Conventional Fourier-transform mixes the frequency components of the entire temporal terahertz waveform in one frequency domain; therefore, it cannot distinguish the terahertz frequency in the main pulse from the noise frequency in the pulse tail. Thus traditional Fourier-transform produces inconsistent spectra from different scanning lengths of terahertz pulse. And the interference spectrum appears when the THz echo pulse is recorded. The authors applied wavelet-transform and removed the inconsistent spectra and the interference spectra. Wavelet-transform technique exhibited the local frequency of THz in different time locations. This technique would find applications in THz time-resolved spectroscopy.

The system performance of tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) is affected by the modulation parameters such as modulation index, modulation frequency, scanning amplitude and scanning frequency. There is a lack of definite parameters selection basis in practical measurement. Aiming at this problem, the influence of modulation parameters on second harmonic signals was observed by experiment based on a certain theory in the present paper, and the basis and method of modulation parameters optimization for various system functions and demands were summarized by analyzing the signal characteristic including amplitude, signal to noise ratio, symmetry and peak width. For the system of concentration or temperature detection the amplitude and signal to noise ratio will be taken into prior consideration which require optimum modulation index, lower modulation frequency and lower scanning frequency. In condition of pressure detection deduced by lineshape the signal symmetry and peak width are more important to ascertain the modulation parameters according to practical demands. Scanning amplitude will be adjusted to obtain complete signal waveforms, then scanning frequency can be adjusted according to system speed and accuracy requirement. The result of the experiment provided a definite basis for conforming the working state of such system.

The plasma emission spectra generated during the deposition process of Si-based thin films by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering using Cu and Al targets in an argon atmosphere were acquired by the plasma analysis system, which consists of a magnetron sputtering apparatus, an Omni-λ300 series grating spectrometer, a CCD data acquisition system and an optical fiber transmission system. The variation in Cu and Al plasma emission spectra intensity depending on sputtering conditions, such as sputtering time, sputtering power, the target-to-substrate distance and deposition pressure, was studied by using the analysis lines CuⅠ324.754 nm, CuⅠ327.396 nm, CuⅠ333.784 nm, CuⅠ353.039 nm, AlⅠ394.403 nm and AlⅠ396.153 nm. Compared with the option of experimental parameters of thin films deposited by RF magnetron sputtering, it was shown that emission spectra analysis methods play a guiding role in optimizing the deposition conditions of thin films in RF magnetron sputtering.

Slot microplasma was generated in argon and air mixture by using dielectric barrier discharge device with two parallel water electrodes. The molecular vibrational temperature, molecular rotational temperature and average electron energy of the slot plasma were studied by optical emission spectrum. The molecular vibrational temperature was calculated using the second positive system of nitrogen molecules (C3Πu→B3Πg). The molecular rotational temperature was calculated using the first negative system of nitrogen molecular ions (B2Σ+u→X2Σ+g). The relative intensities of the first negative system of nitrogen molecular ions (391.4 nm) and nitrogen molecules in the excitation level (337.1 nm) emission spectrum line were measured for studying the variations of electron energy. It was found that the molecular vibrational temperature, molecular rotational temperature and average electron energy decrease with gas pressure increasing.

The concentration of Mn and Si in different kinds of steels was determined by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The multivariate quadratic nonlinear function was adopted for calibration. Samples including common alloy steels, stainless steels and carbon tool steels were analyzed. The matrix effect was serious because of large difference in compositions of different kinds of steels and strong line overlaps in steel spectra. Therefore, the common calibration methods that only use one analytical line to calibrate the complex chemical compositions of alloy steels will lose much information. The multivariate calibration methods, however, can utilize more information of spectra, successfully reduce the matrix effect and improve the measurement repeatability and accuracy of LIBS. Compared with the common calibration method based on one analytical line, the relative standard deviation was reduced from above 20% to below 10%, and the accuracy was increased by more than 5 times for Mn and more than 6 times for Si.

The Ba1.97Ca1-x(B3O6)2∶Eu2+, Mnx2+(x=0,0.03,0.06,0.15) phosphors were synthesized by high temperature solid-state reaction, and their phase composition and luminescence properties were studied. In these phosphors, Eu2+ locates at the crystal sites of Ba2+ and Ca2+ ions. Under 317 nm UV light excitation, the 5d→4f transition of Eu2+ forms a broad blue emission band with a peak at 450 nm. With the energy transfer from Eu2+ions, Mn2+ ions emit a broad red band with the peak at 600 nm. The mixture of the broad blue emission and a broad red emission forms an approximate white light with the CIE chromaticity (x=0.371, y=0.282). The phosphors can be excited effectively by UV light in the range of 250-400 nm, so they are the potential candidates for single white light-emitting phosphor excited by UV-LED.

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with an attenuated total reflection(ATR)probe was used to study the benign and malignant tissues of gallbladder. FTIR spectra of 18 tissues of gallbladder carcinoma and 139 benign tissues were collected and analyzed. The results demonstrated that bands related to lipid, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid from malignant samples were significantly different from those of benign ones: (1) The peak positions of 1 167 and 1 123 cm-1 shifted toward lower wave number (P＜0.05) but that of 1 309 cm-1 to the higher one (P＜0.05); (2) The relative intensity ratios of I2 856/I1 461, I1 167/I1 461, I1 123/I1 461, I1 082/I1 461 increased significantly (P＜0.05) (3)The half-widths of 1 167 and 1 082 cm-1increased significantly (P＜0.05), whereas the half-width of 1 461 cm-1 decreased significantly (P＜0.05). (4) The probability of 1 750 cm-1 band of gallbladder carcinoma tissues increased significantly (P＜0.05).

To improve and simplify the prediction model of carotenoid content of cucumber leaves, genetic algorithm (GA) combined with Metropolis acceptance criterion of simulated annealing algorithm (SAA) as well as interval partial least square (iPLS) were proposed and used to establish the calibration models of carotenoid content against cucumber leaves spectra. The cucumber leaves spectra data were divided into 40 intervals, among which 7 subsets, i.e. No.3, 4, 14, 18, 21, 32 and 33, were selected by SAA-GA-iPLS. The comparison was made between SAA-GA-iPLS and traditional genetic algorithm interval partial least square (GA-iPLS), and the result of this study shows that SAA-GA-iPLS was better than traditional genetic algorithm interval partial least square (GA-iPLS).

