analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA+LDA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to develop the discriminate models.It was showed that there were significantly differences among the lamb meat samples from five regions based on NIR spectra after second derivative (Savitzky-Golay, 9 point) and multiplicative scattering correction(MSC)transformation in the whole wavelength.The discrimination of two models was best for classification of pasturing area and farming area, with both correctly classified by 100%.The correct classification rate of samples from five different regions using PCA+LDA model was 91.2%, higher than using PLS-DA model (76.7%).These results demonstrate that near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with chemometric analysis can be used as an effective method to classify lamb meat according to its geographical origin.

Biomass pyrolysis in presence of abundant CaO additives is a fundamental process prior to CaO sorption enhanced gasification in biomass-based zero emission system.In the present study, thermogravimetric Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) analysis was adopted to examine the effects of CaO additives on the mass loss process and volatiles evolution of wheat-straw pyrolysis.Observations from TG and FTIR analyses simultaneously demonstrated a two-stage process for CaO catalyzed wheat-straw pyrolysis, different from the single stage process for pure wheat-straw pyrolysis.CaO additives could not only absorb the released CO2 but also reduce the yields of tar species such as toluene, phenol, and formic acid in the first stage, resulting in decreased mass loss and maximum mass loss rate in this stage with an increase in CaO addition.The second stage was attributed to the CaCO3 decomposition and the mass loss and maximum mass loss rate increased with increasing amount of CaO additives.The results of the present study demonstrated the great potential of CaO additives to capture CO2 and reduce tars yields in biomass-based zero emission system.The gasification temperature in the system should be lowered down to avoid CaCO3 decomposition.

Thirteen different magnetitum samples were analyzed by FTIR, and the FTIR fingerprint was set up with them.Processed samples and the crudes were compared with the fingerprint.It was found that all the similarities of the samples are more than 0.97.The similarities and the correlation coefficients of the processed samples are decreased.The FTIR fingerprint could be used for evaluating the quality of magnetitum for commodities.

The objectives of the present study were to establish the relationships of the visible and near infrared diffuse reflection (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy and the soluble tannin content of internal quality index of astringent persimmon, and to evaluate the value of Vis/NIR spectroscopy in measuring the soluble tannin content of internal quality index of astringent persimmon.In the spectral region between 570 and 1 848 nm, calibration results for the soluble tannin content of astringent persimmon were compared with different regression techniques, different derivative treatments and different scatter and standard treatments.The results showed that the modified partial least squares(MPLS) model, with respect to the first derivative D1 log(1/R) and detrend only, provided better prediction performance for the soluble tannin content of astringent persimmon fruit, with the correlation coefficient of cross validation of calibration (RCV) and correlation coefficient of prediction (R2p), the root mean square error of cross validation of calibration (RMSECV) and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.722 7, 0.678 5, 0.148, and 0.176 3 respectively．The preliminary research on the built models indicated that nondestructive measurement of the soluble tannin content of astringent persimmon using Vis/NIR spectroscopy technique was feasible, but the precision of the models could be improved further.

Near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) diffuse reflection spectra were compared and evaluated for hydrocarbon potential generation of source rocks.Near-infrared diffuse reflectance often exhibits significant differences in the spectra due to the non-homogeneous distribution of the particles, so the signal-to-noise ratio of NIR is much lower than MIR.It is too difficult to get accurate results by NIR without using a strong spectral preprocessing method to remove systematic noise such as base-line variation and multiplicative scatter effects.In the present paper, orthogonal signal correction (OSC) and an improved algorithm of it, i.e.direct orthogonal signal correction (DOSC), are used as different methods to preprocess both the NIR and MIR spectra of the hydrocarbon source rocks.Another algorithm, wavelet multi-scale direct orthogonal signal correction (WMDOSC), which is a combination of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and DOSC, is also used as a preprocessing method.Then, the calibration model of hydrocarbon source rocks before and after pretreatment was established by interval partial least square (iPLS).The experimental results show that WMDOSC is more successfully applied to preprocess the NIR spectra data of the hydrocarbon source rocks than other two algorithms, and NIR performed as good as MIR in the analysis of hydrocarbon potential generation of source rocks with WMDOSC-iPLS pretreatment calibration model.

OCT combined with reflective spectrum was employed to precisely evaluate the mice scald model.Under the conditions that the temperature increased by 5 ℃ from 60 to 95 ℃ with 20 s thermal effect, the cutis depth linearly increased.The fitting absorption parameters and the gradients showed the V trends.Wave peaks of first order differential were legible from 65 to 85 ℃, then wave peaks became worse over 85 ℃.At color coordinates, red value decreased severely from 65 to 85 ℃ and from 90 to 95 ℃, green value continuously decreased, but blue value increased.Under the conditions that thermal effect time increased from 10 to 40 s at 90 ℃, the main changes of above factors happened at about 20 s, and after 20 s effect time the change of these factors was weak.These factors could reflect the form and progresses of zones of coagulation, injury of cutis and hypodermis.So OCT combined with reflection spectrum could provide a novel method that can be applied for the real-time, low-cost, in vivo and noninvasive optical biopsy on scald.

