In order to study the transmission characteristics of polarized light in seawater with mineral particles suspended, a Monte Carlo based vector radiative transfer model considering the multiscattering effect was proposed. The accuracy of the model was verified by literature results, and the influences of the mineral paticles′ microphysical properties as well as polarization states on transmission characteristics of incident lightis were studied respectively. The result shows that there is a negative correlation between the sensibilities of propagation properties′ response to the variation of the refractive index and the real part of refractive. The imaginary part of refractive indexwhich denotes the absorption ability of particles is an other important factor that influences the propagation characteristics of light. The transmission rate will decrease rapidly with the increase of the imaginary part of refractive index. With the increasing of effective radius, the transmission rate of light drops gradually, but the fact is reversed for the reflection rate. The transmission properties of circularly polarized light and natural light are similar. The transmission rate of vertically polarized light is the largest, while the transmission ability for circularly polarized is the worst. The reflection ability of natural light is the strongest among the four kinds of light, but the reflection ability of horizontally polarized light is the worst. The incident angle of horizontally polarized light has a more sinificant influence on the transmission properties than the other three types of polarized light.

The time focus of electron pulse was studied by using the time dilation framing camera. While the PhotoCathode (PC) is not pulsed, the measured temporal resolution of the camera is 80 ps. While the pulse with a 14 V/ps gradient is applied on the PC, and the delay time of the circuit is 11.395 ns, the temporal resolution is 8.8 ps. The results show that the the temporal shape of the electron signal is compressed first and then dilated. Furthermore, the relationship between the temporal resolution and the falling edge gradient of the PC pulse is obtained. While the falling edge gradient of the PC pulse is 1 V/ps, the temporal resolution is about 80 ps. It shows that the time width of the electron pulse is approximately equal to its original width while the electrons arrive at the microchannel plate (MCP). While the gradient is more than 1 V/ps, the temporal resolution is less than 80 ps. The time width of the electron pulse is dilated while it arrive at the MCP. While the gradient is 0.5 V/ps, the temporal resolution is more than 80 ps. The time width of the electron pulse is compressed.

The model between the object and the occlusion background was established by the relationship of perspective projection between the viewpoint, object and background. The error equation was obtained for the coordinates of the viewpoint and the distance to background. The errors of the angle of rotation were analyzed based on the Mont Carlo method. The results show that the relationship between the pixel offset and the errors of parameters is linear, the viewpoint coordinates and the distance errors have different influence in different initial conditions. The pixel offset which is caused by X coordinate and Y coordinate of viewpoint is much higher than the offset which is caused by Z coordinate or the distance to object. The pixel offset which is caused by the pitch angle and the yaw angle is much higher than the offset which is caused by the rolling angle.

In order to realize the switchable multiwavelength oscillation, a fiber ring laser based on a multimode interference filter and a birefringent filter was proposed and demonstrated. The filtering characteristic of the cascaded fiber filters was analyzed theoretically, and the irregular side modes of the multimode interference filter can be effectively restrained by cascading birefringent filter. The Polarization Maintaining Erbium Doped Fiber (PMEDF) is utilized to serve as gain medium and a part of birefringent filter simultaneously, the length of the multimode fiber and PMEDF are optimized to match the same wavelength spacing, the filtering period of the cascaded fiber filter is 4.89 nm. The laser could switch to output single, dual, triple and quadruplewavelength by finely adjusting polarization controller in the experiment, sidemode suppression ratios of lasing wavelengths are more than 40dB, and wavelength fluctuations are less than 0.1 nm during a period of 1h.

For the purpose of realizing the Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensing system automated test and analysis, , a friendly interface of FBG sensing test system based on LabVIEW was designed by using the remote control port of Q8384 spectrometer. The strain/force integrated tester was used for tension test of a steel beam with embedded FBG packaged, the experiment data was acquired and analyzed by LabVIEW automatic testing platform, the results were in line with the design expectations, and the system realized the realtime monitoring and data storage capabilities. The tested device is easy to manage, and the direct operation on spectrometer is avoided, which can extend the service life of the spectrometer.