Diffraction in the Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer based on step mirrors was analyzed in the present paper, and the influence of diffraction on the spectrum reconstruction with different width of step mirrors, wavelengths and distance was also discussed. It is shown that the influence of diffraction is low when the distance is less than 10 cm and the width of mirror is more than 0.5 mm. Also, a method to reduce the noises in spectrum reconstuction is discussed in this paper. The results could be used in the design of the spectrometer and the data processing in the next step.

As a highly efficient, convenient and nondestructive detection method, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is appropriate for the analysis of milk and dairy products. The present review discusses the principle of the near-infrared spectroscopy analysis technology and the evaluation standard criteria of milk and dairy products, and also reviews the hardware device technology and the data processing technique for the analysis of milk and dairy products in order to promote the application of near-infrared spectroscopy analysis technology in milk and dairy products quality control in China.

A new method for the discrimination of varieties of corn was proposed based on the data set of near-infrared spectroscopy range from 4 000 to 12 000 cm-1 of corn seed varieties. Principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to study the feature of the data, and the authors found that the near-infrared spectroscopy of corn seed varieties has a clear feature of zonal distribution, so the correlativity between the change in the distribution of the principal component and the discrimination result was studied, according to which the normalized principal component analysis (NPCA) method was proposed. Besides, principal direction biomimetic pattern recognition (PBPR) was proposed according to the feature, which got a better discrimination result. The average correct recognition rate attained 97.67% for test set Ⅰ, and the average correct rejection rate attained 98.40%, with 13 of the 30 varieties reaching the correct recognition rate of 100%; The average correct rejection rate attained 98.90% for the test set Ⅱ, and 11 of the 30 varieties reached the correct rejection rate of 100%. It was proved that the method had a high correct discrimination rate.

With the development of soybean producing and processing, the quality breeding becomes more and more important for soybean breeders. Traditional sampling detection methods for soybean quality need to destroy the seed, and does not satisfy the requirement of earlier generation materials sieving for breeding. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been widely used for soybean quality detection. However, all these applications were referred to mass samples, and they were not suitable for little or single seed detection in breeding procedure. In the present study, the acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) NIR spectroscopy was used to measure the single soybean seed. Two varieties of soybean were measured, which contained 60 KENJIANDOU43 seeds and 60 ZHONGHUANG13 seeds. The results showed that NIR spectra combined with soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) could accurately discriminate the soybean varieties. The classification accuracy for KENJIANDOU43 seeds and ZHONGHUANG13 was 100%. The spectra of single soybean seed were measured at different positions, and it showed that the seed shape has significant influence on the measurement of spectra, therefore, the key point for single seed measurement was how to accurately acquire the spectra and keep their representativeness. The spectra for soybeans with glossy surface had high repeatability, while the spectra of seeds with external defects had significant difference for several measurements. For the fast sieving of earlier generation materials in breeding, one could firstly eliminate the seeds with external defects, then apply NIR spectra for internal quality detection, and in this way the influence of seed shape and external defects could be reduced.

The objective of the present study is to discriminate seven species of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb herbs and their total tannin extracts by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), second derivative infrared spectroscopy, and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy (2D-IR) under thermal perturbation. The structural information of the samples indicated that Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb and their extract residues contain a large amount of starch and calcium oxalate, since some characteristic absorption peaks of the starch, such as 1 151, 1 101, 1 032 and 988 cm-1 can be observed; and some characteristic absorption peaks of the calcium oxalate, such as 1 618, 1 318 and 780 cm-1, can be observed. Further more, the characteristic absorption peaks of the sulfate which arouse at 1 711 and 1 447 cm-1 in the IR spectra of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb acetone extracts can be found. The macroscopical fingerprint characters of FTIR and 2D-IR spectra can not only provide the information of main chemical constituents in medicinal materials and their different extracts, but also compare the components differences among the similar samples. In conclusion, the multi-steps IR macro-fingerprint method is rapid, effective, visual and accurate for pharmaceutical research.

Cuspidine plays an important role in conventional metallurgical continuous casting mould flux. An UV laser source was used to record its ambient and high temperature Raman spectra (temperature range: 298-1 723 K) combined with a charge coupled device (CCD) detector. Both increasing and decreasing processes as well as characteristic spectra and shifts in wavenumber were observed. Micro-structure of cuspidine in liquid state is not unitary and different from that in solid state, suggesting multi clusters coexisting. Density functional theory (DFT) simulation method was applied to calculate its wavenumbers of Raman active vibrations by introducing the crystal spatial configuration model of cuspidine. Thus the experimental vibrational wavenumbers of the characteristic peaks could be assigned. This will help study physical and chemical behavior of cuspidine in continuous casting mould flux and provide an unique in-situ method under varying temperature with Raman spectroscopic technique.

Variation of crystal structure of natural clinochlore with pressure was investigated by the approach of diamond anvil cell (DAC) and in situ micro-Raman spectroscopic measurement at 200 ℃ and up to 7.7 GPa. The 481 and 786 cm-1 peaks shift towards high-frequency linearly with increasing pressure at 200 ℃. The linear relations between Raman shift(N, cm-1) and pressure(P, GPa) for the two peaks are: N=11.136P+482.6(R2=0.987 4) and N=5.055P+785.7(R2=0.983 7), respectively. The 865 cm-1 peak arising from the stretching mode of the Si—Onb shifts slightly because of the strong repulsion between T cations at the tetrahedral sites and M cations at the octahedral sites in the TOT layer. Raman shift of 481 cm-1 and 786 cm-1 means the shortening of the length of M—Obr and Si—Obr bonds since the peaks are contributed by the stretching mode of the M—Obr and Si—Obr, respectively. No phase transition of clinochlore under the experimental condition was found. The results indicate that chlorite minerals may be stable at least at a depth of 80-90 km in the cold subduction zones, and the fluid derived from chlorite dehydration may be an important fact for earthquake occurrence in the subduction zones.

The effect of pulsed electric field on molecular structure of soy protein isolate (SPI) was investigated by Raman spectroscopy method. The applied pulsed electric field was up to 50 kV·cm-1 with pulse width 40 μs. It was demonstrated from the Raman spectra that the PEF treatment under 50 kV·cm-1 had induced disappearance significantly of peak near 2 886 cm-1 bond. It was also explored that with the increase in treatment time, the polarity of microenvironment of aliphatic amino acid residues and the exposure of tryptophan residues from a buried hydrophobic microenvironment were increased. On the other hand, the interaction of serine acid residues, the C—H plane bend vibration, C—N stretch vibration, and the CO stretch vibration of aspartic acid and glutamic acid were decreased. The embeding or participation of the tyrosine phenolic groups as hydrogen bond donors was firstly increased with the treatment time (less than 1 600 μs), and afterwards decreased (from 1 600 to 3 200 μs).

