As a large class of secondary metabolites, PKs have important biological activity and economic value. Streptomyces has the potential to synthesize a variety of PKs, whereas the yield of PKs synthesized by wild-type strains is difficult to meet the needs of industrial production. The degradation of storage lipids can provide a large number of acyl-CoA precursors for the biosynthesis of PKs. Therefore, controlling the balance of the biosynthetic flux of fatty acids and PKs is conducive to improving the production of the target PKs. This paper briefly reviews on improving the production of PKs by strengthening the fatty acids β-oxidation pathway, and prospects prospective research ideas on improving the biosynthesis of PKs by engineering the β-oxidation pathway.

Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) is a non-scanning optical imaging technique with wide field of view for monitoring blood flow velocity. LSCI technology has advantages of high temporal-spatial resolution, fast real-time imaging, non-contact, simple structure, and no contrast agent. Here we briefly introduced the basic principles of LSCI, structures of reflective-detected LSCI and transmissive-detected-LSCI. In addition, this paper reviewed the latest research progress of LSCI in biomedical applications such as skin blood flow, cerebral cortex and retinal blood flow, and makes further prospects for its development, provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for blood flow monitoring.

The erbium-trium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) is a short-pulse laser that can be used for hard tissue ablation, soft tissue debridement and root canal decontamination. It can be effectively used in deciduous teeth removal, resin bonding, superordinate teeth extraction, lingual lacunae extension, root canal washing and other aspects. Because the operation is painless, it is more acceptable to children, hence it is very common in pediatric stomatology application research. This article reviews the application of Er:YAG in pediatric stomatology from the above aspects.

Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) is a high-resolution imaging device. It uses the principle of “conjugate imaging”, the image quality obtained is much higher than that of ordinary fluorescence microscopy. LSCM has two pairs of pinholes, namely illumination pinhole and detection pinhole, which have different function respectively and are the key to realize conjugate imaging. Although the size and position of the illumination pinhole are generally fixed, LSCM can obtain high-quality images by adjusting the size of the detection pinhole. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the link between parameter of pinhole and the higher quality picture for LSCM. Therefore, this paper reveals the principle of pinhole in LSCM and its relationship with resolution. Furthermore, based on immunofluorescence image analysis for specific proteins expression in white matter of mouse spinal cord, we found that optimization for pinhole play an important role in LSCM image quality improving. This study would provide important reference for LSCM imaging analysis.

There is a significant sex difference in the growth of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) at the same age which shows that males are longer in length and heavier in weight than females. mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) signaling pathway plays an important role in cell growth, development and protein synthesis. In order to understand the correlation between the nutritional growth mechanism of yellow catfish and the mTOR signaling pathway, this study firstly analyzed the muscle nutrient composition of female and male yellow catfish in the aspects of physiology and biochemistry. The results showed that the nutritional quality of female yellow catfish muscle was better than that of the wild female yellow catfish in terms of mineral elements, amino acid composition, protein evaluation and fatty acid quality, while there was little difference in water, crude protein and crude fat content between them. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was conducted for the major genes of mTOR signaling pathway. The results showed that the expressions of AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), AKT serine/threonine kinase 2 (AKT2), AKT serine/threonine kinase 3 (AKT3), mTOR, ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1 (S6KA), ribosomal protein S6 kinase B2 (S6KB), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) in muscle, liver, kidney and heart tissues of male yellow catfish were significantly higher than those of female. This may be related to the growth differences of female and male yellow catfish. These results provide an experimental basis for further exploring the molecular mechanism of sexual growth difference of yellow catfish.