Based on the transfer matrix method and the couplemode theory, the characteristics of reflective spectrum and phase shift of the phaseshifted fiber Bragg gratings were analyzed. The result showed that the transmission windows in the reflection spectrum increased and the phase jumped frequently with the increasing of the phase points, thus the differential effects on signals were generated. Besides, the phase differential orders were proportional to phaseshift points. On this basis, a pulse shaper was designed based on the characteristics of the differential phase shift grating. By optimizing the weighting factors for each order derivative of the Gaussian input pulse, the output pulse can be formed the shapes of rectangular and triangular. By changing the length ratio of the first section optical fiber grating and the second section, the distorting phenomenon of the triangular output pulse was improved. Finally, changing the Gaussian input pulse width by ±5%，the output waveform were synthesized as rectangular pulse and triangular pulse. Thus the stability and practicality of the pulse shaping system were verified.

According to the grating ends packaged struture, based on the principle of equivalence deformation, the strain transfer function was deduced, the change tendency of strain transfer efficiency with length and bond layer elastic modulus was simulated. Two FBGs were fixed to steel wire of ?7mm with epoxy and Zn, and the tensile tests were carried out, the test results showed: The linearity of tensile curves of two packaging type are above 0.99. The average strain sensing sensitivity of epoxy is 0.130 4 nm/KN, while the average strain sensing sensitivity of Zn was 0.142 6 nm/KN. Under various strain values, the strain transfer efficiency of epoxy is about 0.91, while the Strain transfer efficiency of Zn is about 0.995, the latter is nearly 9.34% more than the former. The test results are in accord well with numerical simulation results.

A fiber bending sensor was proposed based on a homemade multicore optical fiber with seven inner cores where the distance between adjacent cores is about 38.78μm. For a section of bending multicore fiber, mode coupling happens between adjacent cores，which provides a method to achieve bending sensing by measuring the transmission spectrum of the bending multicore fiber. The multicore fiberbased bending sensor is fabricated by splicing a sevencore fiber with a length of approximate 1 m to single mode fibers. When a broadband light is injected into the central core of the multicore fiber on one side, the transmission spectrum with the information of bending curvature can be measured by an optical spectrum analyzer. The relationship between the wavelength shift of the transmission spectrum and the bending radius of the multicore fiberbased bending sensor shows that the output spectrum of multicore fiber under bending condition has much more obvious crosstalk phenomenon along with the bending curvature of multicore fiber increasing.

A kind of infiber MachZehnder interferometer based on fiber taper was proposed. The sensor is formed by cascaded two fusion tapers in singlemode fiber through a fusion splicer. The fiber taper has a diameter of 43.7 μm and length of 480 μm. The fiber taper acts as couplers, it could not only excite the highorder modes, but also couple these modes into singlemode fiber to form the intermodal interference. When surrounding refractive index and temperature of the surrounding liquid changes, the intermodal phase difference changes. Through monitoring the transmission spectrum of the interferometer, the refractive index and temperature were determined. The experimental results show that the sensor sensitivity is －128.33 nm/RIU in the RI range of 1.335~1.403RIU, and the temperature sensitivity is 0.111nm/℃ in the water temperature range of 30~75℃. The sensor has advantages of easy fabrication, high sensitivity, and inexpensive, which has a potential in biological sensing.

Based on the rate equation of semiconductor laser, the expression of laser nonlinear intermodulation distortion was deduced by Bessel function. According to the GammaGamma model under the turbulence channel, the influence of performance about carrier signal to intermodulation distortion and noise ratio and bit error rate was researched based multiple subcarrier binary phase shift keying modulation.The selection of optimal modulation index with the corresponding relation of nonlinear coefficient was given. The results show that under the same turbulence condition, carrier signal to intermodulation distortion and noise ratio increases and bit error rate decreases with the increasing of modulation index when the value of modulation index is less than the optimum index. However, when the value of modulation index is bigger the best index, system performance deteriorates. When the scintillation index is 0.2 and the optimum modulation index is 0.6, the maximum carrier signal to intermodulation distortion and noise ratio can get to 12.9 dB.

