As a large class of secondary metabolites, PKs have important biological activity and economic value. Streptomyces has the potential to synthesize a variety of PKs, whereas the yield of PKs synthesized by wild-type strains is difficult to meet the needs of industrial production. The degradation of storage lipids can provide a large number of acyl-CoA precursors for the biosynthesis of PKs. Therefore, controlling the balance of the biosynthetic flux of fatty acids and PKs is conducive to improving the production of the target PKs. This paper briefly reviews on improving the production of PKs by strengthening the fatty acids β-oxidation pathway, and prospects prospective research ideas on improving the biosynthesis of PKs by engineering the β-oxidation pathway.