A ring cavity fiber laser was proposed by using graphene as a saturable absorber for fiber optic communication and material processing. The principle how the grapheme could generate pulse trains and the laser output characteristics were studied experimentally. Then the laser induced deposition method was used to transfer the graphene to the fiber end face and place it in the ring laser cavity. By taking a 974 nm semiconductor laser as the pumping source and the Er3+-doped fiber as the gain medium, the laser generated stable pulse trains by changing the orientations of a polarizer above the threshold pump power. The experiment shows that the center wavelength of laser is 1 560.1 nm with a full width at half maximum spectrum of 0.27 nm and the pulse repetition rate is 7.89 MHz with a pulse width of 14.7 ps. It means that the graphene is expected to replace single-walled carbon nanotubes in pulsed laser applications as a novel mode-locked material because of its good saturable absorption properties and a higher damage threshold.

To acquire the instantaneous velocity outside the chamber of a high-speed bullet and its velocity distribution at different positions, this paper proposed a velocity measurement system with expanded beams based on the laser Doppler effect. The system expanded the exiting laser beam for two times and then made the two coherent beams intersect in the space to form a new probe volume with two dimensional broadening lengths. The system efficiently overcame the object deviation from the measurement region caused by the smaller probe volume in the traditional Laser Doppler Velocimiter (LDV). Therefore, it could measure the velocity of high-speed bullet that traditional LDV could not implement because of the trajectory deviation. Moreover, the system could also monitor the velocity distribution of the high-speed bullet at different positions in the trajectory by a parallel mode. Experiments for expanding different lasers were performed in different illuminating lights, and the Doppler signals were obtained from the photo-detector finally. The analysis results show that the average error of the measured velocities at 10-25 m/s can reach 1%-2%, which indicate that the proposed method is effective and feasible.

A tunable single frequency laser with ultralow-noise and high vibration resistance is developed, and its working principle and structure design are introduced. The laser worked at 1 550 nm is consisted of a single frequency laser resonant cavity, a polarization containing optical fiber amplifier and a monitoring feedback optical path. By using a closed-loop temperature control technology, the laser shows a higher precision and stability, and its extremely temperature control resolution is up to 0.001 ℃. Using frequency components and a matched closed-loop system ,the locked output frequency and power of the laser are implemented. The closed loop system not only gives the stability of wavelength and power, but also greatly reduces the low frequency noise of the laser system and effectively improves the laser damage threshold. As a result, the fiber laser can provide the long-term power stability better than 1% and the relative intensity noise better than -130 dBc/Hz. By selecting different types of seed light source cavities, the laser line-width can be controlled in the 1-400 kHz. Furthermore, the output power of fiber laser is 1 W and tunable wavelength is 3 nm. At 1 Hz, the phase noise is less than 10 μrad·Hz-12/m OPD and the shock resistance ability is 0.1g (g for the acceleration of gravity).

The reasons for the phase shifting errors in a phase shifting interferometric measurement were analyzed, and a method to correct the phase shifting errors was researched based on the least square method. The calculation and correction for the relative phase step amount between arbitrary two interferograms were implemented. With the combination of optical, mechanical, electrical and calculating subsystems, more than three step interferometric images with arbitrary intervals were achieved. Then, the iterative least-square algorithm was used to calculate the relative phase step amount between arbitrary two interferograms. The phase shift error was feedbacked to the hardware system and the phase step interval was corrected in self-adaption until the phase step interval was equal to the characteristic value of the phase shift. A phase shift error correction system based on iterative least-square algorithm was constructed to achieve phase step error self-correction on a phase shifting interferometry. The real measurement of optical surface was conducted to verify the correction of algorithm and the feasibility of phase step error self-correction system. The results show that the relative phase step error is less than 5%, and the root mean square error(RMS) for measurement repeatability of the optical surface is less than λ/1 000 with the help of the proposed phase step self-correction process.

A method to measure the focal length of Microlens-Array (MLA) is proposed based on Hartmann-Shack wavefront measurement principle and the Focus Determining Technique by Image Definition(FDTID). The composition of the measurement system is introduced and the measuring principle is given. Firstly, the plane wavefront from a collimator is imaged nearby the focus of the MLA, and the spherical wavefront induced by the standard lens is also imaged on the focus. Then, the focal length of MLA is calculated by determining the excursion between plane wavefront and spherical wavefront measurements. Finally, an experiment based on the analysis of measurement uncertainty and the application of FDTID is preformed to validate the feasibility of the proposed method. The measuring results demonstrate that the focal length measurement precision is about 3% and several sub-lenses of the MLA can be determined at single shot. It concludes that this method has higher precision and efficiency in the focal length measurement of MLA as compared with traditional methods.

