A new kind of UV and IR composite alarm warning system used in ground equipment was proposed to solve the problems of low detecting distances for a UV warning system and high false alarm for a IR warning system. The detecting mechanisms, capturing conditions and effecting distances of the UV warning system were analyzed.Then, a mode for estimating the detecting distance of the UV warning system based on Lowtran was established to calculate the UV warning system’s detecting distance to a solid fuel missile. In consideration of the effect on the detecting distance, a new way based on Gabor for matching the diagnostic image was used to improve the detecting accuracy for distances. Some experiments to validate our theory and detecting mode were carried out,results show that the detecting distance veracity can be controlled below 5%, and the warning distance can be improved from 5 km to 8 km when the void rate is below 1 time per 10 hours. Using the proposed detecting mode, the detecting efficiency of the complex warning system is enormously improved. This detection mode can also be used in other optical detection equipment.

In view of a primary mirror of an optical system, the influence of the mid-and-high frequency errors on the Ratio of Scattering Loss (RSL) was analyzed. On the basis of the statistical optics theory and Harvey-Shack scatter theory, a mathematical model of the relationshop between the Root-mean Square (RMSs) of mid-and-high frequency errors and the RSL was established by assuming the surface errors as a stationary Gaussian random process, and the numerical computation and actual surface profile data of the model were validated. It is found that the RSL increases almost in exponential form with the increase of RMS and the mathematical model agrees with the simulation results very well within the focused radius. The influence of the mid-and-high frequency errors on the RSL is less than 1% when the RMSs of the mid-and-high frequency errors are less than λ/63 respectively.The analysis results provide the support for correction of the mid-and-high frequency errors.

To meet the demands on suppressing strictly stray light for a coronagraph,a white coronagraph is designed based on its working principle and the properties of stray light. The white coronagraph shows its main specifications in the field of view of 2.5 R⊙ to 15 R⊙,a resolution of 14″,a aperture of 30 mm,a focal length of 200 mm,and the total length of 1080 mm.Furthermore,the length of optical structure is 370 mm and the MTF value at 37 pl/mm is above 0.5. The four kinds of stray light sources is analyzed in detail,which is direct sun light,the diffractive light of sun light at edge of an external occulter D1,the diffractive light of sun light at edge of a field stop A1,and the multi-reflection light in the objective O1.With the help of conjugated stops,a stray light suppressing structure is designed. Experiment results show that four main stray light sources are totally suppressed and the stray light suppressing level reaches 10-8-10-10 B⊙,which satisfies the system requirements.

In order to improve the measuring rate and resolution of a phase-shift laser range finder, a new phase shift magnification detecting method is proposed, which improves the measurement resolution by 1/N times without increasing the measuring time. Then, a under-sampling technique is adopted to perform multi-frequency modulation in the same system,which avoids using the mixer and other accessorial components to reduce scheme complexities and the influence of crosstalk. As the phase delay caused by the high frequency weak light incident upon a Avalanche Diode(APD) will induce the distance measurement errors, a new method is presented by controlling the bias voltage acting on APD to suppress the phase delay. For a modulation frequency of 18.5 MHz, a wavelength of 650 nm and an incident light intensity of 0.5 μW, the phase delay can be reduced from 1.4° to less than 0.03°. Moreover,a mathematic model is established based on the phase shift measurement errors caused by signal acrosstalks and several kinds of electrostatic screen methods are given to avoid the acrossatlk.Experimental results show that adopting those methods mentioned above can get the phase shift measurement resolution of 0.014° and the distance measurement resolution of 0.3 mm accordingly when the modulation is 18.5 MHz.

A concentric glass spherical shell with a uniform thickness is usually chosen as the transparent window mounted in front of the optical lens of an airborne opto-electronic platform,becaused the misalignment of the spheric centers on inside and outside surfaces produced by the fabrication can cause additional pointing errors. In this paper, the theoretical expression of addition pointing error based on an optical path is derived and the effect of the misalignment of the spheric centers on inside and outside surfaces on the pointing accuracy of a sight axis is analyzed. Several kinds of experiments are undertaken and the data processing result of the experiment indicates that the measurement results are in agreement well with the theoretical results. When the concentric misalignment of a spherical center is 0.26 mm, the axial pointing error at a 45° field of view reaches 0.075°,which is higher than the error limitation 0.029° (0.5 mrad).Analyzed results also show that the concentric misalignment should be controlled below to 0.10 mm in order to reduce the pointing error to 0.017°(0.3 mrad). Based on the analyzed results,the inside and outside surfaces of the spherical shell is reprocessed,the experimental results demonstrate that the pointing error is acceptable when the concentric misalignment is controlled in 0.10 mm.

