Cryptochrome (Cry) is a flavoprotein that regulates gene expression and entrains circadian rhythms. It has a high degree of homology with the photolyase. Drosophila cryptochrome (dCry) is type I animal Cry. It functions as a photoreceptor in Drosophila circadian clock. In structure, dCry contains a photolyase homology region at N terminal, and a C-terminal tail. The photolyase homology region binds an flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor, and has an electron transfer pathway consisting of a tryptophan triad (or tetrad). The C-terminal tail of dCry binds to a pocket structure at the photolyase homology region, in a manner resembling that substrate binds to photolyase. Under illumination, the bound FAD cofactor can accept an electron transferred by the tryptophan triad (or tetrad), and be photoreduced. Then, the C-terminal tail may eject from the pocket structure, leading to the conformational changes of dCry, and signal is transmitted to downstream by protein interaction. Hitherto, the mechanism of photoreception and signaling state of dCry are still controversial. In one model, the oxidized state of dCry is converted to the anion radical state upon photoreduction, which is the possible signaling state of dCry; in the alternative mode, dCry contains FAD?– in the ground state, the excitation of FAD?– by light to FAD?–* causes the conformational change, which is responsible for signaling. Nevertheless, the experiments on action spectrum of dCry revealed that signaling state of dCry may not be restricted with the photoreduction of FAD, and lights at different wavelengths may have different effects on dCry. Here, the functions of dCry in the entrainment of circadian clock and its structural features are reviewed, as well as the possible photoreception mechanisms and the signaling states of it, to provide theoretical reference for further exploration on the physiological functions and action mechanisms of dCry.

Based on OCT, OCTA is a newly invented, non-invasive, fast and safe technology of volumetric imaging about blood flow. According to the OCT signal information they use, methods of OCTA can be divided into three categories: phase based algorithms, amplitude based algorithms and complex algorithms. After depicting the imaging principle, specific algorithm and advantages/disadvantages, methods of these three categories are compared in which complex category achieve best performance on imaging. Research progress is combined to discuss the prospect of OCTA.

Catechins and their derivatives, the main component of polyphenols in tea, have been found to have strong antiviral effects. They have strong inhibitory effects on various viruses, especially for influenza virus, which is considered as a potential antiviral precursor. It was found that tea catechins and their derivatives may be the priority compounds in the design of anti-influenza drugs. This paper reviews the history of the inhibition of influenza virus by catechins and their derivatives, and reviews its action mechanism and clinical research progress, which provides reference for the further research of tea polyphenols against influenza virus.

Arrangement and density of collagen fibers in burn scar were detected by second harmonic and polarized light imaging techniques in mice. The burn model was established on the back of mice, excisions of burn wounds were undertaken following current clinical practice, arrangement and density of collagen fibers in papillary layer and reticular layer of scar and scar edge were studied by second harmonic and polarized light imaging techniques in vivo and ex vivo. The results of second harmonic imaging showed that collagen fibers were randomly arranged, arrangement consistency was low, collagen fibers were sparse, area density was small in papillary layer and reticular layer of normal skin, however, arrangement consistency and area density were increased significantly in papillary layer and reticular layer of scar and scar edge. The results of liquid crystal polarized light imaging technology showed that variation of azimuth of collagen fibers were reduced significantly, retardance were increased in papillary layer and reticular layer of scar and scar edge compared with normal skin. We found that arrangement and density of collagen fibers in papillary layer and reticular layer of scar and scar edge were changed by second harmonic and polarized light imaging technology, the results of second harmonic and liquid crystal polarized light imaging technology had the same trend. The results would lay the foundation for non-invasive identification of scar tissue through second harmonic imaging technology in future, and provide methods for diagnosing scars in human and assess effectiveness of scar treatment.

To analyze the microarray data to screen its potential pathogenesis at the molecular level, and explore the potential biomarkers of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The expression data of GSE63459, GSE27262 and GSE75037 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and the differentially expressed genes were obtained from three microarray datasets, including 82 up-regulated genes and 273 down-regulated genes. The function and pathway enrichment of these differential genes were analyzed by DAVID data mining platform. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the gene products were closely related to collagen catabolism, angiogenesis, cell adhesion and other biological processes, mainly involved in the composition of extracellular matrix, extracellular region, extracellular body, collagen trimer and other cellular components, and mainly played a role in regulating the activity of metalloendopeptidase, heparin binding, regulation of receptor activity and other molecular functions. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis mainly involves extracellular matrix-receptor signal pathway, adhesion spot signal pathway, TGF-βsignal pathway, PI3K-Akt signal pathway and other related pathways. Then the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by using STRING online database and Cytoscape software, and the most important gene modules and 10 key genes were screened. Then the prognosis was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier plotter, and the relationship between key genes and prognosis was verified and analyzed by GEPIA and THPA online database from gene and protein level. Finally, four key genes of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) were screened : SPP1, TIMP1, MMP9 and COL1A1. These four genes may become potential biomarkers of prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma, and may become therapeutic targets and diagnostic targets, which have certain value for clinical diagnosis and treatment of LUAD.