The morphological characteristics of fibers and vessels of six rattan species in Southern China were investigated to study the feasibility of predicting the lengths of fibers and vessels of rattan species with application of analytical technologies of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR).The results showed that the average lengths of fibers and vessels of six rattan species were from 1 229 to 1 917 mm and from 1 035 to 2 129 mm, respectively.The models of length of fiber and vessel were constructed by combining partial least square (PLS) and full cross-validation, and a good correlation between the length of fibers and the spectrum transformed by the first derivative was found within the spectral range of 350～2 454 nm, and the correlation coefficient (rc and rp) and standard error (SEC and SEP ) of calibration model and prediction model are 0.98, 0.85 and 70, 178 respectively, while a good correlation between the length of vessels and the spectrum transformed by the first derivative was found within the spectral range of 350～2 500 nm, the correlation coefficient (rc and rp) and standard error (SEC and SEP) of calibration and prediction model is 0.97, 0.80 and 101, 261 respectively.Their model parameters showed that NIR spectroscopic technique can rapidly and accurately predict the lengths of fibers and vessels of the six rattan species.

Conformational changes and specific interactions in the collagen/hyaluronic acid blends were studied by two-dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy with the interruption of the component of hyaluronic acid in collagen/hyaluronic acid blends.It was found that the synchronous cross-peaks, derived from stretching vibrations of CO at 1 694 cm-1, wagging of N—H at 1 524 cm-1 and in-plane deformation of N—H at 1 241 cm-1 of collagen, were indicative of local conformational changes of collagen.The synchronous negative cross-peak between stretching vibrations of C—OH of hyaluronic acid at 1 045 cm-1 and streching vibrations of CO of collagen at 1 694 cm-1 suggested that the interaction of hydrogen bonding existing between O—H of HA and CO of collagen with the content of HA varied from 0% to 50%.With the content of HA more than 50%, the cross-peak at 1 045 cm-1 disappeared in synchronous correlation spectra while the intensity of cross-peak at (1 694, 1 524), (1 694, 1 241), (1 524, 1 241) increased, which indicated that no interaction was found between O—H of HA and collagen, however, the interactions of hydrogen bonding existed between CO of HA and N—H of collagen, resulting in the conformational changes of collagen.

The present paper discussed wood grading according to modulus of rupture (MOR) by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy.The calibration model was built between MOR of wood and NIR data in the range of 1 000～1 400 nm with partial least square regression (PLS).The correlation coefficient (r) was 0.89 and the standard error of calibration (SEC) was 6.30 MPa.The MOR of 35 unknown samples was predicted using the model.Wood samples were graded according to their predicted values and true values.The rate of right prediction for A, B and C was 75.0%, 91.3% and 80.0% respectively, and the whole rate of right prediction was 88.6%.The result has proved that near infrared spectroscopy is a fast method for the determination of wood grade in the small clear samples.

The chemical differences of traditional Chinese medicine leech before and after processing were analyzed by FTIR and two-dimensional correlation infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopy.The result showed that the leech was high in protein, with characteristic peaks of amide Ⅰ, Ⅱ bands.Comparing the IR spectra of samples, the primary difference was that the characteristic peak of fresh leech was at 1 543 cm-1, while that of crude and processed leech was at 1 535 cm-1.A 2D-IR spectrum with heating perturbation was used to track the processing dynamics of leech.In the 2D-IR correlation spectra, fresh leech exhibited stronger automatic peaks of the amide Ⅰand Ⅱ bands than that of processed leech, which indicates that the protein components of the fresh leech were more sensitive to heat perturbation than the processed one.Moreover, the result of FTIR and 2D-IR correlation spectra validated that the 3-dimensional structure of protein was damaged and hydrogen bonds were broken after processing, which resulted in the inactivation of protein.The fatty acids and cholesterol components of leech were also oxidized in this process.

In order to enhance the mechanical properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polyurethane elastomer, the modified hyperbranched polyester (HBP) was introduced.The chemical structures of HBP/PEG polyurethane films were analyzed by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transfoum infrared speetrum (ATR-FTIR).The results indicate that with the modified hyperbranched polyester added, the tensile strength and elongation at break of PEG polyurethane elastomer are improved obviously.When the content of hyperbranched polyester of the third generation is 0.4%, the resultant elastomer has the best tensile strength, which increases 2.53 times.When the content of hyperbranched polyester of the first generation rises up to 1.6%, the resultant elastomer has the best elongation at break, which increases 1.43 times.The degree of the total hydrogen bonding and the degree of microphase separation are increased, which enhance the mechanical properties of PEG polyurethane elastomer.

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was applied for the fast and nondestructive determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) content in oilseed rape leaves.A total of 90 leaf samples were collected, the calibration set was composed of 60 samples, and the prediction set was composed of 30 samples.Different preprocessing methods were used before the calibration stage, including smoothing, standard normal variate, first and second derivative, and detrending.Then partial least squares (PLS) models were developed for the prediction of MDA content in oilseed rape leaves.The latent variables selected by PLS and effective wavelengths selected by successive projections algorithm (SPA) were used as the inputs of least square-support vector machine (LS-SVM) to develop LV-LS-SVM and SPA-LS-SVM models.The correlation coefficients (r) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were used as the model evaluation indices.Excellent results were achieved by LV-LS-SVM model, and the prediction results by LS-SVM model using detrending spectra were r=0.999 9 and RMSEP=0.530 2, and those by LS-SVM model using 2-Der spectra were r=0.999 9 and RMSEP=0.395 7.The results showed that NIR spectroscopy could be used for determination of MDA content in oilseed rape leaves, and an excellent prediction precision was achieved.This study supplied a new approach to the dynamic and continuous field monitoring of growing status of oilseed rape.