In order to improve the computational efficiency of sub-pixel location of a diffraction spot generated by a two-dimensional phase plate with the correlation function fitting extreme method, three effect factors,the template size, fitting window size and the correlation function were analyzed in detail. On the basis of the theory of emulation image examination, mathematical emulation images were used to verify the reliability and accuracy of algorithms and programs. Analyzing results indicate that the three effect factors all have bigger effect on computational efficiency and the template and fitting window sizes show the biggest effect on the locating precision during integer pixel searching. The optimal design of searching template and fitting window sizes are completed during the sub-pixel location experiment of diffraction spot generated by the two-dimensional phase plate,It is shown that the optimized template and fitting window sizes are 51 pixel×51 pixel and 3 pixel×3 pixel, respectively. Comparing with the template of 131 pixel×131 pixel which just includes the whole diffraction spot, the calculating time of whole locating process is shortened by 40%, which shows the computational efficiency is improved without degrading location precision.

Altitude axis precision is important to the performance of a large aperture telescope. At practice, the tested result can not reach the system requirement, but the performance is well enough,so there must be error factors caused by centerpart deformation that can be eliminated in this system.To improve the accuracy of an altitude axis precision model,the centerpart, a main part effeting altitude axis precision is analyzed by the Finite Element Method(FEM), and then the curve of altitude axis max deformation versus pitch angle is obtained.After analyzing the influence of deformation on the axis precision,a modification method is proposed,which uses a compensation method to add the tested results to the calculated results. By this way, the PV error and the RMS error of axis shake are reduced from 2.42″ to 0.95″ and from 0.7″to 0.3″,respectively.The method can improve the accuracy of the system precision model ,and can provide theoratical basis for design and test of an even larger telescope.

In order to obtain transmission property of tunneling rays in a short length large-core SI-PDF fiber, a formula is derived by a light-ray projection integral method to calculate the power coupled from laser beam with different incident angles in the SI-PDF fiber. The output power characteristics of laser beams of 3,67,140 m length fibers at different incident angles are achieved respectively by measurements and theoretic calculations. The loss coefficiens are obtained by the least square fitting to experimental data at a logarithm coordinate. Results show that the coupled power and the loss coefficients with different incident angles in the SI-PDF fiber keep almost a constant at 0~12°,and the coupled power goes down exponentially with different incident angles beyond 12°.Moreover,the loss coefficients increase with increase of incident angles,it is 26 dB/km at 12° and 82 dB/km at 28°。

Large high-power solid-state laser facilities have a very high requirement for the total positioning error budget(＜50 μm in general), so it is a very important to improve the stability of structure design.In this paper,the stability design is illustrated for several key optical and mechanical systems in the large laser facility. Then,several kinds of methods,such as reinforced concrete supports,truss structures,vibration isolation,integrated design and inhencing structure rigidness are used to reduce the effect of optical and mechanical structures on the ambient vibration and to improve the structure stablility,and finite element models are established to analyse the stablility of the key optical elements and support structures and to verify that the structure design is reasonable or not.The results show that the maximum rotation angles of key optical elements, i.e. cavity mirrors, Injection Mirror (IM), and the mirror in beam switch module are 0.14, 0.423, and 0.394 μrad, respectively,and their design margins are greater than 1.5.These results indicate that the optical elements and support structures can satisfy the design indices for stability.

The Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) noise, equivalent spontaneous emission factor and equivalent noise factor for the Raman Amplifier (RA) as well as the respective impacts of the the ASE noise, Rayleigh noise, optical fiber length and the switching gain in the RA on the Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) of optical receivers are theoretically analyzed, and then the Double Rayleigh Backscattering (DRB) noise are also theoretically analyzed and calculated. Furthermore, the numerically related simulations are also implemented. The calculation and simulation results show that, compared with the Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA),the RA can improve the SNR of optical receivers under the condition of the same input signal; the equivalent spontaneous emission factor is less than 1 and decreases with the increase of the switching gain, so this characteristics of the RA are superior to that of the EDFA.Moreover,when the gain of the RA is less than 15 dB the Rayleigh noise of the RA can be ignored. Also, some other significant conclusions to play the important roles in guiding the optimal design of the RA are obtained.

