Information technology has entered into the nanometer scale era. Nano-optics and photonics are generated and developed to meet the demands of fast and high density information technology. Advanced nano-optical and photonic devices should be of high speed, high resolution and high integration, forming various types of optical and photonic chips and disks. Because the minimum feature size and processing resolution of optical devices are limited by the diffraction limit, the existing technologies have been approaching to the theoretical limit and the cost is very high. Only breaking through the diffraction limit can further develop nano-optics and photonics. Achieving super-resolution in the far and near optical fields is one of the important academic topics, and its application is mainly focused on the optical super-resolution technologies for the nano information storage and lithography applications.

The progress of non-invasive blood glucose determination based on mid-infrared spectroscopy is introduced firstly. After this, the effect of stratum corneum (SC) on blood glucose determination is studied by experiment while interstitial fluid (ISF) is collected on the skin surface. Using the spectra of simulated ISF, partial least square regression (PLSR) calibration model of glucose determination is estabished, and the value of root mean squares error of cross validation (RMSECV) is 9.6 mg/dL. While including the interference of stratum corneum from three volenteers individually, three RMSECV are obtained, and they are 17.4, 16.3 and 17.1 mg/dL, respectively. The results show that the effects of SC from different volenteers are the same nearly; including the interference of SC, the accuracy of the non-invasive blood glucose determination based on attenuated total reflection mid-infrared spectroscopy can reach 18 mg/dL.

The research on adaptive optics of the Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences was originated in 1979. In 1980, the first adaptive optics laboratory was established. Based on the key technical breakthroughs of the wavefront corrector (including deformable mirror and fast steering mirror), wavefront sensor, wavefront processor and wavefront control, a series of adaptive optical systems had been set up and applied in astronomical telescopes, inertial confinement fusion and retinal high-resolution imaging and so on.

The optical manipulation of quantum states means to manipulate and control the quantum states of light in the processes of its transmission, storage, frequency-conversion and so on, based on optical schemes. The manipulation of quantum states is the important research subject in quantum information science. We briefly introduce the progress of the experimental investigation on the preparation of multipartite entangled states of optical field, quantum communication network as well as the optical manipulation of squeezed and entangled states of light.

The paper first describes how to discover KBBF family crystals, which have broken 200 nm wall, on the basis of molecular engineering design approach. The linear and nonlinear optical properties of KBBF crystal are systematically stated. The capability of the crystal for producing deep-ultraviolet harmonic generation is introduced.

The development of optical fiber communications in the world has been briefly introduced, and the current situation of fiber communicaiton on is recalled. The development of optical fiber communications in China is introduced at last.

Based on self-recurrence method and Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction formula, we have studied eigen modes and their beam quality factor M2 in the large-aperture high-power thin disk laser with gain distribution, aperture stop and tilt mirror, etc. By using eigenvector method. The large-aperture thin disk kilowatt laser system and fiber-scan measurement device is developed. The output characteristics of large-aperture thin disk laser have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. The results show that large-aperture high-power plano-concave resonator contains many eigen modes, has high misalignment tolerance, can obtain high-power laser output; the output power is quadratic function of the mirror tilt angle; the misalignment tolerance decreases as the aperture stop diameter decreases. The misalignment may bring forth new mode competition. M2 decreases as the tilt angle increases. The results obtained will be useful for the design of the high-power laser system.

A quasi-continuous wave (QCW) microsecond-pulse sodium beacon laser with high power, high beam quality and narrow linewidth is achieved by sum-frequency generation (SFG) with Nd:YAG 1064 and 1319 nm lasers in a nonlinear crystal of LBO. Under repetition rate of 500 Hz and pulse width of 120 μs, the 589 nm yellow laser which can be precisely tuned to sodium D2 line is obtained with average output power of 33 W, beam quality of M2 = 1.25, linewidth less than 0.4 GHz and wavelength stability better than ±0.3 GHz. Compared with continuous wave (CW) sodium beacon laser, QCW microsecond-pulse sodium beacon laser named as the second-generation sodium beacon laser can provide a gatable pulse format to eliminate the interference of atmospheric Rayleigh scattering and reduce stretching phenomenon of the imaging spot for sodium guide star. By the combination of the QCW laser sodium beacon and the adaptive optics system, the better correction effect and higher-resolution observation images can be achieved. A second-generation sodium beacon laser prototype is developed and the sodium laser guide star is generated and imaged by the 1.8 m telescope in Yunnan Province.