The purpose of this experiment was to explore the effects of adding active yeasts and their cultures on the lactation performance, feed intake, blood biochemical parameters and immunity of lactating Holstein cows in different lactation periods. The experiment used a two-factor completely randomized block test design. According to the principle of similar body weight and parity, 48 lactating dairy cows were divided into four groups, 12 in each group, 6 in pre-lactation and 6 in mid-lactation. The cow in the control group (CG group) was fed with the basic diet, and cows in the other three groups were fed with 0.075% LY yeast, 0.100% Se-enriched yeast (SY group) and 0.075% Se-enriched yeast and Lesfox yeast mixture (LY+SY group). The trial period of the study was 45 days, including 10 days of adaptation and 35 days of experiment. The results showed that: 1) Compared with the CG group and the other two experimental groups, the milk yield in SY group was significantly increased (P0.05). The feed utilization rate in SY group was significantly lower than that in LY group and LY+SY group at the early lactation stage (P0.05). 3) The level of blood amylase (AMY) in CG group was the highest at the early lactation stage, whereas the difference was not significant (P>0.05). The level of blood AMY and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in LY+SY group were significantly higher than those of other three groups at the middle lactation stage (P0.05). However, the IgG content in LY+SY group was significantly higher than those in CG group and SY group in the middle lactation stage (P<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of active yeast and their culture in feed has a positive effect on improving immunity of dairy cows. This study provides a certain theoretical support and guiding significance for the feed formulation of dairy cows in the breeding industry.

In order to study the regulation mechanism of gene expression in Drosophila heart development, obtaining the antibody of its corresponding target is essential, however so far there is no commercial antibodies used for research purpose, therefore we prepared antibodies rapidly by adopting DNA immune technology. Svp (seven-up) is one of the marker genes of cardiac development in Drosophila. In the first instance, Svp coding sequence which was obtained through PCR cloning was inserted into the pCAGGS-P7 eukaryotic expression vector. Secondly, we collected the antibodies by injecting recombinant vectors (pCAGGS-P7-Svp) directly into wild-type mice, making the exogenous genes expressed in the living body, through which antigens stimulated immune response and induces specific humoral and cellular immune response. Western blot and embryo immunofluorescence were used to detect the titer and specificity of Svp antibody. The result showed that polyclonal antibodies against Svp of high titer and specificity were obtained, which laid the foundation for further cardiac development research in Drosophila.

Normal expression of the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway plays an important role in regulation of normal cell growth and differentiation, and research on target sites in the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway thus has become a hotspot on targeted anticancer therapy. Low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) was discussed for its influence on RKO colorectal cancer cells through the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. RKO cells were irradiated by the 632.8 nm infrared laser, and RT-PCR method was adopted for screening gene expressions of APC、β-catenin and DVL in the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway of RKO cells irradiated by a gradient low-level laser. Results of the RT-PCR showed that the low-level laser with an energy density of 15?J/cm2 reduced β-catenin expression of RKO cells, and increased APC and DVL expressions, indicating both an increasing trend as the rising energy density and a statistical discrepancy. Related indicators of RKO cells were tested for their changes by qRT-PCR and Western blot methods, under the low-level laser irradiation of 15 J/cm2. Results of qRT-PCR showed that gene expressions of Wnt5A, LRP5 and TCF-4 indicated different levels of reduction, with a statistical discrepancy. Results of Western blot showed that reduction in protein expression of β-catenin, relative to that of the blank control group, had a statistically significant discrepancy. Both qRT-PCR and Western blot showed that low-level laser irradiation of 15 J/cm2 for short time still had an inhibiting effect on overexpression of Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway of RKO cells. By observation on low-level laser irradiation of 15 J/cm2 through viable and dead-cell kits staining, it can be seen that the dead RKO cells in experimental group were more than that in control group. In conclusion, low-level laser irradiation of 15 J/cm2 can delay proliferation of RKO colorectal cancer cells through inhibition on overexpression of Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway, and is dose-dependent with a time-accumulation effect; it can also activate the apoptosis pathway and therefore incur cell apoptosis. This paper, in view of the above, provided a new thinking for the treatment of colorectal cancer.

Soil bacterial communities play a critical role in the metabolism and cycling of soil carbon and nitrogen in grassland ecosystem. Here, we selected three typical degraded grassland community types in Guandi Mountain forest region and determined soil bacterial community composition and biodiversity using high-throughput sequencing technology. Data were analyzed with using QIIME, R software and ANOVA analysis. The results showed that soil bacterial community composition and alpha diversity were significantly different among different degraded grassland community types and soil layers. Heavy degraded Carex stenophylloides grassland (CS) top-soil had higher in soil bacterial alpha diversity and abundance of Gemmatimonadetes phylum and Arthrobacter genus that can decompose soil organic matter. Soil denitrifiers as important dominant taxa in grassland soil and its abundance increased with the aggravation of soil degradation. Soil bacterial community can reduce soil organic matter content and prompt soil nitrogen loss by decomposed soil organic matter and denitrification process, and to accelerate grassland degradation. This study can provide an important scientific basis for elucidating the main reason of grassland degradation and implementing the corresponding ecological restoration and protection works in the Guandi Mountain forest region.