Accuracy calibration is a key of the vision alignment system of a high-precision chip mounter,which affects the precision and quality of the chip mounting greatly. For improving the calibration accuracy of the alignment system, this paper presents a new calibration method based on a grating.With proposed method, a group of data similar to quasi-sinusoid signals is abtained by calculating the sum of gray-value of pixels in each column.Then, these calculated data are elaborately converted into a Lissajous figure by pixel translation. The size mapping coefficient between the grating groove and their image pixels of the optical alignment system is calculated to realize the accurate calibration, obtained calibration results indicate that it is coincident with the theoretical calculation results well. A big standard ruler is used to verify the calibration experiment,the error analysis on the experimental data shows that the accuracy error by proposed method is less than 0.2 μm,which can meet the precision needs of vision alignment systems of automatic chip mounters.

VDI2614/2634 is a kind of common method of precision evaluation for 3D optical measuring systems.In order to formulate a national standard named Measurement Specification of Optical 3D Geometry for Forgings & Stampings and Its Dies，a new evaluation method for optical measuring system imposed on forgings/stampings is proposed and the testing project is also drafted.With the evaluation, each group measuring value is considered as a single subsystem, and the minmax-difference， mean difference and the mean square value of each group are calculated. Then,the ratio of the mean difference to the measurement mean value is defined as the system-relatively error of subsystem and the ratio of the minmax difference to the measurement mean value is defined as the accidence-relatively error of the subsystem.In consideration of the relatively error and weights completely, the system errors and accident errors of the measurement system are calculated. For the reunification of evaluation standard, the concept and the calculation method comprised of standardized system precision, standard accidental precision and standardized precision are put forward. The XJTUOM optical measuring system developed by ourselves has been evaluated by the proposed approach, then the standard precision of 0.89 is obtained,which provides a reference for formulating national standards.

The spectral imager is a complex space optical remote sensor with multiple optical channels and detectors,in which CCD components play a decisive role for imaging quality of the system. In this paper,the conspicuous characteristics of CCD components,such as small volume,high heat productivity and fast temperature rise speed,are discussed and analyzed. The keys in the thermal design are solved,then a corresponding thermal design schemes of CCD components is introduced. Moreover,the total thermal resistance of CCD components along a heat transfer path is calculated through a simplified thermal resistance analytic model,which shows the total thermal resistance along the heat transfer path is 1.291 ℃/W.The CCD components are also simulated by the software IDEAS-TMG and the guide line of thermal control is achieved. Finally,the thermal design scheme is verified by proof heat tests. The test results indicate the temperature rise speed is 0.6 ℃/min when CCD components are working,and the maximum temperature in two tests are 33.6 ℃ and 26.2 ℃, respectively. These results conclude that proposed thermal design scheme can control high heat productivty and fast temperature rise for CCD components effectively.

On the basis of the controllable refractive index of a magnetic fluid,a novel fiber optic F-P electromagnetic sensor characterized by simple structures and no moveable parts is developed by using the magnetic fluid as the medium in a F-P interference cavity. Then,a signal demodulation method based on fiber Bragg grating wavelength scanning is proposed. The principle of electromagnetic-controlled refractive index of the magnetic fluid is described and the structure of the sensor system is given. Preliminary experiments are carried out,obtained results show that the thickness of magnetic fluid film and environmental temperature all affect the measurement results. When the thickness of magnetic fluid film is 12.7 μm, there is a fairly good linearity of the measurement characteristic.

With the aim to improve the effect of the primary support of a space High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (HRIS) on its stability of optic-mechanic system, the requirements were analyzed for the rigidity and heat stability of a common space remote sensor. The traditional support structures to the space optical remote sensors were introduced.As the traditional supports by lags could not meet the need of the three-mirror anastigmatic (TMA) imaging system, a new coupling support structure by two axes was presented and its theory was analyzed.The finite element analysis of a 3D model was realized by software MSC.PATRAN during the optimum designing. The results show that the first order natural frequency is 95 Hz under sine vibration loading. The maximum RMS value and the maximum PV value of the mirror surface aberration are 12 nm and 60 nm under both of a 10 ℃ temperature fall and the influence of the gravity,respectively. The angle rotation by the Z axis of primary mirror is reduced from 55″ to 12″. The spectral data of the optical system under the hot vacuum environments verify the analysis results,which shows the coupling support structure is able to meet the needs of the rigidity and the heat-stability of optic-mechanic systems.