Acorn starch was used as the main material.Thermoplastic acorn starch (TPAS) and binary composites of thermoplastic acorn starch(TPAS)/ Polycaprolactone (PCL) were prepared by hot-melt extrusion method.The effects of different plasticizers such as ethylene glycol, glycerol, monoethanolamine, iminobisetnanol and triethanolamine on molecular structure of samples were studied by FTIR and XRD analysis.In addition, the effects of different plasticizing system on molecular structure and mechanical properties of composites were also studied.The results showed that the addition of plasticizers changed the inter-molecular structure, and glycerol-based TPAS/PCL composites showed favorable mechanical properties.

A method of principal component interactive validation in multi-region is presented.Based on the characteristic peaks of target gas the full spectral region is divided into multiple characteristic regions.In succession the principal component analysis around the pure components spectral matrix in divided characteristic regions is applied.Thus the potential components included in target gas are identified according to the main components number according to 99% larger cumulated contribution and the descending sorting of maximum value of pure component spectrums.After that, the characteristic regions of potential components are compared with the ones of target gas one by one.In this way the real components of target gas are confirmed.Because the principal component analysis was applied in multiple characteristic regions, this method can avoid omitted identification.Owning to the matching validation between the characteristic absorption regions of target gas and the ones of pure component gas this method can avoid additional identification.The simulated and the measured spectra both validate the qualitative ability of this method.

Carotenoid synthesis in Rhodotorula glutinis was investigated with Raman tweezers in order to find the effect of nitrogen and carbon resource on carotenoid yield.The cells in fermentation terminus were harvested, and then divided into two parts, one for UV analysis, the other for Raman tweezers detection.Original spectra were preprocessed by carrying out background elimination and baseline correction, and the averaged spectra of cells cultivated in different fermentation medium were analyzed qualitatively.The results showed that the Raman intensity of carotenoid were obviously different.There was a high correlation between UV results and Raman peak height data, the correlation coefficients of fitted parameters were 0.907 8 and 0.912 1, respectively.Quantitative analysis of 1 508 cm-1 peak height indicated that the appropriate nitrogen and carbon resources for the growth of Rhodotorula glutinis cells and synthesis of carotenoid were yeast extract+tryptone, and glucose, respectively.The above results suggest that Raman tweezers can provide information about carotenoids in Rhodotorula glutinis cells and serve as an effective tool for real time measurement of carotenoid synthesis and optimization of fermentation medium.

On the base of the vibration theory, the spectrum of bisphenol A(BPA) molecule was calculated by the density functional theory(DFT) using B3LYP/6-311G(d), and the normal Raman spectrum (NRS) of BPA was assigned in detail.The surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of the BPA molecule was obtained by gold sol enhancement.The adsorption of BPA to gold surface was analyzed: in acidic pH, the molecule was adsorbed on the gold surface by CO-, the vibration of the band O—H disappeared, and the benzene ring was perpendicular on the surface of gold sol.

Extensive research has been carried out in an effort to screen the oleaginous microorganisms.Here, Raman spectroscopy and laser tweezers were used to sort oleaginous yeast from mixed yeast cells.The preprocessing of subtracted background, 17 points S-G smoothing filter, polynomial fitting baseline correction and vector normalization were performed and the main features information of intracellular substances from the Raman spectroscopy of yeast cells was extracted by combining principal component analysis.Based on the distinguished composition of oleaginous yeast and non-oleaginous different yeast, a sorting model was established.The test yeast cell in optical trapping was distinguished real-time by the model referring to its Raman spectra.The cells distinguished as oleaginous yeast were collected by means of optical manipulation.The sorted oleaginous yeast cells were verified by microbial culture and Sudan black B test.The result illustrates that Raman spectroscopy combined with optical manipulation is an effective technique for sorting oleaginous yeast and other economic microorganisms.

In the present paper, the signal of a tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) trace gas sensing system, which has a wavelength modulation with a wide range of modulation amplitudes, is studied based on Fourier analysis method.Theory explanation of spectrum distortion induced by laser intensity amplitude modulation is given.In order to rectify the spectrum distortion, a method of synchronous amplitude modulation suppression by a variable optical attenuator is proposed.To validate the method, an experimental setup is designed.Absorption spectrum measurement experiments on CO2 gas were carried out.The results show that the residual laser intensity modulation amplitude of the experimental system is reduced to ~0.1% of its original value and the spectrum distortion improvement is 92% with the synchronous amplitude modulation suppression.The modulation amplitude of laser intensity can be effectively reduced and the spectrum distortion can be well corrected by using the given correction method and system.By using a variable optical attenuator in the TDLAS (tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy) system, the dynamic range requirements of photoelectric detector, digital to analog converter, filters and other aspects of the TDLAS system are reduced.This spectrum distortion correction method can be used for online trace gas analyzing in process industry.