A noniterative method was proposed to extract the phase from closed interferograms with tiltshift errors. The proposed method estimates the phase of closed interferogram by Fourier transform, corrects the sign ambiguity of phase by image segmentation, and determines the tiltshift plane by Zernike polynomials fitting. Finally the phase is extracted accurately by least square fitting. Simulation result shows that the residual phase error of the proposed method decreases with the increasing of the number of fringes in interferograms. When the closed interferograms have 4.5 fringes, the average estimation error of tilt shift is 0.37%. Experimental result shows that the root mean square of the residual phase error is only 0.121 7 rad. The proposed method is accurate and non-iterative, can be used in phase shifting interferometry.

In order to overcome the limitations of telescopic observation and computer simulation in space object identification, experimental methods were utilized to emulate spacebased illumination conditions using equipment and techniques that parallel telescopic observations and sourcetargetsensor orientations, while the spectral bidirectional reflectance distribution function of a high fidelity satellite model was characterized. First, the space object spectral scattering model, the axes of rotation system and equipments layout were analyzed. According to real onorbit attitude and orbital elements of the satellite, angular relationship between the observing geometry and the fiveaxis rotation system werebuilt. Finally, in the light of this relationship, parallel emulation during a satellite passage was processed, the rotation system with spectrophotometric data was measured and calibrated. Experimental results focus on luminance glint and peak wavelength drifts shown in the spectral data. The control precision of the rotation axes is 0.5°, and relative precision of spectral measurement is 0.018%. Experimental results indicate that the proposedmethod can realize parallel implementations of space objects observation and serve as a reference for study of shape, materials and rotation condition of nonresolved space objects.

In order to measure the threedimensional profile of object′s surface quickly, a shadow Moiré technique with phase shift based on varying light source positions was proposed. By switching two light sources the method used, the phase shift was introduced into measurement view. The twodimension empirical mode decomposition was used to regularize the fringe pattern. Combining the spiral phase transform and two frames phase shift, the measurement height was estimated, the accurate measurement phase was picked up by using a new iterative adaptation algorithm. The results of the computer simulation and of the optical experiments indicate that the demodulation accuracy of the proposed methohd is better than the traditional two frames phase shift demodulation. Additionally, the proposed methohd greatly saves the measurement time by removing the mechanical motions in the process of measurement, since it only needs the two frames fringe pattern to demodulate the phase.

The transparent area of indium tin oxide conductive film possibly has two kinds of defects, processingtype and handlingtype. According to the characteristics of different defects and requirements from practicable application, an automatic method for defect inspection based on highresolution vision system was proposed. In the system, a coaxial lighting module using Koler configuration was designed, which was suitable for optical property of indium tin oxide film and meets space requirement of working distance 30mm. In addition, the highresolution imaging module applied to practicable inspection was also designed. It shared a doublet lens with lighting module. After obtaining image of indium tin oxide film, two image preprocessing methods were exploited to inspect each kind of defect respectively. If subtracted image processed by median filter in neighboring radius r=7 from original image, scratch defect could be kept clearly. If processed original image by morphological and threshold method successively, transparent circuit pattern could be observed remarkably. The contrast of the pattern image was increased to 48%. The images after being preprocessed provide reliability for automatic defect recognition, and guarantee sensitivity and accuracy to location of indium tin oxide film.

To achieve high accuracy of chlorella concentration measurement, using the hollowcore metalcladding waveguide as the measuring chamber for cholrella measurement. Ultrahigh order modes was excited to detect the concentration of chlorella with the free space coupling technique，by monitoring the position and the reflection minimum Rmin of the attenuated total reflection peak of ultrahigh order mode, the concentrations and the absorption coefficients of chlorella solution for the different light wavelength were simultaneously detected. The novel technique is not only achieving detection to 10－9 mol chlorella solution, but also have the advantages of low measuring cost and easy operation, etc.