Long-term blue light exposure beyond the risk limit is an important factor that causes retinal degenerative diseases, and damage to the retinal pigment epithelium is the key source of retinal light damage. In this study, we investigated the damaging effects of 448 nm blue light on human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells and the mode of apoptosis. ARPE-19 cells were irradiated with 25 mW/cm2 blue light for 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours, and cell activity was detected immediately by Calcein AM staining 24 h after irradiation. RT-PCR was used to examine the expression of necrotic apoptosis related genes 24 hours after irradiation, and the Western blotting was used to examine the expression of necroptosis-related and DNA-damage related proteins. The cell morphology changed significantly in the 9-hour and 12-hour groups, the cells swelled, the intercellular space was enlarged, and a large number of cell fragments and non-adhesive cells were observed. Compared with the normal group, the expression levels of the necroptosis-related genes RIPK1 and RIPK3 were significantly higher 3～9 hours after blue light irradiation, and reached the maximum value at 9 h. The expression levels of necroptosis-related proteins RIPK1, RIPK3, P-MLKL markers significantly increased with the increase of irradiation time after 6～12 h blue light irradiation, and reached the highest value at 12 h. The expression level of DNA damage-related γ-H2AX protein increased significantly after 3～12 h blue light irradiation, and reached the highest value at 12 h. The expression of necroptosis-related genes reached the maximum after 9 hours of blue light irradiation, while the expression of necroptosis-related proteins reached the maximum after 12 hours irradiation. It was speculated that 25 mW/cm2 blue light irradiation for 12 h may cause the necroptosis in ARPE-19 cells, and the degree of DNA damage may be related to the occurrence of necroptosis.

Pheophorbide being a oxygenase gene (PaO) encoded a key enzyme in the process of chlorophyll degradation. In this study, in order to understand the characteristics of the TaPaOs gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and the role it plays in the aging process, the published genome-wide information of wheat and other species was used to analyze the genetic features of the TaPaOs family, preliminarily identified their functions by real-time fluorescence quantitative (qRT-PCR) technology. The results showed that a total of 18 TaPaOs family members were found in wheat, distributed on 15 chromosomes. The encoded proteins were hydrophilic, most of which were unstable proteins, and their subcellular localization was predicted in chloroplasts. The promoter regions of the 18 family members contained a large number of response elements, among which the light response element (G-Box) and ABA response element (ABRE) were the most. The expression patterns of the TaPaOs gene family in different tissues were analyzed and found that leaves were the most, followed by stems and lowest roots. Most of the family members upregulated expression during ABA-induced aging, dark induced aging, and natural aging, especially TaPaO2, TaPaO5, and TaPaO6 would be used as the focus of wheat aging research, which laid the foundation for further study of the TaPaoOs gene family function in wheat.

To research the influence on serum metabolism caused by Macleaya cordat extract and antibiotics in weaning goats (Capra hircas). Goats with similar body condition and consistent genetic background were randomly divided into three treatments. There were the control group (CON group) fed ordinary diet, Macleaya group (MAC group) fed control diet supplemented with 0.3 g/d Macleaya cordata extract and the antibiotics group (ANT group) fed control diet supplemented with 21 mg/(kg·d–1) vancomycin and 42 mg/(kg·d–1) neomycin. The results of determination showed that supplementing Macleaya cordata extract or antibiotics did not affect the growth performance (P>0.05). However, compared with the CON group, supplemental Macleaya cordata increased the level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the serum (P<0.01). In addition, when compared with the CON group the content of α- ketoglutarate in antibiotics group and MAC group decreased. Antibiotics increased the contents of tryptophan, phenylalanine, chenodeoxycholic, and the content of taurodeoxycholic acid decreased. The contents of glutamic acid and leucine decreased, while the contents of guanosine and inosine increased by Macleaya cordata supplementation. KEGG analysis showed that the differential metabolites of MAC group and ANT group partially coincide in the pathways of amino acid metabolism and synthesis. Compared to CON group, antibiotics treatment affected arachidonic acid metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and butyric acid metabolism, etc. However, the differential metabolites of MAC group were significantly enriched in amino acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism and purine metabolism pathway compared with the CON group. In conclusion, the addition of antibiotics or Macleaya cordata in the diet can change the amino acid metabolism in the serum, while the addition of Macleaya cordata can enhance the immune function of the body, and can replace antibiotics in the application of feed additives.