In the present paper, the interaction between ambroxol hydrochloride (ABX) and human serum albumin (HSA) was studied under simulative physiological condition by spectroscopy and molecular modeling method.Stern-Volmer curvers at different temperatures and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy showed that ABX quenched the fluorescence of HSA mainly through dynamic quenching mode.On the basis of the thermodynamic data, the main binding force between them is hydrophobic interaction.According to the theory of Frster non-radiation energy transfer, the binding distance between the donor and the acceptor was 3.01 nm.The effect of ABX on the conformation of HSA was analyzed by the synchronous and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy.Furthermore, using the molecular modeling method, the interaction between them was predicted from molecular angle: ABX might locate in the subdomain ⅢA of HSA.

In color vision application, for the images with multiple colors, object can not be clearly separated from complicated background.The discrimination of the surfaces can be enhanced by selecting appropriate wavelength intervals of illumination.Firstly, the reflectance functions of all the surfaces were calibrated by four standard references.Then partial least squares method was used for selecting the effective wavelength interval of illumination.The variables important in projection (VIP) scores of wavelength intervals were considered as selection criteria.Wavelength intervals with the VIP>1.0 were selected for illumination.Finally, three effective wavelength intervals of LED illumination were selected to separate all the surfaces of experiment image simultaneously.For separating all the surfaces of experiment image simultaneously and improving discrimination, the experiment was carried out.The experiment results demonstrate the usefulness of this method.

Parasitic plants are destructive agricultural pests.Today, parasitic plants have been recognized as serious pests causing considerable economic damage on crop and woods in China.Parasites are among the most destructive weeds known, and more and more people begin to pay more attention to the relationship between parasitic plant and host.Two cistanches and their hosts were analyzed and characterized by ICP-AES.The contents of K, P, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, B, Cu, Zn, Al and Mn in Tamarix chinensis, Haloxylon ammodendron, Cistanche deserticola and Cistanche tubulosa were determined.The results showed that the spectra of main elements of the two cistanches and their hosts are similar, but the content of each element is different.The content of K, P, N and Ca is higher than other element, The content of K and P in Cistanche deserticola and Cistanche tubulosa is higher than the content of theirs hosts.The present study provides a new scientific foundation for further study and general application of parasitic plant.

In the present paper, an adaptive LBG VQ algorithm is proposed based on the point to line model for the expansion of LBG VQ algorithm which was proposed in 2009, and using the algorithm proposed in this paper can achieve less error quantification, and can avoid the increase in bits of the larger index generated by the point to line expansion of LBG VQ algorithm.This new algorithm was used in lossless compression of interferential multi-spectral LASIS image, and experiment shows that the adaptive LBG VQ algorithm can remarkably improve the lossless compression performance of interferential multi-spectral image, and that if using these VQ algorithms above after Dual-Direction Prediction, the compression ratio generated by the point to line expansion of LBG VQ algorithm will be a little less than that generated by conventional LBG VQ algorithm, and the compression ratio generated by the algorithm proposed in this paper will be much larger than that generated by conventional LBG VQ algorithm.

The difference analysis of spectrum among tree species and the improvement of classification algorithm are the difficult points of extracting tree species information using remote sensing images, and are also the keys to improving the accuracy in the tree species information extraction in farmland returned to forests area.TM images were selected in this study, and the spectral indexes that could distinguish tree species information were filtered by analyzing tree species spectrum.Afterwards, the information of tree species was extracted using improved support vector machine algorithm.Although errors and confusion exist, this method shows satisfying results with an overall accuracy of 81.7%.The corresponding result of the traditional method is 72.5%.The method in this paper can achieve a more precise information extraction of tree species and the results can meet the demand of accurate monitoring and decision-making.This method is significant to the rapid assessment of project quality.

In order to get the HPDLC grating with high diffraction efficiency and perfect surface morphology, NVP was added into the reaction system of fabricating gratings and then the influence of NVP on the reaction kinetics of HPDLC was described.The analysis showed that NVP significantly increased the rate of polymerization in HPDLC photopolymerization, and as the highly cross-linked polymer network forms, the small mono-vinyl NVP appeared to react preferentially with double bonds in the reaction system, facilitating additional conversion of pendant double bonds otherwise trapped in the polymer network.Furthermore, NVP also enhanced the degree of phase separation and got perfect surface morphology as well as higher refractive index modulation.So, the diffraction efficiency of HPDLC gratings was remarkably improved.However, the surface morphology and diffraction efficiency of HPDLC gratings would be worse when the concentration of NVP was too high.In a word, the addition of NVP could significantly increase the polymerization rate and reaction extent of reaction monomer and ultimately get the HPDLC grating with high diffraction efficiency (96.36%) and perfect surface morphology.

The devastating Yushu Earthquake occurred in Qinghai Province, northwest China, with a magnitude of 7.1 on Apirl 14, 2010, which has caused huge destructive losses.Most buildings along the seismic zone were ruined, especially the old and the basic civil structure houses completely destroyed.The earthquake also triggered geological disasters, such as landslides, collapses, debris flows, etc.In the present study, the remote sensing technique was used to assess and analyze the situation of the earthquake damage.There are four classes of feature which can be interpreted according to the remote sensing imageries: (1) the damage degree of buildings, like civilian homes, temples; (2) the field disasters of earthquake, such as ground fissures, landslides, collapses, debris flows, and earthquake subsidence; (3) the damage degree of structures, such as dam; (4) the damage degree of the lifeline, for example, the highway.The features can be obtained according to high spatial resolution of remote sensing imageries, through image processing and interpretation methods.Post-disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction phase should fully consider the regional seismotectonic background and the carrying capacity of resources and environment.With the assessment results of earthquake disaster remote sensing, at last, preliminary suggestions were proposed for the rehabilitation and reconstruction planning of Yushu earthquake.