It is necessary to develop a locking device for the magnetic suspended flywheel in a satellite launching. In this paper,a repeatable electromagnetic locking and unlocking device with a mass of 158 g and a dimension of 45 mm×49 mm×40 mm was designed for a magnetic suspended flywheel. The composition and working principles of the locking device were introduced and the mathematical models for locking and unlocking were established. Then,several kinds of tests,the sine vibration,random vibration and impact vibration were carried out to verify the locking device in ground and space environments,and the curves of the locking force versus displacement and the unlocking force versus displacement were given. Experimental results indicate that the max locking force is 650 N and the holding locking and unlocking forces are 133.8 N and -9.4 N,respectively,which shows the gravitation has a little effect on the locking device and it can realize locking and unlocking effectively.

Multichannel flexible neural microelectrodes were designed and fabricated,and their fabrication processes were also studied. A microfabrication technology was introduced to manufacture flexible microelectrodes based on a new flexible substrate material, parylene C, due to its excellent electrical insulating, mechanical and biocompatible properties,and a 36-channel flexible neural microelectrode was fabricated with the arrangement in a 6×6 square grid pattern. The size of microelectrode was Φ150 μm (circular) and 150 μm×150 μm (squre), respectively,and the line width of metal trace was 30 μm. It was found that the microelectrode shows a smooth surface and a distinct outline.A electrtical test indicates that the impedance of microelectrode is only 7 kΩ or so, and it reduceds as frequency increasing, which is an excellent high-pass behavior.Moreover, the microelectrode and a flexible substrate can be integrated by the microfabrication technology.The microelectrode is suitable for the application in retinal prostheses, for it has a good quality and excellent electrical properties.

As an important application of laser rapid forming,the laser bending technology of brittle materials has broad prospects. In this paper,the experiments on bending of Al2O3 ceramic slices with a CO2 CW-laser are carried out at various laser processing parameters, including laser powers and scanning velocities. Laser linear energy density is introduced to explore the best processing parameters for laser bending, and bending characteristics are briefly analyzed according to the high temperature properties of Al2O3 ceramic. Experimental results show that,to realize laser bending for brittle Al2O3 at a temperature gradient,the sample surface must be heated to a specified temperature to ruduce its brittleness and yield stress and to avoid generating cracks. Moreover, the Al2O3 ceramic slice can be bent by the CO2 CW-laser, and the bending angle can be as high as 2° . Furthermore, the laser bending processing of Al2O3 ceramic slice is strongly sensitive to temperature，and there exists a critical temperature, above which, the bending angle increases greatly. The best range of laser linear energy density for bending Al2O3 ceramic is 17～24 J/mm.

To effectively realize the camera calibration on a position topography measurement, a multi-camera parallel calibration method is proposed based on a camera intrinsic parameter model. According to an active vision theory, four cameras are installed at four linear independence positions on a measuring support, and a parallel device is applied to drive these cameras for shooting at the same time, so as to accomplish the shooting effect of three linear independence translations. The calibration experiments of position topography measurement are designed based on this calibration method, the experiments show that the relative error of the scale factor ratio in two directions is less than 3.87%, the absolute error of central point a coordinate is less than 4 pixels,and the variation range of distortion factor is in 3 times. This method is suitable for position topography measurement for its convenient and fast calibration.

The least-square method is usually adopted for fitting of geometric elements in a coordinate measurement. However, in the process of short arc measurement, it is difficult to offer a high precision due to the lack of feature points and the influence of noise jamming. Aimed at the measurement of short arc,this paper analyzes the influence of central angles on measurement errors of circle centre and radius by using the least-square method. Based on the fact that the circle center of the short arc is often set in a fixed position due to its functional property and processing technology,a centre constraint least-square circle fitting method is proposed in the study. It is proved that the measurement error is less than 0.01 mm by using the proposed method to measure a short arc with a central angle of 20° and a radius of 10 mm. A comparative experiment shows that the centre constraint least-square method can improve the accuracy of circle fitting efficiently in the short arc measurement. As the proposed method is based on machine vision system, it has advantages of high accuracy, fast speed, wide measuring ranges and on-line and non-contact measurement as compared with traditional measurement methods of short arc.