Two kinds of nanoparticles (gold nanoparticles and Au core Pt shell nanoparticles) on silicon surfaces which were silanization were electrostatically self-assembled. The density of nanoparticles was controlled by changing the time of the substrate immersed in colloids. The substrate was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the results indicated that Au and Au@Pt particles were dispersed on the substrate with mono/submonolayers. The authors used pyridine (Py) as a probing molecule, and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) effect was investigated on pure Au and Au-Au@Pt mixed nanoparticle surfaces under the excitation line of 632.8 nm. The results revealed that there is a significant shift of the two characteristic peaks of Py, but the enhancement factors of Au dropped off precipitously with the introduction of the Au@Pt nanoparticles. The authors attributed this effect to the introduction of metal d-states from the metal, which would serve effectively to quench the surface plasmon excitation necessary for large (electromagnetic) enhancements in Raman spectroscopy.

3.3′-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DTTC) dye is an important infrared Raman probe molecule, and has received great attention in the past decades due to their potential applications in Raman imaging, single cell detection, and tumor marker. In the present work, ordinary Raman, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and theoretical Raman spectra were given to estimate the Raman spectrum of DTTC suspension. More specifically, the original gold nanospheres (60-nm diameter) and gold nanorods (NRs) were encoded with DTTC and stabilized with a layer of thiol-polyethylene glycol (PEG) as Raman reporter, and SERS data were obtained from the samples. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation was applied to calculate the optimized Raman spectra of DTTC water solvent on a B3LYP/6-31G level. Subsequently, the obtained experimental spectra from the DTTC were carefully compared with the theoretically calculated spectra. From the spectra comparation, good agreements were obtained between the theoretical and experimental results. This work will facilitate the development of ultrasensitive SERS probes for advanced biomedical applications.

The vibrational structure of dimethoate, with its solid state and saturated solutions at acidic and basic conditions, was characterized with combination of means of FTIR and FT-Raman vibrational spectroscopy technology, and the comprehensive information about the dimethoate molecular groups’ vibrational features was obtained. The surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of dimethoate at different concentrations with different acidic and basic conditions, and adsorbed on the substrate’s surface of the core-shell Au/Ag nanoparticles, were also obtained. The adsorption states of dimethoate’s molecule on the substrate’s surface of the core-shell Au/Ag nanoparticles and the effects by the different acid-base conditions were investigated, with speculation of the adsorption mechanism. From the results, νas(NH), νas(CH3), ν(OCN), τ(OCN), ν(P—O), ν(PS), ν(C—C) and δ(P—O—C) are the characteristic peaks of inner dimethoate structure’s vibrations; and the concentration range in which dimethoate could interact with core-shell Au/Ag nanoparticles fully is about 1.0×10-3 mol·L-1 both in acidic and basic conditions. Dimethoate’s molecule interacts with SERS’ substrate surface mainly through P—O—C, OCC, (S—CH2), PS, and CH3 structures; and the effects of dimethoate’s hydrolysis path in acidic and basic conditions on the adsorption are discussed, which give some good references for the research of organophosphorus pesticides’ transformations in different environmental systems.

Dye analysis is important to the understanding of fabric color degradation and technical development of ancient printing and dyeing. In the present study, thin layer chromatography and Raman spectroscopy were used for the analysis of blue dyes from 6 silk fabric of Tang dynasty and decorative painting of Jian Fu Gong, Forbidden City. The applicability of these two methods in the cultural heritages was also studied. The results indicate that all these blue substances are indigo; indigo was not only used as dye in ancient fabrics, but also as pigment in decorative painting of historic building, so it is used widely. Both analytic methods have advantages and disadvantages; Raman spectroscopy is nondestructive analysis; thin layer chromatography needs small amount of sample, but could give more information.

Accurately diagnosing the types of the salt and calculating the salinity quantitatively are the significant content of fluid inclusions. The traditional method of testing fluid inclusions salinity is cooling. To overcome the difficulty for observing freezing phase transition, the authors tested the spectrum of NaCl-H2O, CaCl2-H2O and NaCl-CaCl2-H2O systems at -180 ℃ by laser Raman spectroscopy. The result demonstrates that the ratio of peak values has linear relationship with salinity. Calibration curves were established by typical ratio of hydro-halite at 3 420 cm-1 to the ice at 3 092 cm-1, and the ratio of antarcticite at 3 432 cm-1 to the ice at 3 092 cm-1. The calibration curves have very high correlation coefficient. This method is verified by synthetic hydrocarbon-bearing aqueous fluid inclusions and quartz aqueous fluid inclusions of well Fengshen 6 in Dongying sag. The results of the authors’ experiments show that cryogenic Raman spectroscopy can not only identify the types of the salts but also determine the salinity effectively in fluid inclusions.

Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy and 3-dimensional excitation emission matrices spectra (3DEEM) were used to study the composition variation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in landfill leachate in the adsorption process with 717 resin. The synchronous fluorescence spectra showed fluorescence intensities of longer wavelength went down greatly while those of shorter wavelength went up in the first 10 min, then there were little changes. 3DEEM results indicated that there were two fulvic-like fluorescence peaks, whose intensities decreased dramatically, the peak intensities ratio (IUV/IVis) also decreased, and the blue shifts of emission wavelengths took place obviously with the time rising. It was indicated that the adsorption rate of DOM by 717 resin was fast, and the main adsorbed DOM had higher molecular weight and higher degree of complexity, which was potential to facilitate subsequent bio-treatment.

Based on three-dimensional first-order derivative fluorescence spectrometry, an analysis method for detecting dissolved organ matter in water is proposed in the present paper. By using simplified least squares differentiation methods presented by Savitzky and Goly, the first-order partial derivatives for emission wavelength and excitation wavelength were calculated. As the fitting polynomial has the smoothing function in the calculation of derivative spectra, a separate smoothing method is not required to remove spectrometry noise. The regression model was calculated by partial least square for 4-dimension fluorescence data including emission wavelength, excitation wavelength and their first-order derivatives. The Experimental results for detecting total organic carbon (TOC) in water show that the proposed method has obvious advantage over the conventional fluorescence spectrometry analysis methods in the aspect of the root mean square error of prediction and correlation coefficient.

