Fig. 1. Laser processing of double-layer supercapacitors. (a) Laser induced graphene electrodes on the surface of polymer films; (b) scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of porous graphene electrodes^[27]; (c) specific capacitance of capacitors at different sweep speeds^[27]; (d) in-situ preparation of graphene electrodes on GO films using standard DVD drivers^[31]; (e) bending performance of GO film capacitor^[31]; (f) high density integration of GO film capacitors^[32]; (g) reduced rGO electrodes on GO fibers using laser^[33]; (h) capacity retention of fiber capacitors at different bending states^[33]; (i) series parallel performance of fiber capacitors at different bending states^[33]

Fig. 2. Laser processing of pseudocapacitor supercapacitors. (a) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of MoS₂-modified porous graphene electrode^[35]; (b) performance of MoS₂-modified pseudocapacitor supercapacitors compared with unmodified supercapacitors^[35]; (c) SEM image of graphene electrodes doped with Co nanoparticles^[36]; (d) SEM image of graphene electrodes doped with Fe nanoparticles^[36]; (e) fabrication of periodic micro grooves on electrode surface by laser processing^[41]; (f) doping carbon nanotubes on electrode surface by laser processing^[42]

Fig. 3. Laser processing of rechargeable battery electrodes. (a) SEM image of Fe₂O₃ electrode with nanoscale structure prepared by PLD^[46]; (b) specific capacity and cycling stability of lithium-ion batteries with nanoscale structure^[46]; (c) specific capacity and cycling stability of lithium-ion batteries without nanoscale structure^[46]; (d) schematic of the processing of pulsed laser deposited SnO₂ and TiO₂ composite film alternately^[49]; (e) volume expansion of the electrode after cycling test for lithium-ion battery without TiO₂ composite layer^[50]; (f) volume expansion of the electrode after cycling test for lithium-ion battery with TiO₂ composite layer^[49]; (g) TEM image of the CoO-Co composite electrode^[51]; (h) SEM image of the CoO-Co composite electrode^[51]; (i) specific capacity and cycling stability of the CoO-Co composite electrode^[51]

Fig. 4. Pulsed laser deposition processing of all-solid-state batteries. (a) Schematic of processing composite LiCoO₂ electrode by conventional method and PLD method^[52]; (b) SEM image of multilayer composite electrodes prepared by PLD under low temperature condition^[52]; (c) conductivity of electrode films prepared by conventional method and PLD method at different temperatures^[54]; (d) lithium ion conductivity of electrode films prepared by different processing methods^[54]

Fig. 5. Laser pyrolysis process and laser etching process of rechargeable battery electrodes. (a) Processing schematic of N-doping by laser pyrolysis process^[56]; (b) TEM image of N-doped graphene induced by laser pyrolysis process^[57]; (c) TEM image of germanium nanoparticles with a diameter of 60 nm prepared by laser pyrolysis process^[58]; (d) cycle capacity retention of rechargeable batteries prepared by germanium nanoparticles with different sizes^[58]; (e) SEM image of porous silicon electrode prepared by laser etching technique^[60]; (f) cross-sectional morphology of quartz micropores prepared by laser etching process^[63]

Fig. 6. Laser processing of solar cells. (a) SEM image of the oriented NiO nanocrystal structures prepared by the PLD process^[67]; (b) SEM images of the interfacial layers of TiO₂ dendritic structures prepared by the PLD process^[69]; (c) SEM image of laser etched SiO₂ interfacial layer^[72]; (d) carrier lifetime of SiO₂ interfacial layer after laser etching^[72]; (e) SEM image of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ photoabsorption layers prepared by PLD method^[73]

Fig. 7. Morphology of films deposited by PLD process under different environmental parameters. (a) Morphology of Nb₂O₅ films deposited by PLD process under different atmospheres^[71]; (b) morphology of films deposited by PLD process under different oxygen pressure^[67]

Fig. 8. Laser processing of water-enabled electric generators. (a) Optical photograph of interdigital electrodes fabricated in situ on GO films using DLW method^[80]; (b)(c) processing schematic of the gradient distribution of laser-constructed GO oxygen-containing functional groups and the power generation performance of constructed water-enabled electric generators^[81]; (d)(e) processing schematic of the reduced GO 3D assemblies using laser local thermal effect and the power generation performance of constructed water-enabled electric generators^[82]; (f) SEM image of water-enabled electric generators constructed in situ on GO fibers using laser processing^[83]; (g)(h) integration of water-enabled electric generators in textiles and electrical generation performance^[83]

Fig. 9. Laser processing of flexible energy devices. (a) Laser-prepared flexible transparent capacitor for powering LED bulbs under curling, creasing, and folding deformation^[87]; (b)(c) laser in situ preparation of origami-type energy devices and their output power in different folding states^[88]; (d) compressible capacitors prepared by laser processing and their energy density at different compression states^[89]; (e) water-enabled electric generators prepared by DLW to power light emitting diodes in different deformation states^[91]; (f) laser processing of supercapacitors with stretchable paper-cut structure^[92]