The main specifications of synthetic aperture imaging ladar (SAIL), such as the size of optical footprint and the imaging resolution etc., can be realized only in the case of designed long transmission distance. This paper proposes a method to systematically verify an SAIL in the close distance of laboratory space. The SAIL is modified with the additional optical elements to produce both a geometric projection of transmitting beam onto the target and an enough large field of heterodyne reception. Therefore, the optical footprint and quadratic phase history essential and suitable for two-dimensional (2D) SAIL imaging in the close distance can be generated. A major structure of Φ300 mm SAIL demonstrator modified with the accessory optical elements is designed and then verified experimentally in a 14 m distance to the target. The result of well-focused 2D SAIL dynamic imaging is obtained. The optical footprint size is measured as 22 mm×22 mm and the imaging resolution is better than 1.4 mm (azimuth) ×1.2 mm(range).

The model of high-power LD pumped laser array is established and based on slab laser and fiber laser, two typical high-energy LD pumped laser systems, coherent- and incoherent-combining types, are analyzed and compared. The influence of atmospheric turbulence on far-field beam quality of coherent and incoherent laser beams of these two lasers is evaluated quantitatively with the beam propagation factor (BPF) to characterize the beam quality. The mathematic model and calculation result can provide a reference for choosing and evaluating different combining schemes.

Optical molecular imaging is the best approach to monitor multiple molecule events and cell functions simultaneously in complex organisms. Since immune system provides defense, surveillance and self-stabilizing functions for lives, the major challenge for researchers is to consider immune system as a system. Immunophotonics refers to in vivo immune optical imaging (Immuno-Optimaging) and immune photonic therapy (Immuno-Phototherapy) based on the principle and method of photonics. The combination of in vivo optical imaging with high spatio-temporal resolution, such as multi-photon excitation microscopy and photoacoustic tomography, and intravital long-term labeling method based on fluorescent proteins, makes optical molecule imaging be the main force of guiding immunologists to embrace the era of systematization and visualization. Here, based on the characteristics and needs of immunology, we introduce the latest development of in vivo optical molecular imaging and molecular probes, review the applications of those techniques and methods in immunology research, and further discuss the prospect of the future development of immunophotonics.

The synthetic technical option of two bore-sight stereo mapping with single lens, the time delayed and integration (TDI) CCD pushing model imaging and the compensations technique of the speed-to-height rate of Chang′e-2 satellite TDI CCD stereo camera is proposed. It is the first time to employ two TDI CCD as imaging sensors and obtain clear image with high spatial resolution. In order to keep the synchronism between the optical image motion speed on the focal plane array (FPA) and the electronic latent image motion speed during pushing imaging with TDI CCD camera, two speed-to-height rates compensation methods are used: line frequency injection from the ground station and laser altimeter aided line frequency calculation. The camera′s mean modulation transfer function is bigger than 0.4 which is tested before the launch. Because of the optimal design, careful fabrication and precise installation, accuracy requirement of on-orbit speed-to-height rate compensation is relaxed. Because technical measures are synthetically used in TDI CCD camera, clear stereo images of the global lunar surface with resolution of 7 m, the highest spatial resolution global images, and the clear images of Sinus Iridum with about 1.3 m resolution on the near-moon-arc of the 15 km×100 km ellipsoid orbit are both obtained. The capability of obtaining high spatial resolution stereo imaging of lunar surface is achieved.

The research achievements of optical buffer based on optical fiber delay line in recent 10 years are introduced. The basic buffer element, dual loop optical buffer (DLOB), is introduced. Based on DLOB, some new structures of buffer for different applications are proposed, such as the buffer with big dynamics of delay from 1 to 9999 T and the eight wavelengths buffer. All of these buffers are operated at the bit rate above 2.5 Gb/s. A polarization-rotation-based optical buffer is proposed. The principle, key technologies and experimental results are introduced for all above buffers. At last, the advantages and development future are discussed.

Solid state lighting sources based on white light emitting diodes (LEDs) are considered as the third generation lighting sources. Generally, white light is generated by combination of the blue LEDs and yellow phosphor with the Stokes shift and wide-band emission (PC LEDs), which limits the maximum luminous efficacy with industrialization value. In addition, traditional packaged LEDs cannot be directly used in lighting with high efficiency, perfect lighting effect and low glare because of their Lambertian radiation distribution and super high luminance. The luminous efficacy limit of the solid state lighting is investigated based on the colorimetry theories. Results show that the luminous efficacy limits of the three-color mixing LEDs can be as high as 430 lm/W with Ra>80 at any white light chromaticities, and they are far higher than those of the PC LEDs. A series of achievements on LED optical system design finished by our group are summarized in this paper. To make the light distributions of the LED sources meet the lighting requirements, the non-imaging optics design theories based on the variable separation method and the feedback iteration method are proposed. For the application of the LEDs in the road lighting, a high energy efficient freeform optical system is obtained with the maximum luminance/illuminance ratio as well as satisfying the lighting requirements provided by Commission Internationale Del′Eclairage (CIE). For the application of the LEDs in the interior lighting, low glare, softly emitting and modularizing LED surface source is obtained by utilizing micro-ens diffusers designed with the non-imaging optics theories. Uniform collimating multi-surface optical systems are introduced for special lighting application.