In the present study three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3DEEM) fluorescence spectroscopy was applied to characterize the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the overlying water under aerobic and anaerobic condition. The effects of redox condition were significant on 3DEEM fluorescence spectra of DOM, and in the aerobic condition, the peak intensities of protein-like fluorophores were both higher than those of the humic-like fluorophores, however, the phenomenon of the oxidative degradation of humic-original DOM could be seen. While in anaerobic condition, the peak intensities of the humic-like fluorescence were increased with increasing the incubation time. After the 21 day anaerobic incubation, the peak intensities of the humic-like fluorescence can be as 3.51 and 3.78 times higher than those of protein-like fluorescence. The differences in the DOM fluorescence parameters, e.g., peak intensities, locations and fluorescence index, indicate the difference in the chemical structures and various origins of the DOM in the overlying water between sediment-water interfaces.

Tryptophan is one kind of representative pollutants in waste water. The present paper focuses on the research on the relation between the consistence, pH, ionic strength and the fluorescent characteristic of tryptophan. The result shows that: (1) Tryptophan in the low consistence range (0.01-3 m·L-1) shows good linear relation, the correlation coefficient is up to 0.995 88, while the linear relation in the high consistence range (3-30 mg·L-1) is slightly worse and the correlation coefficient is only 0.942 24; (2) In the acidic condition, the relative fluorescence intensity of tryptophan strengthens while the pH arises, and when the pH is in the range (6.5, 7.5), the intensity is relatively steady, while when the pH reaches 12, it drops off; (3) With the enhancement of the ionic strength, the relative fluorescence intensity of tryptophan reduces to some extent, and when the nitrate ion reaches to a high consistence, the spectrogram shows EERS.

Protein absorption happens firstly when biological materials contact environment of organisms. The competitive adsorption behavior of different protein and the impact of biomaterial surfaces characteristics on protein adsorption are summarized. Materials with small surface free energy, high hydrophility, and a negative charge, or with the presence of micro-phase separation structure are able to reduce fibrinogen adsorption, showing good anti-clotting properties. FTIR, CD, NMR and FL are applied in protein adsorption analysis. XPS, Raman, AFM and other modern instruments have also emerged in this area. QCM appears to be more intuitive in the study of protein adsorption mechanism. The development of study on protein adsorption would guide the design of biomedical materials.

To ascertain whether the thermal infrared image of HJ-1B which has the similar sensor parameter and setting to Landsat 5 TM6 image is applicable for retrieving the land surface temperature (LST), a comparison of retrieved LST between two types of sensors was conducted. Two scenes of thermal infrared images that came from different sensors were acquired in 5th, Apr 2009, which covered the same region in Beijing. To retrieve LST, a generalized single-channel algorithm developed by Jiménez-Muoz and Sobrino was applied. The LST of study area for both images was thus generated. Based on the LST mapping results and corresponding statistics, an apparent trend could be observed which indicated the consistency in both LST value and its spatial distribution. Consequently, the performance of HJ-1B IRS serving as the data source for LST retrieval was assessed and illustrated in this study. Besides, a high temporal resolution as well as wide swath of the HJ-IRS data suggested its potential in application.

Cubic phase MTiO3 (M=Ba or Sr) nanoparticle-supported TiO2 nanocomposites were prepared using Sr(OH)2 or Ba(OH)2 and TiO2 nanobelts as precursors by hydrothermal process. Their component, phase, morphology, structure and optical property were characterized using various XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM and UV-Vis techniques. The measurement results show that the more or less MTiO3 nanoparticles are affected by the amount of added Sr(OH)2 or Ba(OH)2 and the change in reaction time, and to some extent, the content of the MTiO3 is increased with the increase in the added hydroxide precursor and the prolonging of reaction time. Either the pure TiO2 nanobelts or the nanocomposites show the similar absorption and emission spectra. Their visible photodegradation activities of rhodamine B appear much higher than that of P-25.

Spectrum broadening induced by cross phase modulation (XPM) was investigated by exploiting the optical time-division multiplexing (OTDM) data signal and continue wave probe light co-propagation in dispersion flattened high nonlinear photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The effects of wavelength drift of probe lights, polarization mismatch, total power and power ration of pump and probe light on the spectrum broadening were analyzed. The results show that good XPM effects can be obtained in 36 nm wavelength range when the total power is higher than 23 dB, power ration of pump and probe light is appropriate and with identical polarization. Furthermore, polarization independent XPM effect can be achieved by using the remainder birefringence of the PCF with the pump state of polarization (SOP) aligned at 45° to the PCF principal axes. The obtained results in this paper would be helpful for research on ultrahigh-speed all optical signal processing devices exploiting the XPM in PCF for future photonics network.

The atmospheric ultraviolet imaging spectrograph (AUVIS) is an ultraviolet imaging spectrograph that uses a two-dimensional charge-coupled device detector to collect both the spectrum and the swath perpendicular to the flight direction. The design of the system components, the principle, and the main specifications of the AUVIS are introduced. The calibration theory was studied. Considering the characteristics of the AUVIS, a PtNe hollow cathode lamp was chosen as the calibration source, a calibration setup was established, and the AUVIS was calibrated. After the experimental data processing, a function of pixel number-wavelength was established. The uncertainty of the spectral calibration is 0.043 nm.

The present paper discusses quantitatively the energy-optical spectrum and the AB oscillation of a negatively charged exciton on a quantum ring, under the influence of an uniform external electric field. The calculated optical spectrum agrees well with the experimental measurement. A negatively charged exciton is a system of three charged objects, making the numerical computations difficult due to the large size of the basic vector set and the Hamiltonian matrix. In this paper, a method is proposed to select an appropriate basic vector set Γ(Ｋｍｉｎ, Ｋｍａｘ) in order to reduce the number of basic vectors and to ensure minimal error due to the selection of the basic vectors. To verify the reliability of the suggested basic vector set Γ(Ｋｍｉｎ, Ｋｍａｘ), the authors also proposed a method to analyze D(K) which is the weight of the K component of the basic vector. The kinetic energy term 〈T〉 and the Coulomb action term 〈V〉 in the Hamiltonian, as well as the relationship between the external electric field term 〈E〉 and the radius of the ring R, are also discussed.

Using the device for ion velocity imaging, the laser frequency is doubling with the wavelength in the region of 492-523 nm, and the laser after frequency doubling was used as the light source. The ion spectrum of methyl iodide parent molecular (CH3I+) in the range of 76 500-81 120 cm-1 was obtained by the way of two-photon ionization, with a very high-resolution. The mechanisms of the methyl iodide molecule two-photon ionization were also described, the CH3I+ spectrum obtained in the experiment was marked based on Rydberg formula and the quantum defect, the split arising from p series, d series and f series levels was also explained, and the spectral assignment showed that the two-photon ionization of methyl iodide molecule can not only be used to observe the reported characteristics of single photon ionization, but also can find some transitions which is forbidden in the single photon ionization, such as f series transitions.