In order to achieve high efficiency and low damaged layers during a sapphire crystal lapping process,an experimental research on the rougness, lapping uniformity and sub-surface damaged layer were studied in this paper.The sapphire with (0001) orientation was lapped by 280 mesh boron carbide abrasive grits.The effects of lapping time on the material removal rates and surface roughness were investigated, and the processing remainders by the dual-lapping were determined in accordance with the surface states of the sapphire.Then micro-surface uniformity of the sapphire was also presented by using WYKO laser equipment. Finally,a nano-indentation test was carried out to measure the depth of damaged layer according to the hardness or modulus variances. Experimental results show that the sapphire crystal can offer the Ra in 0.523 μm,Rt<6.0 μm, the depth of heavy damaged layer of 460 nm,and the depth of sub-surface damaged layer no more than 1 μm, after it is lapped by the abrasive with 280 mesh boron carbide grits in 120 min.

Errors of structural parameters are one of the main factors causing uncertainty of Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuring Machines (AACMM), however, the accuracy of AACMMs can be improved efficiently by identifying structural parameters accurately. In this paper,the homogeneous transformation equations of 6-DOF AACMMs were established based on Denavit-Hartenberg model and a method to identify structural parameters with a cone-shape hole was analyzed. Then,a Modified Simulated Annealing Algorithm (MSAA) was presented to identify the structural parameters of the AACMMs. The MSAA can keep the best solution during search and can reduce the search range when the solution approaches to the global minimum, which improves the search efficiency and accuracy. The definition of single-point repeatability was deduced, and the structural parameters of AACMMs were identified by using single-point repeatability as the objective function based on the MSAA. A 6-DOF AACMM was used to carry out experimental tests to evaluate the efficiency of the presented method, the single-point results show that after identification, the repeatability and length measurement accuracy of the AACMM are improved by 7.87 and 5.59 times respectively.

Based on the Fresnel diffraction theory, the influence of the vertex manufacture precision of an axicon on the light propagation is analyzed in detail. It is points out that the axicon is equal to a plano-convex lens for focusing the beams when the vertex is machined to a circle. However,the blunt-tip region of a real axicon can be described actually by a hyperbola, where the aberration non-diffracting beams will be formed due to the interference oscillation. This paper presents the theoretical derivations of diffractive fields from the axicon with different vertexes and analyzes and simulates their characteristics of beam propagation and transformation. Finally, a method for modifying the influence of a hyperbola-tip axicon is proposed to correct the interference effect and to obtain an approximate non-diffraction beam. It is shown that proposed method has guiding significance to the application of the real manufacture axicon.

In order to obtain micro-structured surfaces with nano-surface finish, a three-dimensional diamond fly-cutting system was established based on a ‘Nanosys-300’ ultra-precision machining system. The effects of the spindle speed, feed rate, as well as the cut depth on the roughness were investigated, respectively. The analytical result of Theoretic Surface Roughness (TSR) shows that the TSR is a constant along the normal direction, while TSR is a periodic variety along the feed direction. The TSR is reduced with the decreases of feed rate and nose angle of a tool or the increase of cutting radius. The experimental results reveal that roughness Ra is reduced with the decreases of feed rate and cut depth on Polycarbonate(PC), while it is increased with the decrease cut depth or the increase of feed rate on aluminium(LY12). However,the spindle speed have not a significant impact on Ra for both materials. The roughness of 38 nm on LY12 and 43 nm on PC are achieved.Finally,a micro pyramid array and a V-groove array are processed with the pointed V-shaped single crystal diamond tool on aluminum alloy LY12 successfully.

As the laser gyroscopes and accelerometers in a ring laser gyroscope Strapdown Inertial Navigation System(SINS) generate high noises by the dither motion of a base and a low pass fitering and a wavelet method can not suppress the noises in real time effectively,this paper presents a prefiltering method combining a low pass filtering and a Kalman filtering based on a hidden Markov model.Firstly, the output of a sensor is filtered by the lowpass filter,then it is filtered by the steady-state Kalman filter based on the hidden Markov model.By this way, the large sensor noise brought by the dither motion of the base can be lowed down to a very low level. Experiment results show that this prefiltering method can work efficiently with a low computational complexity. When the vehicle engine is on, the standard variances of the ring laser gyroscope and accelerometer are suppressed from 300°/h to 1°/h and from 11 mg to 40 μg, respectively. It is concluded that the proposed prefiltering can help SINS accomplish the initial alignment on a rocking base.