Due to the influence of various factors, high-resolution space optical remote sensing system cannot get clear image in orbit. For the calibration of wavefront errors, normally methods and techniques of adaptive optics have been used. Conventional adaptive optics systems are large and complex, but they are not ideal for correction for high-resolution space optical system in orbit. Wavefront sensorless adaptive optics system do not need wavefront sensor, greatly simplifying the system structure, thus are smaller and easier to be implemented, especially suitable for correction for high-resolution space optical remote sensing systems in orbit. The use of wavefront sensorless adaptive optics system is proposed to resolve the key problems such as surface errors correction of primary mirror using MEMS deformable mirror with a large correction channel and the wide-field correction and so on. Through computer simulation studies for a typical three-mirror reflective optical remote sensing system, the validity of wavefront sensorless solutions to the correction for surface errors of primary mirror with large aperture is verified. Besides, a wide-field correction experiment platform has been built, and the validity of wavefront sensorless wide-field correction method has been verified by experiment.

As silicon has a large refractive index and low loss in infrared wavelengths, it becomes an important optical material that has been widely used for integrated photonics applications. Some of our recent research progress on infrared two-dimensional silicon photonic crystal slab devices are presented. A series of photonic crystal waveguides are fabricated and characterized with novel geometries, resonant microcavities with fine tunability, and channel drop filters utilizing resonant coupling between waveguide and cavity. The remarkable dispersion properties of photonic crystals are also explored by engineering the band structures to achieve negative refraction and self-collimation effects of infrared light beams. The progress towards building and characterizing high-Q photonic crystal cavities is further introduced. All these results show that silicon photonic crystal can control light propagation in many flexible ways and have many potential applications in all-optical integrated circuits.

This paper surveys a cutting-edge technology based on phase-aided three dimensional imaging and metrology (PA3DM). The imaging modality and the calibration of the PA3DM and an optical measurement network based on multiple PA3DM node sensors are formulated, which are closely related to the camera model. The phase extraction and phase unwrapping as well as the homologous point-pair searching for range image reconstruction are discussed under a framework of active stereo imaging. Typical post-processing techniques, including range image registration, integration, and simplification are also discussed in detail. Meanwhile the error sources impacting on the accuracy of PA3DM-based imaging and metrology system are also analyzed from point of view of each crucial step such as system calibration, range image reconstruction and post-processing.

The light field distribution of a real object is used to regenerate spatial three-dimensional (3D) display. The principle and techniques are proposed describing how to use light field distribution in the real 3D display. The experimental results show that vivid 3D display with current spatial light modulator can be built up, which can get better 3D effect than the traditional holographic display based on light field regeneration.

By studying Cherenkov second harmonic generation, it is found that there exists significantly enhanced nonlinearity in ferroelectric domain wall. This enhanced nonlinearity leads to locality of domain wall, which will modulate the phase velocity of the nonlinear polarization and further influence the Cherenkov angle. Extreme Cherenkov second harmonic generation is proposed and demonstrated, which is distinguished from quasi-phase-matched second harmonic generation.

A short report of application foundation of quantum coherent control of optics properties in atomic and atomic-like media is given, including controlling the weak-light soliton propagating via the periodic modulation of the control field, narrowing the cavity-linewidth, separating optical precursors through asymmetric double quantum wells structure and investigating electromagnetically induced transparency in a polar molecule system, etc.

The development of the modern life science is largly dependent on the manipulation of the cells, such as removel of the certain protein or subcellular organelle, and the laser cell microsurgery is a powerful tool. Until now, three mechnisms are explited for the laser cell surgery: general laser tighly focused irradiation, femosecond laser focused irradiation and gold nanoparticles based laser irradiation.During the past few years, extensive progress and numerous breakthroughs have been made in this area of research. Here the lastest development of laser cell microsurgery and its application in the field of biology and biomedical engineering are reviewed. Furthermore,this review covers three different laser cell microsurgerys and their advantages and disadvantages. A large amount of cells can be manipulated at the same time and no need of many expensive instruments are the main advantages of the gold nanoparticles based on laser cell surgery in comparison with present existing methods.