Using static Michelson interferometer to get the spectrum information of measurement targets for spectrum identification, under the condition that the interference length is constant, the system can be optimized by BP neural network algorithm for the mixed spectral separation process. Thereby it can realize improving the recognition probability of camouflage target. Collecting the spectrum information in field of view (FOV) by the interferometer and linear array CCD detector, composing the set of mixed spectrum data, with known absorption spectrum of the material as a hidden layer of rules, it used BP neural network to separate the mixed spectrum data. Experiment with different distances, different combinations of mixed background spectrum as the initial data, using steel target (size: 1.5 m×1.5 m) made of four kinds, the recognition probability of non-camouflage target is about 90% by BP neural network algorithm or the traditional algorithm, while the recognition probability of camouflage target is 75.5% with BP, better than 31.7% with the traditional, so it can effectively improve the recognition probability of camouflage target.

In the present paper, RbVO3 was prepared by wet chemistry synthesis from hybrid precursor. The structure of RbVO3 was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and FTIR spectra. Photoluminescent(PL)properties were investigated by UV-Vis absorption spectrum and PL spectrum. In addition, the band gap of RbVO3 was calculated by using the CASTEP code with density-functional theory (DFT) method. The results indicated that RbVO3 could emit intense green-white fluorescence with peak wavelength at 525 nm and the color coordinates was (0.318 0, 0.430 9)under UV excitation at 357 nm. It was demonstrated that the theoretical result of band gap, which is 2.67 eV, agreed well with the experiment.

The purpose of the present paper is to model a physical polarimetric bidirectional reflectance distribution function (pBRDF), which can character not only the non-Lambertian but also the polarized features in order that the pBRDF can be applied to analyze the relationship between the degree of polarization and the physiological and biochemical parameters of leaves quantitatively later. Firstly, the bidirectional polarized reflectance distributions from several leaves surfaces were measured by the polarized goniometer developed by Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The samples of leaves include two pieces of zea mays L. leaves (young leaf and mature leaf) and a piece of E. palcherrima wild leaf. Non-Lambertian characteristics of directional reflectance from the surfaces of these three leaves are obvious. A Cook-Torrance model was modified by coupling the polarized Fresnel equations to simulate the bidirectional polarized reflectance properties of leaves surfaces. The three parameters in the modified pBRDF model, such as diffuse reflectivity, refractive index and roughness of leaf surface were inversed with genetic algorithm (GA). It was found that the pBRDF model can fit with the measured data well. In addition, these parameters in the model are related with both the physiological and biochemical properties and the polarized characteristics of leaves, therefore it is possible to build the relationships between them later.

The present paper analyzed the characteristics of particle swarm optimization(PSO), hybrid particle swarm optimization (HPSO) and fuzzy C-means (FCM), imported FCM into HPSO, and improved the HPSO-FCM arithmetic. An HPSO-FCM program was developed using Fortran language in MATLAB. Besides, a synthesis image combined with the former three principal components was obtained through band stacking and principal component analysis, taking the multispectral visible image of HJ-1 Satellite shot in June 2009 and the ASAR radar image of ENVISAT as basic data. And the paper has done a wetlands classification experiment in the synthesis image of the East Dongting Lake of Hunan province, using HPSO-FCM arithmetic and ISODATA separately. The results indicated: (1) The arithmetic which imported crossover operator of genetic algorithms and FCM into HPSO had better search speed and convergent precision, and it could search and optimize the best cluster center more efficiently. (2) The HPSO-FCM arithmetic has better precision in wetlands classification in multispectral remote sensing image, and it is an effective method in remote sensing image classification.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a special economic crop and widely used in many field. It is significative for the government to master the information about planting acreage and spatial distribution of hemp for hemp industrial policy decision in China. Remote sensing offers a potential way of monitoring large area for the cultivation of hemp. However, very little study on the spectral properties of hemp is available in the scientific literature. In the present study, the spectral reflectance characteristics of hemp canopy were systematically analyzed based on the spectral data acquired with ASD FieldSpec portable spectrometer. The wavebands and its spectral resolution for discriminating hemp from other plants were identified using difference analysis. The major differences in canopy reflectance of hemp and other plants were observed near 530, 552, 734, 992, 1 213, 1 580 and 2 199 nm, and the maximal difference is near 734 nm. The spectral resolution should be 30 nm or less in visible and near infrared regions, and 50nm or less in middle infrared regions.

Acupoint was reaction of viscera and its optical parameter was an important characteristic of tissue. In the present work, in order to discuss specificity of acupuncture on the response of qi and blood in human body, we compared the diffuse reflectance of Taichong (LV3), Taibai (SP3), and Chongyang (ST42) before, during and after menstruation. All the acupoints had the same shape of the spectrum and troughs were all at 423.16, 544.06 and 577.47 nm. The values of reflectance during menstruation were greater than before and after menstruation, especially for SP3 and ST42 (P<0.05). SP3 and ST42 were more sensitive to the changes of qi and blood than LV3, and it was asymmetric and we found no evidence for the imbalance of the left side and right. These results indicated that acupoint diffuse reflectance changed with qi and blood, and that SP3 and ST42 had close relationship with menstruation. Diffuse reflectance may be possibly used in the quantitative analysis of qi and blood.

tA novel ligand(L), (N,N’-bis(4-methylbenzyl)ethane-1,2-diamine), and its transition metal(Ⅱ) complex, ［ML2(H2O)2］2+·2NO－3(M=CuⅡ, CoⅡ, NiⅡ, ZnⅡ), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR. The crystal structure of the Cu-L complex was characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction, and the results showed a regular octahedral structure in which each metal ion is six–coordinated with four nitrogen atoms from two ligands and two oxygen atoms from two water molecules. The interaction of the complex with calf thymus DNA was investigated by UV spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy, and the results suggest that the complex binds to DNA by electrostatic interaction mode. The binding constant(Cu-L, Co-L, Ni-L, Zn-L) was 1.67×103, 2.5×103, 1.35×103 and 9.85×102, respectively.

Optical coherence tomography is an appropriate imaging method for biomedical science, due to its advantages of noninvasive nature, high resolution and fast imaging speed. Because most biological tissues have the characteristic of high scattering coefficient, OCT system can just obtain the structural images several millimeters below the surface of the tissues. The superficial depth of OCT’s penetration limits application in dermatology field. As a common disease, the port wine stain (PWS) is a indication of OCT, because of its superficial lesion and significant expansion of blood vessels. To get deeper penetration in the skin, the authors employed 1 310 nm superluminescent diode as light source, optimized the light intensity ratio of reference delay arm and sample arm and control polarization, and the research of PWS imaging in vivo was accomplished. Besides, OCT is able to gather clear image and key characteristic parameters, such as the depth of epidermis layer, the diameter of blood vessel, etc. OCT will play an important role in the diagnosis and therapy of PWS.