In order to accurately and efficiently extract skeletons from 3D images, a new parallel 3D skeletonization algorithm is proposed. The distances of original images are firstly transformed, and then iterative parallel thinning is performed. Each iteration is divided into 6 sub iterations, one sub iteration is used to process a kind of boundary points,and the foreground points satisfying the primary selection rule are labeled. After 6 sub iterations are completed, labeled points are rechecked in an ascending distance order,and those who satisfy thinning conditions are deleted. This process is repeated until there is no point deleted. This algorithm is applied to 2D and 3D images, obtained skeletons are consistent with that by the visual apperception. This algorithm guarantees the connectivity and topology of extracted skeletons, and its median can be validated by caculating the distance values of skeleton points,which reflects the essence characteristics of the object.

Aiming at complex time-varying non-cooperative satellite communication environments with a lower Signal-to-noise Ratio(SNR), a double-channel blind detection algorithm of satellite communication signals based on an energy spectrum and a bispectrum slice is presented. Firstly,the power spectrum is calculated to detect the energy; then,the bispectrum slice is fastly computed by the power spectrum to implement bispectrum detection; finally, the two results are combined. By making use of the second and the third order statistics synchronously, the method increases available information and is favorable to improving the detection performance. Simulation results indicate that detection probability of the method is 10% higher than that of any of the above two in the same lower SNR conditions without adding computational complexity relative to that of energy detection. The presented algorithm can satisfy non-cooperative satellite communication requirements of high speeds, real-time and lower SNRs.

In video tracking, target detection and target tracking can not be implemented by an algorithm synchronously, so the image processing is complex and processing time is very long. To implement the target detection and target tracking of sequential color images in real time, a target tracking algorithm was presented based on a particle filtering in this paper. By taking the target information and target positions as the variables, a hybrid valued sequential state vector is established, and the target detection and the target tracking are implemented synchronously by using the particle filtering method. Moreover, in order to reduce process time, the color-based feature histogram is presented based on the pixel position weight in tracking fields as an observing vector, and then it is used in the posterior estimation successfully. Experimental results indicate that a target can be detected and tracked synchronously in 14.37 ms by using 150 particles for a color image with a size of 768 pixel×576 pixel. Obtained results also prove that the method has higher robustness due to its stable tracking state in the rotation and scalar change of the target.

In consideration of the low speed, small capacity and invalid block existing in a NAND flash, the reliability storage solutions of a high speed and high capacity image recorder based on NAND flash are proposed. After analyzing the structure and characteristics of NAND flash and separating written invalid block from non-written invalid blocks in the flash, the classified data matching and detection mechanism based on CAM are presented to raise the invalid block information matching speed,and a SRAM array backup is adopted to prevent data writing errors. Based on this, a dual pipelining mechanism based on a dual bus structure is proposed to prevent the interruption of writing pipelining when the invalid block is occurred in multiple pipelining grade during writing. An experiment based on a hardware platform is carried out,which indicates that the algorithm can identify the invalid blocks in 5 system clock periods and can offer the consistent storage speed of 960 Mb/s, consistent read speed of 1.152 Gb/s and the erasing speed up to 27.3 Gb/s.Moreover,the system storage capacity is up to 80 GB.

Currently, palm-print sampling instruments all take advantage of PCs to control scanners or image sampling cards to achieve the image sampling. To improve the sampling speed and reduce the noise interference, a new instrument based on Digital Signal Processing(DSP) is proposed and its sampling mechanism,optical structure and hardware circuits are designed. A core, TMS320VC5509A DSP of the TI Company, is used as a control element to extend the storage space while a decoder SAA7113H is controlled to convert the real palm-prints into digital images, so that the sampling procedure is achieved in the off-PC state. An experiment for sampling palm-print images is undertaken and the obtained images are recognized.Experimental results indicate that the sampling time by proposed equipment is 0.6 s for one image and the correct recognition rate is 99.47% ,which shows that this equipment operates at its highest speed, anti-noise character and recognition rate.