Based on the equivalence of the modulation transfer function (MTF) of a plane parallel turbid medium and the emergent light intensity distribution from the medium under isotropic diffuse illumination, the MTF of some typical turbid media is fully evaluated through numerical solution with a radiation transfer code DISORT. General MTF characteristics in the whole spatial frequency range are obtained. It is found that the MTF behavior depends not only on the scattering and absorption optical thickness of the medium but also on the scattering phase function. General features of the dependence of MTF on the optical thickness, the scattering phase function, the single scattering albedo, and the asymmetric factor are presented.

Optical trapping and manipulation provides a precise, non-contact, and noninvasive method for manipulation of micro/nanoscale objects. This technique is realized mainly by optical tweezers, evanescent waves, photophoresis or photothermal effect, etc. A review on the progress of optical trapping and manipulation is presented, and the trend of the research is analyzed.

A random laser in weakly scattering structure formed by spatial speckle is investigated. Both phenomena induced by coherent feedback and intensity feedback are observed in the same system. The result shows that two kinds of feedback are related, but independent of each other. A physical mechanism of cavities coupling is proposed based on experimental investigations. The mode characteristics of weakly scattering random laser can be well explained through this mechanism.

Fabrication of micro- and nano-optical structures has been the technical bottlenecks in the development of micro- and nano-photonic devices. In order to meet the small size, high precision and wide applications requirements raised by micro- and nano-optical structure fabrication technologies, we report the electron beam/X-ray/optical mixed lithography technology for the fabrication of micro- and nano-optical structures. Home-made microlithography data processing technology is developed for the generation of complex patterns of micro- and nano-optical photonic devices, 1× high-resolution patterning of the membrane-type masks is carried out by a vector-scanned electron beam lithography tool, high-aspect-ratio micro- and nano-optical patterns are replicated by X-ray lithography, and accurate overlay between X-ray lithography and low-cost optical proximity lithography is carried out for the generation of metal ribs. The results of diffraction efficiency test and seismic experiment for free-standing X-ray gold gratings are also reported.

Passive coherent beam combination of high power fiber laser arrays is researched theoretically and experimentally. Some typical technologies of passive coherent beam combination of fiber laser arrays are introduced, and their power scaling is analyzed. The principle of passive coherent beam combination based on ring cavity is analyzed. The coherent output spectrum characteristics and array size scalability of the passively coherently phased fiber laser arrays are explored. High power passive phase locking of 4-channel and 8-channel fiber amplifier arrays with ring cavity are experimentally demonstrated, and the maximum coherent output powers are up to 1062 and 1090 W, respectively.

The development of femtosecond fiber lasers is briefly reviewed, and the recent advances in the high repetition rate femtosecond fiber lasers are reported. With the simulation, It′s demonstrated that the output pulse width is a function of the pulse repetition rate or the fiber length. With properly selected optical components and the dispersion management, Er3+-doped fiber laser of 330 MHz repetition rate, dispersion Yb3+-doped fiber laser of 490 MHz repetition rate, all-normal dispersion Yb3+-doped laser of 600 MHz repetition rate are developed. Those kinds of fiber lasers can be excellent optical sources for astro-combs.

Development of deposition technology and properties of optical thin films is reviewed. It shows that rapid advances in properties and application fields are achieved for optical thin films with the progress of science and technology.

Significant advancement in photonic crystals, quantum optics, ultrafast optics as well as micro-nano-optics gives rise to new opportunities to manipulate the emission and propagation in optical fields. We review the resonantly absorbing photonic lattice created out of materials with complex dielectric index and mainly introduce the theory, properties, fabrication and applications of resonantly absorbing waveguide array in this article.

Latest achievements in the theory of fast-light propagation in active Raman gain media are reviewed. Firstly, the linear propagation of light in three-level Λ-type and N-type active Raman gain media is introduced. Both of the systems are able to realize fast-light propagation with a negative group velocity. However, the N-type active Raman gain medium can exhibit a doublet structure in the gain spectrum based on the interference introduced by an additional coupling field. This feature can be used to effectively suppress the gain near the resonance. Secondly, the significant enhancement of Kerr nonlinearity in N-type active Raman gain medium is discussed. Thirdly, the nonlinear propagation of light in N-type active Raman gain media is introduced. Through a balance between the dispersion and nonlinearity of the system, it is possible to form a stable superluminal soliton at very low light level in such optically thick medium. A prospect is given in the end of the article.