The thermoelectric properties of the CoSb3 nanoparticle films, which have been prepared via the Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition, were measured in the temperature range from 300 to 800 K. The resistivity of the CoSb3nanoparticle films is one order of magnitude lower than the single crystal CoSb3bulk sample. The measured values of the thermal conductivity of the CoSb3 nanoparticle films are in the range from 1.08 to 4.05 Wm－1K－1, which are much lower than that of the single crystal CoSb3 samples. This suggests that the nanostructure results in a significant reduction of the thermal conductivity. The highest thermoeletric optimal value was 0.114 and obtained at 773 K. The discussed nanoparticle films are promising for realizing new types of highly efficient thermoelectric semiconductors.

Using the electromagnetic theory and the method of transfer matrix, a kind of lefthanded material with negative refractive index in 0.3~6.935 GHz microwave band was obtained. The band gap characteristics of photonic crystal consisted of righthanded material and lefthanded materialis were analyzed, respectively. The results show that the band gap of photonic crystal consisted of righthanded material is sensitive to the thickness ratio and the incidence angle, while is not sensitive to the change of period number. To the lefthanded material photonic crystal, the band gap position appears blue shift as the thickness ratio increasing, and the upper band edge of main band gap appears red shift phenomenon as the incidence angle increasing, but the band gap of TE wave is not sensitive to the change of incidence angle. These properties are significance to design omnidirectional reflectorin microwave technologes.

In order to describe photon migration at small source detector separation and in media with low reduced albedo where diffuse approximation and P3 approximation have limitations, the solution of radiance transfer equation in the P5 approximation for the case of an isotropic continuouswave point source in an infinite medium was derived. The P3 and P5 were compared with Monte Carlo simulation to verify the correctness of the derived solution. Under the condition of high reduced albedo (0.97), the maximum relative error between P3 and Monte Carlo simulation is about 41.57% while that between P5 and Monte Carlo simulation is just about 13.17%. In the case of low reduced albedo (0.69), the maximum relative error is about 27.78%, 286.70%, respectively. In the situations of other optical parameters, the maximum relative errors between P5 and Monte Carlo simulation are also no more than that between P3 and Monte Carlo simulation. By abandoning the expressions related to the maximum eigenvalue which has little impact to the result of P5 calculation in the validity condition of P5, a simpler analytical expression can be obtained to accelerate the calculation of P5 approximation. Experiments on a solid phantom with a continuouswave radiance measurement system are conducted and the results show that the radiance calcualted from P5 approximation meets well with that from the experimental measuring at small source detector separation and in media with high or low albedo.

To comprehend the resistance mechanism of ethanol of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Raman spectroscopy and singlecell analysis technique were used to record the Raman spectra of individual yeast cells during ethanol fermentation under different hyperosmosis caused by nonfermentable substrate,monitor the dynamic of major intracellular biomacromolecules. Increasing osmotic pressure significantly delayed the growth of yeast cells, substrate consumption and product formation, but the final ethanol production was not lower than control group even supplemented with 2.0 mol/L of sorbitol. Principal component analysis revealed that hyperosmosis mainly impact the peaks 1 300~1 306, 1 443 cm－1 and other Raman peaks derived from lipids, indicating the hyperosmosis may affect the synthesis of intracellular lipids of yeast. The intensity dynamic of Raman peaks showed that hyperosmosis impacted the synthesis period of macromolecules and the strength of peaks 782,1 301,1 602 and 1 657 cm－1 and then affected the metabolism direction of yeast cell. The results indicate that high permeabilityresistant yeast strains can adapt to hypertonic environment, adjust the content of intracellular components to achieve high yield fermentation.

The main contact sources and theory were introduced, and the reasonable finite element model was established. The nonlinear contact analysis method was used to analyze a small hammer (m=0.18 kg) with different height impacting pin, and the pressures applied to coneshape bores were obtained. Subsequently, the surface shape accuracy of the planar mirror was analyzed with both nonlinear and linear analysis methods. Then, the imaging experiment of the space plane mirror was carried out. The results of analysis and experiment indicate that the surface accuracy of nonlinear analysis is closer to experimental value than that of linear analysis, and the error of results between nonlinear analysis and experiment is 8.6%. Finally, one reasonable pin preload project of the space plane mirror assembly was proposed that small hammer maximum free fall height should not be larger than 25mm.