Interaction between 1-［4-(2-carboxyl-ethyl-)phenoxy］ phthalocyanine Zinc(Ⅱ) (ZnPcC1) and albumin (human serum albumin or bovine serum albumin) was studied.ZnPcC1 can be covalently bound to albumin through amide bond formation.The molar ratios of ZnPcC1 to albumins are found to be about 7∶1 in the covalent bioconjugates.On the other hand, there are strong non-covalent interactions between ZnPcC1 and albumins with a binding constant of ca.1.0×105 mol-1·L.Binding sites competition experiments suggest that the binding site locates in subdomain ⅠB of human serum albumin.When conjugated to albumin, no matter covalent conjugation or non-covalent conjugation, the ZnPcC1 exhibit more distinctive characteristic monomer absorption than the free ZnPcC1, which is a property beneficial to photodynamic therapy.Covalent conjugation results in the Q-band of ZnPcC1 red-shifting about 5 nm, whereas non-covalent conjugation does not lead to red-shift.

The characteristics of resonance light scattering (RLS), UV-visible absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra of ［Cu(DPPZ)(L-Ser)］+ with DNA were studied and a RLS method for the determination of DNA was established.［Cu(DPPZ)(L-Ser)］+ could assemble on the surface of DNA through intercalation, and enhanced the RLS of DNA in the tris buffer of pH 7.2.The maximum resonance light scattering peak appeared at 400 nm.Under the optimum conditions, the enhanced intensity of RLS was proportional to the concentration of DNA over the range of 0.42～4.2 ng·mL-1, with a detection limit (3σ/k) of 0.29 ng·mL-1.The method was used for the determination of DNA samples with the recoveries between 97.8% and 106%.

An improved method for detecting cloud combining Kmeans clustering and the multi-spectral threshold approach is described.On the basis of landmark spectrum analysis, MODIS data is categorized into two major types initially by Kmeans method.The first class includes clouds, smoke and snow, and the second class includes vegetation, water and land.Then a multi-spectral threshold detection is applied to eliminate interference such as smoke and snow for the first class.The method is tested with MODIS data at different time under different underlying surface conditions.By visual method to test the performance of the algorithm, it was found that the algorithm can effectively detect smaller area of cloud pixels and exclude the interference of underlying surface, which provides a good foundation for the next fire detection approach.

The fluorescence excitation spectra and absorption spectra of six kinds of erythrosine solutions with concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 μg·mL-1 were experimentally measured.It was found that the fluorescence excitation peaks are both located at 530 nm significantly when the concentrations of erythrosine solutions are 10 and 20 μg·mL-1.However, the linetype saltation of fluorescence excitation spectrum occurs as the concentration of erythrosine solution is above 30 μg·mL-1.The valley is located at 530 nm and two new peaks appear at both flanks of the valley.Compared with fluorescence excitation spectra, the absorption spectra of erythrosine solutions are without saltation and the peaks are all located at 530 nm.According to calculations and a series of contrast experiments, it was demonstrated that the absorption characteristic of erythrosine and the spectral measurement mode conspire to cause the saltation of fluorescence excitation spectra.The results can provide guidance for further research on physical and chemical properties of erythrosine, and offer help and reference for study on saltation behavior in fluorescence excitation spectra and improvement in spectral measuring mode.

In this paper, the authors employ three different types of dye molecules, Nile red, Rhodamine 6G, fluorescein and a fluorescent protein-R-phycoerythrin (R-PE).The Rhodamine 6G is positively charged molecules, fluorescein is negatively charged molecules, and Nile red is neutral molecules.The R-phycoerythrins have either a net positive or negative charge which is balanced at the isoelectric point (4.22).It is negatively charged molecules also under our experimental condition.The Nile red, rhodamine 6G, fluorescein and R-phycoerythrin are trapped into alginate calcium hollow capsule respectively.The diffusion processes of those molecules from calcium alginate capsule to solution are measured based on a fluorescence method.The results indicate that electrical characteristics of encapsulated molecules have effect on their diffusion behaviors.The positively charged rhodamine 6G is well accordance with a model of control release from porous polymer membranes.The neutral molecules not only can be released from porous polymer framework, they also can directly dissolve out through polymer membrane.The electrostatic repulsion between fluorescein and negatively charged calcium alginate membranes will accelerate the molecular motion, which is propitious to molecules directly dissolving out through polymer membrane.Based on Fick’s law of diffusion, R-PEs can be releases from porous polymer framework.It shows the longest equilibrium time.Comparing neutral molecules, negatively and positively charge molecules show the stronger interaction on electric polymer membrane, which results in that the diffusion coefficients of rhodamine 6G and fluorescein are less than that of neutral molecule Nile red.The consequences obtained here should readily explain analogous control releasing behaviors of other functional molecules.

