The explore desires of human being and the accumulations of thousands year causes four major astronomical discoveries in 1960s; whereas some fundamental limitations of our atmosphere on astronomical observation impel us rush out of earth into space. The astronomical observation in such wide of bands arises very critical requirements, new conjectures and models needs new test and verify; all this promote the performance of instruments and devices towards perfection. This article aims to review and analysis the evolution briefly in conjunction with some typical examples, especially their detection bands, diameter of the primary mirror or antenna, types of detection instruments and devices as well as related performances. The purpose is for carry on longitudinal and lateral comparisons easier, and gain new ideas by reviewing old.

A fabrication process for three-dimensional micro-tubes was developed using existing readout circuit electrode growth equipment and direct-write photolithography system. In the preparation process, the three-dimensional micro-tubes were first prepared on the surface of the readout circuit. The indium bumps were grown on the HgCdTe chip, and then flip-chip bonding was used to achieve interconnections between the 1k×1k array HgCdTe chip with 7.5 m pitch and the readout circuit. The controllable parameters include metal growth angle, growth rate, thickness, and metal type, etc. It is found that the height of the three-dimensional micro-tubes with 7.5 m pitch prepared by this process can reach 3.8 m, the height non-uniformity is less than 3%, and it can withstand the pressure of 7.6×10-5 N. The application of the three-dimensional micro-tubes reduces the requirements for the flatness of HgCdTe chips and the precision of interconnection equipment in the flip-chip bonding process, significantly improving the yield of interconnected infrared detectors with 7.5 m pitch.

During the application of infrared detectors, mechanical vibrations may occur due to environmental influences or external forces, resulting in vibration noise. Noise voltage interference can greatly reduce the tracking ability and detection distance of the detector. Therefore, vibration noise has attracted widespread attention, as it is an important parameter for evaluating detectors and an important means of removing unqualified detectors. With the increasing demand for infrared detectors in both domestic and international markets, traditional manual monitoring and recording testing methods can no longer meet the current production capacity requirements. A research is conducted on an automatic acquisition system that supports the vibration and noise of infrared detectors of different specifications. The system design principle, system composition, and functions of each module are mainly introduced. The successful application of this system effectively solves the problems of low efficiency and accuracy in vibration noise testing of infrared detectors. Taking a multi-detector as an example, the testing efficiency has increased by three times and the accuracy is 100%. The system realizes automatic collection of vibration and noise testing, unmanned, and saves labor costs.

In order to achieve real-time monitoring of the temperature of the downhole submersible electric pump unit, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) high-temperature fiber optic sensor composed of coarse cone singlemode-multimode-singlemode (CCSMS) was designed. The structure adopts a direct fusion method to fuse the single-mode fibers with the multi-mode fibers. Then, by adjusting the fusion parameters of the fusion splicer, a thick cone structure is fabricated on the single-mode fibers. Finally, the prepared structure is embedded in the U-shaped groove of the copper substrate to achieve the sensitization packaging of the sensor. The temperature response characteristics of the packaged sensor were tested. The experimental results show that the sensor achieves a temperature sensing sensitivity of 124.9 pm/℃ in the temperature range of 40℃ to 250℃. The stability and repeatability of the sensor were tested. The results show that the maximum stability error of the sensor is about 0.44%, and the maximum repeatability error is about 2.29 pm/℃. The sensor has the characteristics of high sensitivity, good repeatability and stability, and is expected to be used for the temperature of the electric submersible pump unit in oil and gas wells.

In order to reduce the non-uniformity error caused by full frame average infrared calibration, a segmented calibration method of infrared systems suitable for external field conditions is mainly explored in this paper. In this method, the gain coefficient matrix is estimated first, then the estimation matrix is used to divide the calibration region, and finally the gain coefficient calibration matrix is obtained by using the least square method. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified by carrying out calibration experiment of large aperture ground infrared measurement system. The results show that, compared with the traditional method, the average relative error is reduced by 13.07% and the average error deviation is reduced by 0.2877 when the calibration equation obtained in this paper is used to invert the target radiation brightness. This method has higher calibration accuracy for the whole frame, and the accuracy of the object characteristic inversion is significantly improved. This method can provide useful reference for the practical engineering application of infrared system calibration.

In this paper, the data of surface precipitation intensity of not less than 20 mm/h during eight regional heavy rains in Chongqing in 2021 are collected, and the multi-channel data of the Himawari-8 geostationary meteorological satellite in the corresponding time and space are matched to establish the one-to-one correspondence dataset between precipitation intensity and radiation features. On this basis, by using unit feature space classification analysis, multiple channels such as 0.64 m, 1.6 m, 3.9 m, 6.2 m, 7.3 m and 10.4 m are selected to form two-dimensional spectral space, and the distribution range as well as cluster characteristics of heavy precipitation pixels are retrieved. Based on the inversion results, the short-time heavy precipitation identification research in Chongqing is carried out. A threshold identification scheme of heavy precipitation areas based on satellite multi-channel data is also proposed in this paper. This scheme is used to test 16 cases of severe convective weather in Chongqing from 2021 to 2022. The results show that the scheme can realize the continuous dynamic monitoring of the heavy precipitation area 24 hours a day, 10 minutes by 10 minutes. The accuracy of the inversion of the precipitation area by the satellite data at the whole point, 10 minutes before the whole point and 30 minutes before the whole point can reach 70%－80%.