Based on the law of conservation of energy and the mesh generation method，the freeformsurface large angle lens was designed to achieve a nearfield uniform illumination of LED array, whose inner surface is elliptical, the outer is freeformsurface. According to the mapping relations established by the law of conservation of energy, the mesh generation of the light source and the target surface was realized. Then, the refraction law was combined with the iteration to solve the freeformsurface data points. We analyzed the influence of the short axis and long axis ratio of the elliptical inner surface on the lens Fresnel loss and uniform illumination. The researches show that it can be obtained a high light efficiency and an optimum uniformity of illumination when the ratio is in the range of 0.35~0.55. Through the feedback optimization method to optimize the LED array and redivide the grid , the light intensity superimposed part is weakened and the overall illumination uniformity is improved. The simulation results show that when the height of target plane is 80mm and light angle is 157°, the illumination uniformity can be increased from 0.40 to 0.84 after the optimization of the freeformsurface data points,and the efficiency is greater than 0.9.

The affects of various aberration on geometrical center position, and the deviation of displayed star position energy center caused by aberration in the star simulator optical system were analyzed and comprehensively evaluated. The analysis results show that, the energy generated by the greater star position field will be more uneven, and the energy center offset will be more obvious. Coma and distortion have great influence on the energy star center. According to the property of coaxial optical system composed by the spherical mirror, energy center offset is occurred in the polar radius direction of the star. A correction method based on polar coordinates of the star position was proposed, which only need to correct the polar radius in the direction of star. The method simplifies the correction based on twodimensional coordinate axes partition and reduces a lot of data calculations. The errors between the revised single star positions with star simulator corrected and uncorrected were tested by the polar coordinate correction method, the experimental results show that the correction processing based on polar coordinates is simple and shortcut, and the correction results are more accurate.

Rectangular holes photonic crystal waveguide was proposed, by introducing rectangular holes in the second row and ellipse holes in the first and third rows near the linedefect waveguide to replace circle holes. The characteristics of slow light were investigated by plane wave expansion method. Influence of the structure asymmetry of rectangular holes to slow light bandwidth and low dispersion property were studied. Results show that within the linear region of guided mode that average group index varies at a variation of ±10% range, compared to circular holes linedefect waveguide, the obtained guided mode can be better restricted in band gap, when width parameter of rectangular holes is smaller than height parameter, guided mode can obtain slow light with bigger normalized delaybandwidth product, wider bandwidth and lower dispersion. Optimization to parameters of rectangular holes in the waveguide shows the biggest normalized delaybandwidth product about 0.402, with bandwidth about 44.4 nm and group velocity dispersion about 8.0 ps2/mm, it indicates that the waveguide has a promising application in the field of data transmission without distortion.

A highly efficient back reflector of amorphous silicon thinfilm solar cells, which is consisting of onedimensional photonic crystal and doublelayered twodimensional photonic crystal was designed by medium aSi∶H and SiO2. The structure parameters of the back reflector were optimized by calculating its reflectivity and transmissivity at the range of 300~1 100 nm by the finite difference time domain method. The optimal structure was obtained by the calculation and comparison of the short circuit current density in different structural parameters.The results show that the propagation path of photon in the cells can be extended and it can help to reduce the influence of the absorption layer′s thickness on the efficiency of the cells, and improve the absorption efficiency of the battery. So the highly efficient back reflector can greatly enhance the capacity of light harvesting and improve the short circuit current density to 31.96 mA/cm2, which is increased by 51.0% comparing with the solar cell with metallic back reflector of Ag/ZnO that is widely used now.