The application of spectral analysis to water quality monitoring is an important developing trend in the field of modern environment monitoring technology.The principle and characteristic of water quality monitoring technology based on UV-Vis spectrum analysis are briefly reviewed.And the research status and advances are introduced from two aspects, on-line monitoring and in-situ monitoring.Moreover, the existent key technical problems are put forward Finally, the technology trends of multi-parameter water quality monitoring microsystem and microsystem networks based on microspectrometer are prospected, which has certain reference value for the research and development of envirnormental monitoring technology and modern scientific instrument in the authors’ country.

Based on the scanning differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) system, field measurement of vertical profiles of HONO and NO2 was performed continuously from Aug.27, 2007 to Sep.4, 2007 in Chaoyang District of Beijing, and their vertical profiles were analyzed.Based on the acquired data, the typical vertical variation characteristics of HONO, NO2 and the ratio HONO/NO2 were discussed, and the possible formation sources of HONO were studied.The results indicated that the decrease of HONO with height was faster than the decrease of NO2.The study found good correlation between NO2 and HONO, as well as between the ratio HONO/NO2 and vapor, respectively.Therefore, the authors’ conclusion is that HONO was formed by heterogeneous conversion of NO2 on surfaces or near ground and then transported to higher altitudes.

In the present research, the urea-formaldehyde prepolymer and multilayer hot-press drying were used to modify poplar plantation.The prepolymer was impregnated into cell lumen space by pulse-dipping machine.Then the timbers were compressed and dried by the multilayer hot-press drying kiln.The results showed that the physical and chemical properties of poplar were changed in this investigation.The basic density of modified wood increased 1.06 times compared with the natural wood, and the bending strength increased 33% for modified wood, compressive strength parallel to grain increased 74%, the water absorption decreased to 97% from 104%.The crystallinity decreased slightly from 39.65 to 36.89 because of the modifier impregnated.TGA analysis showed that the heat resistance of modified wood increased, the three exothermic peaks in DTA curve of modified wood were 280, 360 and 485 ℃ which were higher than natural wood in the corresponding position.FTIR analysis showed that the hydroxyl modified material has a good association phenomenon, and carbonyl content decreased.The SEM spectrum showed the distribution of the prepolymer in the modified timber.

Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) was cultivated under different iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and silicon (Si) nutrient treatments for its biomass characteristics research which was determined by various items including nutrient element content (Fe, Mn and Si), adsorption sites and active function groups.The results show that Mn and Si can enhance acidic sites of the plant, in which Mn plays a great role, but Fe reduces the acidic sites.The sequence of acidic sites’ amount among three parts of the plant is root＞stem＞leaf, in the treatment of Fe, Mn and their combination, and leaf＞stem＞root in Si treatment.The amount of alkaline sites is less than that of acidic sites, and the difference in their distributions among three parts of the plant is not great.Mn and Si treated Eichhornia crassipes stalks have more amorphous material, such as lignin, pectin and xylan (hemicellulose), which have more functional groups of —OH, —COOH and acidic sites.

The hyperspectral leaf reflectance in winter wheat was measured under 4 phosphorus levels at different growth stages, i.e.revival stage, jointing stage, tassel stage and grouting stage.And their first derivative of spectra were calculated and denoised by the threshold denoising method based on wavelet transform.After studying characteristics of the two kinds of spectra resulting from different phosphorus contents levels as well as correlations between leaf phosphorus contents and spectral values, sensitive wavebands and four kinds of absorption areas were extracted.Then the four kinds of absorption areas and their corresponding leaf phosphorus content were normalized and input to RBFNN.Results show that: (1) Sensitive wavebands for monitoring leaf phosphorus contents in original leaf spectra are 426~435 and 669~680 nm.(2) Sensitive wavebands in first derivative of spectra are 481~493 and 685~696 nm.(3) Trained RBFNN can learn and seize the linearity/non-linearity mapping between samples and output targets.

The object of the present paper was researching a kind of nano cellulose prepared by the pretreatment of diluted acid and the physical method of high pressure homogenization.The cellulose pulp was pretreated by diluted acid and then prepared by high pressure homogenization.The one-dimensional rodlike nano cellulose was obtained.And the spectral properties of nano cellulose were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).The thermal property of nano cellulose was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).The dimension and morphology of nano celluose were observed using atomic force microscope (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).FTIR analysis results showed that the one-dimensional rodlike nano cellulose had the same characteristic functional groups as cellulose pulp.And it was showed that intramolecular hydrogen bond association effects of nano cellulose were partly destroyed.It was indicated by XRD analysis that nano cellulose and cellulose pulp corresponded to the crystal type of cellulose Ⅰ.The crystallinity of nano cellulose was increased from 59% to 70%, compared to cellulose pulp.Nano cellulose still maintained both crystalline domains and amorphous regions, although crystalline domains and amorphous regions were partly damaged by preparing process.Thermal analysis results demonstrated that the thermal stability of nano cellulose was lower than that of cellulose pulp.The decomposition temperature of nano cellulose was 330 ℃.Two weight-loss stages were present in the range 292～500 ℃.The TEM photograph showed that nano cellulose was significantly rodlike shape with hundreds of nanometer in length and tens of nanometers in width.AFM image showed that nano cellulose was agglomerated together.