To meet the requirements of many industries for not only the profile information but also the colour information of subjects, a system of colouring is established. Errors caused by the difference of the geometrical properties of the measured surface in the process of assigning colour directly are researched. In order to account for the change in the geometrical properties of the measured surface, it is divided into several sub-units, so the change of the geometrical properties of the measured surface can be considered as the change in the relative position among the sub-units and the projector, as well as the camera. The mathematical model is then established based on the positional relation. The relation between the slope change of the sub-units and their incident intensity and scattered intensity is analyzed. Finally, by combining with the impact of the relation on the colour information, the selection principle for the sub-units is determined to eliminate the errors of the colouring brought by the impact of the incident and the scattered intensities. Further, a colouring procedure that is not affected by the incident and scattered intensities is given. The simulation and experimental application of the colouring are executed by making use of the 3D measured data given by the 3D measurement system. The results show that the incident and scattered intensities of the different parts of the measured surface is corrected uniformly, and the errors in R, G, B colour weights are less than 0.02 (the values of R, G, B range between 0 and 1). Colouring information of the measured surface is almost uniform compared with its real colour, and even by changing the measuring angle, there is still a good visual effect.

To improve the resolution and Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR) of seismic signals, the sweeping mode of pseudo-random code of a seismic vibrator was investigated. The sweeping mode of binary pseudo-random code was discussed, then a new sweeping mode for ternary pseudo-random code was presented. The principle of the pseudo-random code was researched and how to generate the pseudo-random code was given. Based on the obtained pseudo-random code, a pseudo-random code sequence was designed for practical applications. Furthermore, a signal generator of ternary sweeping for the pseudo-random code was embedded into the vibrator, and tested results show that modulation frequency has significant effects on the final self-correlation results. Analysis results on self-correlation function indicate that the SNR obtained from the sweeping mode of ternary pseudo-random code has been improved by 9% as compared with that of the sweeping mode of binary pseudo-random code, which means that obtained sweeping signals are suitable for the seismic exploration.

To segment a binary seal image out of a check image without distortion,an adaptive morphological segmentation algorithm based on a top-hat transformation is proposed to accurately extract a binary Chinese square seal from a bank check. A gray scale square seal is extracted from a coloured bank check according to the colour information. Different Chinese characters have different stroke features and background evenness. To respectively process each character in the square seal, the seal is divided into four sub-squares. Then,the background across each sub-square of the grey scale seal image is smoothed by the top-hat transformation. The size of the structuring element in the top-hat transformation can have a significant influence on the segmentation. So an adaptive method is proposed to iteratively estimate the proper size of the structuring element according to the local foreground area. In each sub-square, the optimal size of the structuring elements, respectively, for the imprint frame and the character are estimated. With their optimal structuring elements, the character and the imprint frame in each sub-square are filtered by the top-hat transform and binarized by the Otsu’s method. The experimental result shows that when 350 different square seals are segmented in bank checks,only 2 segmented seals have distortions.It is proved that the proposed algorithm can correctly segment Chinese characters with intricate and dense strokes in a bank check square seal. Adhesion and incompleteness distortions in the segmentation results are reduced, even when the original square seal has poor quality.

In order to improve the inspection success rate and velocity of an in-line Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) system of Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs), the solder joints of a PCB are examined. The solder joint images are acquired by a structure illuminator and a 3-CCD color camera. Based on these images, the area features of the conventional types of PCB solder joints such as good, excessive, poor and pseudo are extracted with respect to the key sub-region in the solder joint. Five kinds of feature matrix models of solder joints are presented. A pattern matching algorithm for inspecting the solder joint is developed by maximizing the similarity of the same type of solder joins. To solve the problem of the threshold determined by experiences, a parameter adaptive learning strategy is presented. Finally, 1 040 chip solder joints on a PCB are inspected. Experimental results show that the success rate is as high as 96.5% and the inspection time is 9 s by using the proposed algorithm.This indicates that the proposed algorithm can achieve both a high success rate and inspection velocity.

A design method for a satellite data traffic system was developed by using a band-pass sampling theorem, the simulation system sampling rate was designed, from which the lowest equivalent carrier wave formula was deduced. The deduced formula could be applied to other simulation systems. At the same time, equivalent design methods for time and frequency of the practical system were presented. According to the system function structure, the system software frame and running threads were studied. Finally, corresponding function models were realized. Two work modes including an independent running and a network controlling were provided to simulate integrally functional models required by the transmitter and receiver of the satellite data-traffic system including radio modulation. Based on the evaluation model, the frequency spectrum, eye pattern and relation of Bit Error Ratio(BER) and Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR) were presented. Experimental results show that when the SNR is equal to -2.52 dB,the BER of this simulation system is 10-5. The simulation results are basically in agreement with theoretical values.