With the cutoff frequency of the surface wave in terahertz, the gradient depth of the metal grating was designed, and find that the cutoff frequency is 0.6THz when the depth of the grating is 60 μm and 1.1 THz is nearly corresponding to the 120 μm. At the same time, the temperature controller semiconductor grating was designed. According to the dispersion characteristic of the semiconductor material (InSb) in terahertz region, the experience formula of the carrier concentration and mobility; equivalent medium theory of grating structure， it is shown that the propagation distance is proportion to the temperature in 270～300 K, which the propagation distance in 300 K is 2～3 times than the 270 K.

A kind of hybrid surface plasmonic waveguide based on the nonlinear media of SiNC/SiO2 was designed. The dependence of the distribution of longitudinal energy flux density, the effective refractive index, the propagation length and the effective area of the fundamental mode of the waveguide, on the geometrical parameters and the nonlinear volume fraction were analyzed by the finite element method. Simulated results reveal that light field is distributed mainly in the nonlinear material. The transmission parameters of the fundamental mode, such as the effective index and propagation length can be adjusted by tuning the size and the volume fraction of nonlinear material. When the volume fraction is given, the effective index and propagation length will increase as the thickness of the nonlinear material increasing. With a certain geometric parameter, the effective index will increase as the volume fraction increasing, the propagation length and the effective area will decrease. Finally, the nonlinear effect was optimized according to the analysis results, and the optimized structure size is given by that, the width of waveguide is 250 nm, the thickness of the nonlinear material layer and silicon layer is 100 nm and 150 nm respectively.

The folds graphene waveguide excited Surface Plasmon Polaritons(SPPs) was designed and full compensation structures could be realized with periodic array by graphene material. The propagation model of period folds excited SPPs and the full compensation were analyzed theoretically. The results of theoretically analysis show that the period fold structure can not only excite SPPs, but also control device parameters using SPPs wave relations. In addition, periodic array compensation can significantly increase the propagation distance of SPPs. Further simulation results show that the proposed structure has the advantage of strong localized and subwavelength waveguide size; periodic array compensation can significantly improve the electric field strength of nanocavity; structure of graphene waveguide expresses high levels of population inversion and low spontaneous emission noise disturbance. The proposed graphene waveguide devices can be provided for the micronano optics, photonic sensing and measurement.

The reflection property of the micro cutting cube corner prism film with ultrahigh retroreflection is analyzed theoretically by the method of geometrical optics, and verified by optical simulation software. The principle of the ultrahigh retroreflection property was illustrated and compared with the traditional micro cube corner prism film. Results indicate that, parallel light can be totally retroreflected if perpendicularly striking the bottom of the micro cutting cube corner prism unit and ignoring optical absorption of materials, while the retroreflectivity of the traditional micro cube corner prism unit is 66.7%. The simulation retroreflectivity of this two type films are 92.3% and 62.4% respectively. The retroreflection measuring method for film is established and the reflectivities of two type films abovementioned are measured which are 67.8% and 39.5% respectively.

Based on the MathieuHankel wave′s theory, the focusing characteristics of Mathieu beam propagating through axicon was analyzed .By Fresnel diffraction theory and the method of stationary phase, the optical fields′ formula of Mathieu beam propagating through the axicon was deduced, the transverse intensity distribution in difference propagation distances was numerical simulated. The theoretical analysis and numerical simulation both show that the Mathieu beam passing through axicon can generate periodic Mathieu beam. This result has provided a theoretical basis in application of Mathieu beam.

Utilizing the Young′s double slits and MachZehnder interferometer，a experimental method was proposed to measure the generalized Stokes parameters of a random electromagnetic beam .After propagating through the Young′s double slits，the partially coherent beam was processed by a Mach–Zehnder interferometer consisting of apertures,quarterwave plates and polarizers.The electric crossspectral density matrix was obtained by detecting the coherence degree of interference fringe and the density of each single slit, so that the generalized Stokes parameters could be obtained .The experiment result shows that the spectral degree of coherence for copolarized cases is higher than that for crosspolaried cases. This method will help us determine the change of the polarization and coherence of the light in propagation by detecting the change of the generalized Stokes parameters.