The diagnosis of growing status and vigor of crops under various stresses is an important step in precision agriculture.Hyperspectral imaging technology has the advantage of providing both spectral and spatial information simultaneously, and has become a research hot spot.In the present study, auto-development of the pushbroom imaging spectrometer (PIS) was utilized to collect hyperspectral images of wheat leaves which suffer from shortage of nutrient, pest and disease stress.The hyperspectral cube was processed by the method of pixel average step by step to highlight the spectral characteristics, which facilitate the analysis based on the differences of leaves reflectance.The results showed that the hyperspectra of leaves from different layers can display nutrient differences, and recognize intuitively different stress extent by imaging figures.With the 2 nanometer spectral resolution and millimeter level spatial resolution of PIS, the number of disease spot can be qualitatively calculated when crop is infected with diseases, and, the area of plant disease could also be quantitatively analyzed; when crop suffered from pest and insect, the spectral information of leaves with single aphid and aphids can be detected by PIS, which provides a new means to quantitatively detect the aphid destroying of wheat leaf.The present study demonstrated that hyperspecral imaging has a great potential in quantitative and qualitative analysis of crop growth.

Using SiO2, activated carbon (AC) and Al2O3 as supports, the supported photocatalysts Ni-V-O/SiO2, Ni-V-O/AC and Ni-V-O/Al2O3 were prepared by impregnation method, and their spectralsignatures were investigated.The carbonylation of methanol with CO2 under UV irradiation was used as a probe reaction to compare the photocatalytic performance of the prepared catalysts.Integrated with the testing results of carbonylation, the effects of different supports on selectivity for the carbonylation products of methyl formate (MF) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) were discussed by pyridine-IR and UV-Vis techniques.XRD results showed that the particles of nickel and vanadium supported on SiO2 had the highest degree of dispersion.Results of pyridine-IR indicated that all catalysts retained Lewis acid sites.The acid strength was different from catalyst samples with different supports but with the same active components.The acid strengths could be arranged as follows: Ni-V-O/SiO2>Ni-V-O/Al2O3>Ni-V-O/AC.Different acid strengths exhibited different influence on the selectivity of products MF and DMC of carbonylation.The surface acid strengths of catalysts were the major factor influencing the selectivity of carbonylation products.

In the present paper non-spectral Interference of iron matrix whose concentration ranges from 0 to 5 mg·mL-1 has been studied by using ICP-AES.And its mechanisms are discussed through calculating every terms of the interference function and investigating the relation between the values of them and Fe matrix concentration.The results show that in a certain concentration range (0~5 mg·mL-1) Fe matrix has no significant influence upon excitation temperature and electronic number density.Most of the elements’ activity coefficient terms decreases with the increase of Fe matrix concentration.And the contribution of each term to the interference function is different according to atomic line and ionic line.It is the differencein ionization term between atomic line and ionic line that causes this.

Copper and lead in soil samples were measured by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS), and the impacts of major source of measurement uncertainty were discussed.Uncertainty components such as sample weighing in the process of digestion, the volume size, preparation of standard solutions, curve fitting, measurement repeatability were analyzed and synthesized according to JJF1059—1999(Evaluation and Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement), and the final expanded uncertainty was given.Such expression of result was more objective and true.

Green tea, a traditional healthy drink, has various necessary nutrients.A study was carried out on the contents of mineral elements such as Ni, Ba, Fe, Mn, Cr, Mg, Ca, Cu and Al in two grades of three green tea varieties by ICP-AES.The difference in contents of mineral elements between green teas was studied.The results indicated that there are different contents of mineral elements among varieties and grades of green tea.A basis for consumption, varieties identification and grades judgment was provided by the study.

The contents of six trace elements Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in the medicinal materials of cultivated and wild Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii vegetated in different months were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) with air-acetylene flame, and the feature of trace elements contents and their seasonal dynamics were analyzed using SPSS16.0 analysis software.The recovery rate obtained by standard addition method ranged between 96.33% and 105.25%, and the relative standard deviation was 0.84%~2.98%.This showed that the method had good precision and definition.The study indicated that there are abundant microelements in medicinal materials of cultivated and wild Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii.The contents of Ca are both highest in the medicinal materials of cultivated and wild Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii, and the contents of Cu element are lowest; the contents order is Ca>Mg>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu; the seasonal dynamics of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn had obvious regularity in the medicinal materials of cultivated and wild Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii.It is concluded that the amount of six elements in wild Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii are more than the cultivated; the data can provide reference for artificial cultivation of wild herbs.

Through the method of simulating the heavy metal pollution in farmland, the graphite oven (GF-990) atomic absorption was used for analyzing the regulations of the earthworms inducing the soil Cd2+ absorbed by the perennial ryegrass.The result indicated: (1) under the circumstance of the soil Cd2+ density of 3~6 mg·kg-1, the positive relevance appeared extremely remarkably that the contents of Cd2+ in underground portions of the perennial ryegrass relate to the earthworm quantity (r=0.883 2~0.986 2), but in the portion above ground the positive relevance did not appear extremely remarkably (r=0.345 5～0.325 4); And the negative relevance appeared remarkably that the contents of Cd2+ in the soil relate to the earthworm quantity (r=-0.588 7～-0.678 4).(2) Under the conditions of isometric number of earthworms, the more the density of Cd2+ in the soil, the more the increase of Cd2+ in both portions under and above ground of perennial ryegrass.(3) Under the same soil environment, the negative relevance appeared that the number of earthworms relates to the contents of Cd2+ in the earthworms (r=-0.982 0～-0.991 6).