Using anisomycin to activate JNK in glioma U251 cells, the antitumor effect of activated JNK on glioma was investigated, and the key transcription factor regulated by JNK was found. This paper uses an online analysis website to predict a tumor model regulated by JNK; through the use of anisemycin (JNK agonist), the effective regulation of intracellular P-JNK levels was achieved, and its optimal conditions are explored by Western blot experiments; through experiments such as CCK-8 detection, cell counting, cell scratching, and flow cytometry the effects of activated JNK on the cell proliferation, migration, and cell cycle of U251 cells were explored; RNA-seq analysis was used to find the key transcription factor regulated by JNK. The results show that, there is a strong correlation between JNK and the occurrence and development of gliomas through bioinformatics data analysis; after 1.0?h of 1.0μg/mL anisemycin, it can effectively activate the endogenous JNK activity of glioma U251 cells, inhibit cell proliferation and migration, and cause cell cycle arrest; RNA-seq analysis revealed that JNK may inhibit the growth of gliomas by regulating the activity of P53. This paper found that activating JNK can produce a tumor suppressive effect on gliomas, and it will provide a basis of JNK as a therapeutic target for gliomas; P53, the transcription factors found by RNA-seq analysis, that also provide a direction for further exploring the mechanism between JNK and the development of gliomas.

This experiment aims to simulate the Maillard reaction process by establishing a Suc-Asn reaction system to investigate the effect of xanthan gum on the formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in the system. The content of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in Suc-Asn reaction system was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, the browning degree were determined by spectrophotometry. The effects of xanthan gum concentration, reaction time, reaction temperature and pH value on the production, browning degree and content of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in Suc-Asn reaction system were systematically studied by single factor and orthogonal experiments. The optimal reaction conditions were 12 min reaction time, 160℃ reaction temperature, 0.1% xanthan gum solution concentration and pH value of 7. The reaction yielded the lowest 5-hydroxymethylfurfural content. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural has potential hidden danger. This test aims to provide more evidence for inhibiting the formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in food systems.

The effects of Penicillium tomii PT95 strain on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilisus, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiaeae, Rhizopus nigricansa, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus plantarum were studied by filter paper method and oxford cup method, the methods can screen out the most effective strain. At the same time, the minimum concentration of fermentation filtrate of Penicillium thomii was determined. Taking the diameter of bacteriostatic ring as an index, single factor test was used to optimize the culture conditions of carbon source, nitrogen source and inorganic salt etc. The results showed that Penicillium thomii PT95 strain had the most inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis, with the largest inhibition rate and up to 65.4%. The optimized medium was glucose 8.64?g/L, peptone 5.00?g/L, MgSO4·7H2O 0.30?g/L, NaCl 3.00?g/L, agar 20.00 g/L, pH7.0～7.2. Inhibitory substance was found abundantly in secondary metabolites of Penicillium thomii PT95 strain. Antibacterial activity was improved by optimal production conditions.

The objective of the present study was to determine the effects and mechanisms of dietary sea buckthorn pomace (SBP) supplementation on intramuscular fat (IMF) accumulation in LD muscle of ram lambs. A total of 30 Dorper × thin-tailed crossed ram lambs (4 months old) were randomly selected and equally assigned into 3 groups: control, 7.8SBP and 16SBP, which received 3 levels of SBP supplementation (0%, 7.8% and 16%). After experiment, the crude fat was determined by Soxhlet extraction, the number of mature adipocytes were determined by Masson trichrome staining. The real time-qPCR were used to determine key gene’s expression and Western blotting were used to analyze protein alteration. Additionally, ELISA was employed to analyze enzyme’s activity. Compare with control lambs, the WBSF in both 7.8SBP and 16SBP groups were decreased (P<0.01). The crude fat content in LD muscle of 16SBP was increased (P<0.05), together with higher mature adipocytes number (P<0.05). The mRNA content of key adipogenic related genes, including ZNF423 (P<0.05), PPARγ (P<0.05) and C/EBPα (P<0.01) were upregulated by the supplementation of 16%SBP. Consistently, both the C/EBPα and PPARγ content in LD muscle of lambs were higher compared with those from control group. SREBP1 was unregulated (P<0.05) in LD muscle of 16SBP lambs both at mRNA and protein level. Meanwhile, both mRNA (P<0.05) and enzymatic activity (P<0.05) of FAS were higher than that in control group. Moreover, ACC’s activity was significantly upregulated (P<0.05). Additionally, although both MDH and LPL activity were not affected by SBP supplementation, a reduced HSL activity was observed in lambs received 16% dietary SBP. Dietary 16%SBP supplementation effectively promoted intramuscular adipogenesis related transcriptional factors expression, and regulated triglyceride metabolisms through enzyme’s activity manipulation, which might be contributed to reduce WBSF.