As part of the RFID flip chip package development, the high speed manipulator has obvious nonlinear and time-variable characters， so a nonlinear adaptive inverse control is needed. The key to this method is to identify the high speed manipulator by using a third-order Volterra nonlinear model in limited time and with sufficient accuracy. However,it is hard to satisfy real-time requirement with a conventional method. This paper proposes a fast identification algorithm to resolve the problem. Firstly, a high-order input vector is constructed from a low-order input vector according to the structural character. Next, it speeds up the estimates of high-order kernels based on low-order kernels according to their correlation. Finally, it uses a linear variable step-size LMS strategy in a nonlinear algorithm and proves convergence with the Lyapunov global stability theorem.In experiments with a manipulator based on conventional and proposed methods, respectively, the results show that this algorithm reduces the identification time from 100 ms to 30 ms, improves convergent speed 3.3 times and reduces misadjustment by 93.3%, as well as having great precision. It can satisfy both requirements of real-time and identification precision .

A new algorithm to estimate the scale and orientation of a tracking window is presented. The algorithm overcomes the problem that the traditional Mean Shift based tracking algorithm often fails when a deformable target is tracked because of the rigid tracking window. Firstly, the principal components of the variance matrix are adopted to compute the scale and orientation of tracking target, then the similarity measure and Kalman filter are used to update the tracking window. Experimental results show that the algorithm can be implemented in real-time and can adapt to changes of scale and orientation of the moving object. The average computing time is only 17.45 ms/frame with the object's scales varying between 35 pixel×17 pixel and 176 pixel×80 pixel. This algorithm can satisfy the requirements for tracking non-rigid objects.

There is a contradiction between the 14 bits output data of an infrared thermal imager and the 8 bits input data of its monitor in a real-time infrared image processing system. A novel algorithm for real-time infrared image enhancement based on Field Programmble Gate Array(FPGA) is proposed not only to solve this problem but also to satisfy the real-time and mass data needs of the system. Firstly, an image mean filter is used to compute the local limit values for each frame dynamically. Secondly, a multi-level average statistics method is designed to calculate the values of segment points for each gray normalization partition. Finally, the mean of different linear normalizations on different gray level segments is calculated to enhance the infrared image. The whole algorithm is developed on FPGA hardware with Verilog language. Experimental results show that this algorithm resolves the problem that the output values of an un-cooled focal plane array detector vary with its working life. Moreover, the algorithm reduces the impact from bad pixels, and enhances the detail of an image that has objects at both high and low temperatures in a scene. Compared with histogram projection, one of the most traditional image enhancement methods, this algorithm shortens the computation time by about 1.38 ms and the memory resource reduces by 97.6%. It can be implemented more easily by FPGA and performed better in a real-time infrared image enhancement system. In terms of engineering applications, the proposed scheme with simple architecture, high reliability and low cost characters can provide a valuable reference for future designs of real-time infrared image processing systems.

For the overwhelming majority of E-O imaging systems, spatial resolution is strictly limited by the detector. This paper studies the main reasons for the influence of the detector on resolution and proposes an imaging method based on special-shaped detectors to enhance the resolution. It is implemented by two detector-arrays of special-shaped pixel where each pixel is reduced by 25% in size. The multiple mis-registered frames are used to solve the grayscale matrix and reconstruct the super-resolution image in the post-detection processing. It presents a theoretical assessment that if a small part of the active area of each pixel is deducted, the frequency-response distribution of the complement will be equal to that of the deducted part independent of the amplitude. To demonstrate the arrangement, a MWIR experiment is undertaken,then two 46 μm×46 μm linear arrays with a 100% full factor are chosen initially and a quarter each pixel is removed. The result demonstrates that the bar-contrast interval is discriminated in an objective space by up to 3.1 mm using an optical system composed of a 6 000 mm f/10 collimator and a 50 mm IR lens. By contrast, it is equivalent to an 11.04 mm with conventional imaging method and 6.9 mm through oversampling technology. The study verifies that the most visually pleasing image or some specific information can be captured by system-matching from optics to electronics for better processing, and including some pre-detection and post-detection processing.