Rosmarinic acid, as a natural acid-secreting compound, has been widely used in the treatment of various cancers. In order to explore the therapeutic effects of rosmarinic acid on human cervical cancer. The experiments of cell proliferation, migration and autophagy were carried out in this study for functional verification, and Western blotting was used to verify the possible signaling pathways. The results showed that the proliferation ability of human cervical cancer significantly decreased after rosmarinic acid treatment; the cell migration ability was also inhibited, the expressions of autophagy-related proteins ATG5 and Beclin1 were up-regulated, and the expressions of PI3K, AKT and mTOR proteins decreased. This suggests that rosmarinic acid may promote cell autophagy and inhibit the proliferation and migration of cervical cancer cells by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby achieving the effects of inhibiting or treating human cervical cancer. This further indicates the potential value of rosmarinic acid as an anticancer drug. It provides a new theory for the research and development of anticancer drugs.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the expression of epithelial membrane protein-3 (EMP3) in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) and its correlation with clinical prognosis. The expression of EMP3 in SKCM and normal tissues was analyzed using GEPIA database. UALCAN database, TIMER database and GEPIA database were used to analyze the relationship between the expression of EMP3 and the prognosis of SKCM patients. The correlations between the expression of EMP3 and immune infiltration cells level and related markers of immune infiltration cells in SKCM were analyzed using TIMER database. The results showed that the expression of EMP3 in SKCM was significantly higher than that in normal tissues. The expression of EMP3 was not related to the overall survival rate of primary SKCM patients, whereas the high expression of EMP3 was significantly related to the lower overall survival rate of metastatic SKCM patients. The infiltration levels of B cells, CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells were not associated with the prognosis of patients with primary SKCM, whereas the low infiltration levels of B cells, CD8+T cells, neutrophils, and dendritic cells were significantly associated with lower overall survival rate of patients with metastatic SKCM. The high expression of EMP3 in metastatic SKCM was significantly correlated with the lower infiltration levels of CD8+T cells, macrophages and neutrophils, and the lower expression of most markers of CD8+T cells and macrophages. This study suggests that the expression of EMP3 in metastatic SKCM is related to immune infiltration and clinical prognosis, which provides a theoretical basis for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis evaluation of metastatic SKCM.

Fanconi anemia complementation group protein E (FANCE), which is a member of FA family, plays a critical role in DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair and contributes to progression of tumor. We used series of bioinformatics to predict and analyze the properties of human FANCE, involving homology, physicochemical property, hydrophobicity, signal peptide, subcellular localization, protein structure, protein-protein interaction, B/T cell epitopes and its correlation with tumor. FANCE was hydrophobic protein, without signal peptide and transmembrane region, mainly distributed in nucleus and cytoplasm. It showed being high conserved in evolution, of which secondary structure was characterized as α-helices and random coils, and had 2 N-glycosylation, 9 O-glycosylation and 48 phosphorylation sites. FANCE also could interact with FANCM, FANCD2, FANCC etc., and had many potential B/T cell epitopes and 17 antigenic determinants. FANCE was lowly expressed in LAML and SKCM, low FANCE expression reduced overall patient survival in SKCM. This study provides a theoretical basis for further researching the molecular mechanism of FANCE in tumors, which may offer potential as a novel therapeutic target.

A strain of microorganism that demonstrated efficient nitrogen removal potential under low C/N conditions was screened from landfill leachate. The strain was identified as Galactomyces candidum by ITS sequencing, and growth density and removal of ammonia nitrogen were assessed after 24 h of incubation. The results showed that the optimum ammonia nitrogen reduction conditions for G. candidum was at pH 8.0 and 30 ℃, with a C/N ratio of 1.5; the highest rate of ammonia nitrogen removal was 93.1%. This novel function of G. candidum offers great potential in the removal of ammonia nitrogen from sewage, especially in low C/N wastewater. Our study provides a new theoretical basis for the industrial application of microorganism in the biochemical treatment of wastewater and reduces environmental pollution.