The interaction between cucurbiturils(Q［7］,Q［8］) and the 2-amino-benzothiazole (g) was investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy, electronic absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results show that with 2＜pH＜9, using different spectrum methods was able to observe the interaction between the cucurbit［n］urils and the guest at pH between 2 and 9, Q［7］ interacts with the guest with a 1∶1 host∶guest ratio, and Q［8］ interacts with the guest with a 1∶2 host∶guest ratio. Also, the inclusion constant and the thermodynamic parameters of the interaction systems, such as the entropy and enthalpy of systems, were considered.

To develop soil organic matter (OM) quick measuring methods, deepen the application of remote sensing in agriculture, improve agricultural production and management way, and promote the development of quantitative remote sensing studies relating to terrestrial ecosystem, field hyperspectral reflectance in the visible/near infrared bands of black soil in Hailun city, northeast China, was collected and analyzed with spectral analysis methods to discover the spectral characteristics of field reflectance and its influencing factors, and the spectral indices were derived, then black soil organic matter predicting model based on the correlation between OM content and spectral indices was built. Root mean squared error (RMSE) was introduced to validate the predictability and precision of the models, and coefficient of the determination (R2) was used to evaluate stability of the models. The results are as follows: the main spectral region of remarkable differences between field black soil reflectance curves is less than 1 250 nm, especially less than 1 000 nm; OM is the main factor determining the curve shape of field black soil reflectance, anc there are single or double spectral wave troughs for different soil samples because of varying OM content at the spectral region less 1 100 nm; correlation between OM and differential coefficient of logarithmic reflectance reciprocal (DCLRR) is much more significant than that between OM and other reflectance or its transforms, and the maximum coefficient of correlation is at 1 260 nm; the predicting model for black soil OM content is built with DCLRR at 1 260 nm as independent varialble and OM as dependent variable, and the coefficients of determination R2 of the model is 0.71, RMSE is 0.42, so the model is quite good in stability and predictability, and can be used in fast testing of organic matter in black soil.

Error analysis is playing an important role in the application of the remote sensing data and model. A theoretical analysis of error sensitivities in land surface temperature (LST) retrieval using radiance transfer model (RT) is introduced, which was applied to a new thermal infrared remote sensing data of HJ-1B satellite(IRS4). The modification of the RT model with MODTRAN 4 for IRS4 data is mentioned. Error sensitivities of the model are exhibited by analyzing the derivatives of parameters. It is shown that the greater the water vapor content and smaller the emissivity and temperature, the greater the LST retrieval error. The main error origin is from equivalent noise, uncertainty of water vapor content and emissivity, which lead to an error of 0.7, 0.6 and 0.5 K on LST in typical condition, respectively. Hence, a total error of 1 K for LST has been found. It is confirmed that the LST retrieved from HJ-1B data is incredible when application requirement is more than 1K, unless more accurate in situ measurements for atmospheric parameters and emissivity are applied.

To measure oxygen content in port wine stain (PWS) skin using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and monitor the change in oxygen content during photodynamic therapy (PDT), the diffuse reflectance spectra of port wine stain skin were measured using the USB2000 miniature fiber optic spectrometer immediately 10, 20, 30 and 40 min after treatment began, then oxygen content at each time point was analyzed based on the difference of absorption spectra between Hb and HbO2, and the change trend can be observed. The diffuse reflectance spectra of 14 PWS patients were monitored during treatment, and the change trend of oxygen content were analyzed. Results showed that before treatment the oxygen content varies between patients with different type of PWS. During PDT, there was no obvious change in oxygen content for skin of most P4 and P5 PWS, while obvious decline was observed in oxygen content for P6 PWS. The current diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can be used to monitor oxygen content in PWS skin qualitatively and observe the change trend. To get more precise oxygen content in PWS skin, more work is needed to improve the sensitivity of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and a spectra algorithm should be established.

The present paper aimed at exploring the feasibility of modeling optical properties of marine suspended particulate matter (SPM) with anomalous diffraction approximation (ADA) method, which had advantage of computation speed over the classic Mie theory. Based on the marine SPM characteristics of refractive index and particle size, attenuation efficiency Qc, absorption efficiency Qa and scattering efficiency Qb of SPM were computed by ADA and Mie to analyze their relative error Δc, Δa, Δb and the variations. The variations of Δc, Δa, Δb with the particle size, real and imaginary part of refractive index were different and complex. The minimum particle size Rmin, with which ADA can be used to give computation results with enough accuracy (relative difference less than 5%), was determined and shown to be influenced by the refractive index and wavelength. Classic Mie method, rather than ADA method, was recommended for the spectral modeling of ocean suspended particulate matter.

Spectral complex refractive index of fly ash particles is an important parameter in the processing of scattering properties calculation. On the basis of theory about inversion of complex refraction index using transimission method, a novel method was proposed, in which fly ash particles were dispersed in the water to compose turbid liquid, and spectral transmissivity of turbid liquid was measured using visible spectrophotometer. Particles size distribution was measured using laser particles sizing. So complex refraction index of fly ash particles was inverted simply. The result indicated that no signifcant absorption appeared in the visible wavelength range for fly ash particles, but transmittance decreased with wavelength increasing. The inversion results from the proposed method agreed with KBr sampling method. The proposed method is simpler, and has fewer constraints, meanwhile the inverion wavelength will be expanded if using infrared spectrophotometer.

Pyrite is one of the common natural mineral. It is easily oxidized and brings heavy metal contaminations, therefore it is the main source of acidity mine drainage. The study on the dynamics of pyrite is helpful to comprehending the mechanism of its pollution. In the present paper, an experimental method was designed that phenanthroline reacts with Fe2+ that is released from pyrite in solution, and produces stable orange-red complex compound. It can be detected by absorption spectroscopy. In-situ characterization of oxidation of pyrite can be achieved by this method. The results showed that the method is reliable and accurate, and it has high sensitivity and little interference; the reaction rate of oxidation increased linearly with time, corresponding to the characterization of zero-order reaction; oxidation of pyrite belongs to the surface reaction and the process of surface reaction is rate determining step.

Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) near ultraviolet absorption spectra contains CDOM molecular structure, composition and other important physical and chemical information. Based on the measured data of CDOM absorption coefficient in March 2009 in the north area of Yellow Sea, the present paper analyzed near ultraviolet absorption spectral properties of CDOM. The results showed that due to the impact of near-shore terrigenous input, the composition of CDOM is quite different in the north area of Yellow Sea, and this area is a typical case Ⅱ water; fitted slope with specific range of spectral band and absorption coefficient at specific band can indicate the relative size of CDOM molecular weight, correlation between spectral slope of the Sg,275-300, Sg,300-350, Sg,350-400 and Sg,250-275 and the relative size of CDOM molecular weight indicative parameter M increases in turn and the highest is up to 0.95. Correlation between ag(λ) and M value increases gradually with the increase in wavelength, and the highest is up to 0.92 at 400 nm; being correlated or not between spectral slope and absorption coefficient is decided by the fitting-band wavelength range for the spectra slope and the wavelength for absorption coefficient. Correlation between Sg,275-300 and ag(400) is the largest, up to 0.87.

This paper introduced the application of support vector machines (SVM) regression method based on kernel function optimized by the rough set in the infrared spectrum quantitative calculation. According to kernel function with the rough set classification’s method, the spectrum data (characteristic wavelength section) is optimized. The kernel function leads support vector machines, and the SVM project the two-dimensional room to the multi-dimensional room, and calculate the concentration of every kind of gas in multi-component pollution gas. By using two kinds of typical spectrum data processing algorithm to make the contrast, the comparison of five kinds of gaseous mixture various proximate analysis is carried out, and when the spectrum separable rate is high, the predicted values of the three methods approach the normal value, and the average error is smaller than 0.13; but when the spectrum separable rate is low, the RS-SVM predicted value is more precise than the first two kinds. Experimental data show that the consequence is better when there are more testing types, and the precision and operation of this method is of more remarkable superiority.

The zonal characteristics and cultivated types difference of functional components in brown rice of 907 accessions for primary core collection for rice landrace from 16 prefectures of five rice regions in Yunnan Province were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry of DU640 type from BECKMAN. The analytical results showed that the contents mg·(100 g)-1 of total flavone in brown rice is 306.98±192.75, the content of upland (341.74±185.11) is the most significantly higher than that of lowland (290.41±193.72), that of the glutinous (315.54±197.64) is significantly higher than non-glutinous (171.68±11.76), that of early-mid (318.25±197.93) is the most significantly higher than late (282.12±178.11), that of red rice (379.22±197.70) and purple rice (365.61±195.44) are the most significantly higher than white rice (216.96±142.11), and that of nuda (332.68±196.22) is significantly higher than non-nuda (300.48±191.14). Among five rice regions, in turn Ⅲ(327.13)＞Ⅱ(324.23)＞Ⅳ(273.11)＞Ⅴ(270.16)＞Ⅰ(258.26), namely it is the most significantly highest (p＜0.01) for contents of total flavone from South Yunnan (Ⅱ, Ⅲ) than that of middle Yunnan; It is the most significantly highest from Simao prefecture than that of 8 prefectures, but it is the most significantly low from Baoshan prefecture than that of 7 prefectures. The contents mg·(100 g)-1 of g-amino butyric acid (GABA) in brown rice is 7.43±2.53, the content of lowland (7.59±2.56) is the most significantly higher than that of upland (7.09±2.45), that of non-glutinous (8.55±2.88) is the most significantly higher than glutinous (7.10±2.32), that of late (7.88±2.64) is the most significantly higher than early-mid (7.23±2.45), that of white rice (8.38±2.66) is the most significantly higher than red rice (6.63±2.14) and purple rice (7.34±2.18); Among five rice regions in turn Ⅱ(7.69)＞Ⅰ(7.40)＞Ⅳ(7.39)＞Ⅲ(7.33)＞Ⅴ(6.64), viz. the content of GABA from South Yunnan single/double cropping rice region is clearly higher than that of Northwest Yunnan cold highland japonica rice region; It is significant difference of GABA content in brown rice for that Simao prefecture South Yunnan and Yuxi as well as Baoshan prefecture, at least than that of 5 prefectures. The contents (%) of resistant starch in brown rice is 0.75±0.29, the contents of indica (0.78±0.35) is significantly higher than japonica (0.74±0.24), that of glutinous (0.78±0.31) is the most significantly higher than non-glutinous (0.67±0.22), that of late (0.77±0.35) is the most significantly higher than early-mid (0.75±0.26), that of red rice (0.81±0.30) and purple rice (0.70±0.30) is the most significantly higher than white rice (0.69±0.27); Among five rice regions in turn Ⅰ(0.83)＞Ⅱ(0.79)＞Ⅲ(0.76)＞Ⅴ(0.55)＞Ⅳ(0.50), namely it is the highest (p＜0.01) for contents of resistant starch from the middle and South Yunnan province (Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ) than that of northern rice regions (Ⅴ, Ⅳ), and the lowest for contents of resistant starch of Lijiang prefecture of northwestern and Zaotong of northeastern in this province compared to that of 13 prefectures except Diqing prefectures. These results not only reveal the most significant difference between lowland versus upland, glutinous versus nonglutinous, early/mid rice and red/purple versus white rice based on the contents of total flavone and resistant starch as well as g-amino butyric acid (GABA) in brown rice (p＜0.01), and no significant difference between indica and japonica, awn and no-awn, and common rice and aromatic/soft rice, but also elucidate obvious zonal characteristics of three functional components in brown rice of Yunnan rice. The above results provided theory bases for the genetic breeding and production of functional rice and solve the problems of chronic for human being.

In the present study, β-cyclodextrin(β-CD) was used as chiral selector to detect the proportion of chiral isomers of metalaxyl. The proportion of metalaxyl enantiomers can be detected by ultraviolet(UV)spectroscopy since the interaction between the R, S isomer of metalaxyl with β-CD is different. The quantitative models were established by partial least squares regression (PLS) and the robust of models was evaluated by independent validation samples. The determination coefficient R2 of calibration set in the quantitative model was 0.999 0. The standard error of calibration set (SEC) and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the model was respectively 0.006 7 and 0.89%; The correlation coefficient r of estimated value and specified value of the 6 independent validation samples was 0.998 5. The standard error of prediction (SEP) and RSD was respectively 0.008 9 and 1.17%. This method is rapid and easy to operate in practical applications.