Due to their excellent infrared properties, large-size formability, and low cost, mid-infrared transparent glass become the key window materials for many important military systems. It′s still a great challenge to fabricate the IR-transparent glass with high-properties and large size. With the great development of infrared technology and electro-optical countermining technique, the infrared windows with the capacity of radar latent and electro-magnetic shielding (EMS) are essentially required. In this paper, the research progress to face the above challenge is demonstrated and reviewed, especially which are done in our group. The prospect of mid-infrared glasses toward advanced applications is expected.

Based on frequency spectrum plane filtering technique and image plane filtering technique to digital hologram, two methods of object wavefront reconstruction with adjustable magnification appear recently. In order to meet the demand of digital holographic exact detecting, the two filtering methods are researched, and the expression that makes reconstructed plane replete with local reconstructed image is deduced. The research results indicate that image plane filtering technique is better than frequency spectrum plane filtering technique. The reconstruction method based on image plane filtering technique is a high quality reconstructing method, which can reconstruct local object wavefront according to magnification needed. The example of color digital holographic wavefront reconstruction is given.

The history, status and the future of the passive measurement technology used for upper atmosphere measurement (UAM) are introduced. The principle and method for UAM are introduced. The emission source, four intensities method, and limb measurement model for UAM are presented. The design and manufacture of field-widened, achromatic, temperature compensation wind imaging interferometer (FATWindII) developed are described emphatically. The laboratory experimental system for simulation measurement of FATWindII is built up. Based on this experimental system, some simulation measurement results of velocity, temperature and pressure of upper atmosphere are presented in this paper. The research has scientific significance and practical value for physical geography, atmospheric science, environment protection, national defense and national economic construction.

Fiber optic white-light interfreometry is one of the unique measurement and sensing technology in the fiber optic research field. It is one of typical achievement application branches of fiber optic multidisciplinary research, such as broad-band light coherence characteristics, high precision deformation absolute measurement, waveguides components structures and reflectivity properties testing, cross-coupling between polarization states evaluation for fiber optic gyro, as well as low-coherence tomography technology for tissue and clinical diagnosis in medicine. A brief description about the white-light interfreometry and its development in the past several tens years is given. From the view of demands of market and the intrinsic rules of the technology development, the driving dynamics mechanisms of the technique is analyzed. Finally, the developing trend and forecast of this technology is pointed out.

Graphene has attracted wide attention and been believed to be an ideal saturable absorber due to ultrafast saturation recovery time, wide absorption band, low loss, low cost, easy fabrication, super mechanical properties and high thermal conductivity. This paper presents our progress on grapheme preparation and its application in solid-state lasers. The high-quality graphene sheets with lateral size over 20 μm are obtained by bath-sonicating after processing the worm-like graphite marginally with mixed oxidizer. With graphene as saturable absorber, 16 ps pulses have been obtained from the mode-locked NdGdVO4 laser, with an average output power of 360 mW and a pulse energy of 8.4 nJ. By employing YbKGW crystal as gain medium, we have also obtained 489 fs pulses with an average output power of 564 mW.

The recent studies at home and abroad on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) are introduced, referring to the large negative dispersion PCF, the band-gap and mode characteristics of photonic band-gap PCF, the wavelength-tunable effective frequency conversion, the flat supercontinuum (SC) and the highly effective and broadband Cherenkov radiation (CR). Moreover, the theoretical and experimental achievements on PCF in our laboratory are presented, including the new numerical method for analyzing the PCF, the large-negative-dispersion PCF, the study and design of anti-resonance guiding PCF (ARG-PCF) and three kinds of highly nonlinear PCF, the generations of the highly effective wavelength-tunable anti-Stokes signal, the flat SC from 470 to 805 nm, and the highly effective and broadband CR at visible wavelength.

A cladding mode resonant specialty optical fiber comprising a double cladding structure is proposed. The specific fiber has a thin and low refractive index inner cladding. Based on the coupled mode theory, a core mode can be resonantly coupled to a cladding mode, and then a band-reject spectrum can be obtained. We mainly introduce the fabrication technology, operation principle of the specific fiber and demonstrate its senor applications in bend, solution refractive index (RI) and RI/temperature dual parameters. As the theoretical and experimental results show, the specific fiber is sensitive to the parameters of bend and solution RI. Moreover, the temperature sensitivity of the specific fiber can be adjusted by different dopants in the inner cladding.