X-ray fluorescence spectrum(XRF)analytic method was applied to the determination of the contents and varieties of mineral elements in the space flight mutagenesis breeding scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, and compared with the ground group which were planted and collected together under the same conditions, in an attempt to search for the influence of space environment upon mutation on scutellaria baicalensis Georgi.The result indicates that the varieties of the main mineral elements in the two samples are samely basically, therefor, the two samples have same absorption and enrichment capability of specific element, but the contents of elements Ca, Na, Zn and S increase by 0.3, 0.3, 0.04 and 0.7 times, respectively, in the space group.This modern testing method played an important role in the study.It is recommended that the testing method should be used in the selection of space bred herbal seeds for its advantages, such as quick, simple, highly sensitive, and of wide measure range.To conclude, New breeds can be selected by space breeding, it is significant for the selection and growing of space herbal medicine seeds, and it also has broad application in space breeding of medical plants.

TiO2 sample was prepared by sol-gel method from chloride titanium.The phase transformation of the prepared TiO2 sample was studied by in-situ XRD and normal XRD in different gas.The experimental results showed that the phase transformation temperatures of TiO2 were different under in-situ or normal XRD in different kinds of gas.The transformation of amorphous TiO2 to anatase was controlled by kinetics before 500 ℃.In-situ XRD showed that the growth of anatase was inhibited, but the transformation of anatase to rutile was accelerated under inactive nitrogen in contrast to air.Also better crystal was obtained under hydrogen than in argon.These all showed that external oxygen might accelerate the growth of TiO2, but reduced gas might partly counteract the negative influence of lack of external oxygen.The mechanism of phase transformation of TiO2 was studied by in-situ XRD in order to control the structure in situ.

To meet the research requirement of Ne-like Ge X-ray laser, we designed and fabricated soft X-ray multilayer mirrors at 23.4 nm.New material combination Ti/Si has been chosen based on the material selecting rule, considering the optical characteristics and physicochemical characteristics.Then the period thickness (d), material ratio (Γ), and period number (N) of the multilayer were optimized and the reflectivity was calculated by software.The coating parameters were optimized through experiments and the Ti/Si multilayer mirrors at 23.4 nm were fabricated by magnetron sputtering coating machine.The mirrors were tested by X-ray diffractometer and soft X-ray reflectometer after fabrication.The test results of the Ti/Si multilayer were λ0=23.2 nm and R=25.8%.Compared with Mo/Si multiplayer, which is generally used in soft X-ray region, the reflectivity of Ti/Si multilayer increases 10% approximately, and FWHM narrows by 1.8 nm at 23.4 nm, indicating better optical performance.

The crater depth value of sample surface during sputtering is important analysis information for the depth profile analysis of glow discharge spectrometry.Real-time sputtered depth measurement with Laser triangulation measurement method for glow discharge compositional analysis, effectively solves the issues of incorrect depth value calculation and complicated procedures in traditional depth analysis method.This paper presents a new Grimm-type glow discharge source for real-time sputtering depth measurement by laser displacement sensor.This GD source also ensures fine sputtering effects and ideal resolution for multi-layer structure and interface.Optical fiber is used to transmit glow spectrum signal from GD-source to multi-channel photoelectric detection system.The design for the first time accomplishes the real-time signal collection and time-based synchronization analysis for both spectrum signal and sputtering depth signal.The real-time sputtering depth measurement curve of standard samples is obtained.The design and operating principle of this new-type GD-source is described in detail.Under the sputtering conditions of 30 mA, 900 V and 20 minutes, the sputtering rates of iron-based and copper-based sample sputtered by this GD source with good depth resolution are about 10 and 55 nm·s-1.Surface topography picture of sputtering crater and microphotograph of metal samples are provided in the paper.Low-alloy steel standard sample is tested with this new GD source, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of C, Cu, Al, Ni, Mo, Mn and V elements are less than 1.7%, while for Cr and Si elements RSDs are less than 2.6%.The result data of the testing is provided in this paper.

Spectral curvature destroys the co-registration of the spectra measured by dispersion imaging spectrometer.Using interpolation to re-sample the measured spectra at the non-offset mid-wavelengths can mitigate the spectral misregistration.It is very important to select an optimum interpolation method.The performances of six common interpolation methods are evaluated by comparing the residual errors in the corrected spectral radiance.The results indicate that, four-point cubic Lagrange interpolation and cubic spline interpolation are better than other four interpolation methods (linear Interpolation, three points quadratic polynomial interpolation, five points four-order Lagrange interpolation and cubic Hermite interpolation).For spectral offset of 10% Δλ(Δλ=5 nm), the normalized errors in measured spectral radiance is PV=0.06, that is reduced to PV0.035.Furthermore, for lower spectral resolution (Δλ>5 nm), cubic Lagrange interpolation is a little better than cubic spline interpolation; while for higher spectral resolution (Δλ<5 nm), cubic spline interpolation is a little better.