The lignin distribution in different anatomical regions of developing moso bamboo Phyllostachys pubescens f. lutea Wen was investigated by means of optical microscope and visible-light microspectrophotometry coupled with the Wiesner and Maule reaction. The lignin is widely distributed in different tissues, in which there is a difference in lignin content between different ages, tissues and anatomical regions. Guaiacyl lignin and Syringyl lignin unit can be found in cell wall of fibre, parenchyma and vessel. Lignin content of secondary wall, cell corner and compound middle lamellae of fibre increased gradually within 12 months, then almost remained in the same level or decreased slowly in the culms with an age from 12 to 78 months. The lignification rate in secondary wall, cell corner and compound middle lamellae of fibre changed with age until they reached a relative steady value. There is no regular variation in lignin content with different radial location of culms and different location in fibre strands within one age. The secondary wall, compound middle lamellae of parenchyma and vessel secondary wall lignified rapidly within 12 months, and then changed slowly.

The present paper proposed a method based on the hyperspectral technology for rapidly, nondestructively quantify the total plate count on chilled pork surface. In the research, 50 chilled pork samples stored at 4 ℃ for 1-14 days were used to study the relationship between the total plate count on chilled pork surface and their hyperspectral images collected in 400-1 100 nm. Two models were established using MLR and PLSR methods, and the prediction showed that they can both give satisfactory results with Rv=0.886 and 0.863 respectively. The overall research demonstrates that the hyperspectral technology can well quantify the total plate count on chilled pork surface, and so indicates that it is a valid tool to assess the quality and safety properties of chilled pork in the future.

Input of trace elements Fe and Zn in the lower reach of Liaohe Plain under different fertilization systems was studied by long-term field experiment and ICP-AES analysis. The results showed that Fe and Zn were mainly from organic manure in agro-ecosystem. The residual rate of organic manure through a feeding-composting cycle in the absence of bedding materials was 21.84%, which was lower than that of organic matter fertilized to soil after one year. The recycling rate of Zn through a feeding-composting cycle was 71.9%, and the recycling rate of Fe was 81.0%.

Tobacco flavours have great effect on the aroma, taste and quality stabilization of cigarettes. In order to effectively control the quality of cigarette flavours and reduce the content level of toxic elements in cigarette mainstream smoke, a method for the simultaneous determination of Be, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Mo, Cd, Tl and Pb in cigarette flavours by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS ) with closed-vessel microwave assisted digestion was developed. The linear correlative coefficients for all elements are better than 0.999 4 and the precision of measurement ranges from 1.3% to 9.5% in terms of relative standard deviation(n=5). The recoveries for the cigarette flavour samples and the limits of detection are in the range of 88.1%-109.3% and 0.003-0.13 μg·L－1, respectively. The results of experiment show that the method can meet the requirements of trace analysis. Thirty eight cigarette flavours from different cigarette manufacturing enterprises were determined. The results indicate that: (1) the contents of Be, Tl, Mo, Cd, V, Pb and As in cigarette flavours are very lower, the average values of which are all lower than 0.1 μg·g-1. The content levels of Mn, Zn and Sr in cigarette flavours are higher, and that of other 4 elements are moderate. (2) The content difference of Mn, Cd and Sr in different cigarette flavours is usually bigger, the coefficients of variation of which are 276.4%, 238.7% and 243.8%, respectively.

A long-term field experiment and ICP-AES analysis were conducted to study concentration and content of micronutrients Mn and Zn in maize under different fertilization systems. The results were as follows: (1) Concentrations of Mn in maize under NPKM and NPK treatments were significantly higher than those in M and control treatments. The concentration of Zn in grain of maize was similar under different treatments. The control treatment had the highest concentration of Zn in stalk, while NPKM treatment had the lowest one. (2) Contents of Mn and Zn increased with increasing yields of maize, and the regression relationship between the contents and yield of stalk was better than that between the contents and yield of grain. (3) Most of Mn and almost half of Zn were concentrated in stalk. The distribution and use efficiency of micronutrients were optimized under NPKM and NPK treatments. Returning the stalk to soil is an effective strategy for micronutrients sustainable utilization in agro-ecosystem.

The present paper is aimed to establish the method of determining the strontium in M. nitida Benth. var. hirsutissima. Z. Wei. by means of air-acetylene flame atomic absorption spectra, and also provide reference for the determination of the strontium in other traditional Chinese medicine. M. Nitida Benthvarhirsutissima Z. Wei. was taken as the object. The authors used nitric-perchloric acid as digestion solution to digest samples by microwave which was controlled by pressure, and used EDTA-2Na as the releasing agent to add in the samples for determining the strontium in M. nitida Benth. var. hirsutissima. Z. Wei. by FAAS. The results showed that the samples were entirely digested by microwave. The working curve was Y=0.036 5x-0.001 1, r=0.999 4, the range was 0-1.6 μg·mL-1, the average recovery rate was 101.5% with RSD 2.04%, and the method detection limit was 0.008 2 μg·mL-1 (n=21). It is concluded that this method is simple and accurate. It has high sensitivity and can be effectively used for determining the strontium in this traditional Chinese medicine.

Combined batch sorption and in situ X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) provide direct assessment of the mechanisms for Pb(Ⅱ) sorption at the soil-water interface under different pH conditions. The XAFS data indicated that the inner-sphere Pb sorption complex with ionic character (Pb4(OH)4+4) dominated the Pb surface speciation, and the outer-sphere Pb sorption complex and the precipitation of calcium carbonate containing Pb(PbCaCO3) were also involved in the adsorption samples. Coordination number and radial distance of the first-shell Pb—O decreased from 0.172 7 to 0.166 6 nm and the percentage of inner-sphere complexes increased when the initial pH changed from 6.0 to 8.5, indicating that the mechanism of Pb(Ⅱ) sorption by the soil was pH-dependent.

In an attempt to elucidate the damage in high transmission thin films on LiNbO3 crystal in optical parametric oscillator, the authors employed XRD spectrometry to investigate the spectrum of laser-induced damage in thin film as well as the morphology of the damage. The authors observed that the damage of thin film was characterized by the depressions/craters in the surface of the films, which were surrounded by a deposition layer with the deceasing thickness from the center of the craters. The XRD measurements indicate that the film was crystallized. The authors analyzed the causes of morphologies and the mechanism of crystallization with the aid of the model for impurity-induced damage in thin solid films. The crystallization was due to the solidification of liquid and gaseous mixtures that result from the strong absorbing to the incident laser. The crater was generated because the mixtures were ejected under the extensive pressure of the laser plasma shock wave. During the process that the mixtures deposit around the craters, the density of the mixtures will decrease and crystallization takes place. As a result, the color of the deposition layer becomes lighter from inside to outside, and the crystallization of the thin film materials was observed by XRD spectrometry.