To explore lightning properties, a near-infrared afocal continuous zoom laser beam expanding system with large zoom ratio was designed to simulate lightning spot elements with different sizes for the lightning scene in a laboratory. On the basis of Gaussian geometric method, the overall dimensions of the system was calculated and the diameters and focal powers of lenses were determined reasonably. By using ZEMAX optical design software, optical structural parameters of the system were optimized, then total performance of the system was analyzed and evaluated. As the results, the system shows a 13X beam expansion ratio and excellent emitting beams with higher energies, uniform spots, and diffraction-free rings, which meets the requirements for simulating lightning properties. Furthermore, the central wavelength of the afocal laser beam expanding system is 777.4 nm, the incident laser beam with a diameter of 1.0 mm is continuously adjustable by a stepper motor and the emitted beam diameter ranges from φ0.8 mm to φ10.6 mm. The beam expanding system has some advantages of fewer lenses, simple structures and smoothly zoom trajectory, and it is suitable for simulating lighting elements with different sizes.

In combination of local surface fitting and generalized bisection optimization search, an automatic registration method is proposed for the multi-view 3-D scattered point cloud registration in the shape measurement of a large scale free-form surface. First, the standard least square surface is fitted in a small local area of point clouds. According to the fitting residue, all the non-flat regions for given point clouds are extracted. Based on the definition of “adjacency” and “reachability” of graph theory and the statistical characteristics of spatial distribution of non-flat regions, the non-flat regions for pairwise adjacent point clouds are clustered and matched coarsely. Thereby, the initial transformation is obtained. Then, a point in source point cloud is given and the most closed point and its corresponding k neighboring points in destination point cloud are calculated. Furthermore, the Moving Least Squares(MLS) surface fitting is performed for the k neighboring points. The given point and its orthogonal projection point on the MLS surface are selected as the matching points. Finally, the generalized bisection optimization search is employed to optimize the transformation. Experimental results indicate that the proposed registration method is stable, reliable and without human interaction. It is also suitable for the situation of offset sampling. The average registration seam is about 0.02 mm when 150 matching points in overlapping region are used in optimization calculation. The proposed method meets the requirements of multi-view 3-D scattered point cloud registration in the shape measurement of large scale free-form surfaces.

Single emitter diode laser has better beam quality and longer lifetime as compared with a diode laser bar. However, its application to the material processing is limited by its lower output powers. To improve the output power of the single emitter diode laser, this paper proposed an optical fiber coupling method for single emitter diode lasers based on the polarization multiplexing. Firstly, 16 single emitters were divided into two laser groups, and the laser beam from the two groups was combined into one by spacial multiplexing technology. Then the beam was combined by polarization multiplexing again. Finally, a focusing system developed by ourselves was used to couple the combined beam into an optical fiber to improve the output power of the optical fiber coupling module. Experimental results show that the laser output of the module can reach 67 W from a fiber with a fiber core of 200 μm and a Numerical Aperture (NA) of 0.2 when the working current is 5.8 A. Moreover, the coupling efficiency of the module has reached 84%. This high power LD module can meet the requirements of plastic processing in power and beam quality.

To eliminate the effect of multi-surface interferometric effect on the profile measurement of transparent elements, an interferometric fringe measuring method was proposed based on wavelength tuning and Fourier transfer. Firstly, according to the principle of wavelength-tuned phase shifing and the thickness of the element to be measured, the element was put a proper position in the test accordance with the proportional relation between cavity length and element thickness. And then, a group of interferograms were captured by the wavelength phase-shifting technology. Finally, with disperse Fourier transform for the group of interferograms, the frequency information for the front surface, back surface and thickness variation of the measured element was extracted and the accurate surface information and thickness information were obtained through a reconstruction algorithm. Experimental results indicate that the differences of PV and RMS for the front surface are 0.003 and 0.001, and those for the back surface are 0 and 0.001 respectively as compared with the traditional 13-step phase-shifting interferometry. These results satisfy the system requirements of the high precision test and the lustration test of the elements.

On the basis of principle of the Depth of Field (DOF), the relationship between the DOF of microscopic system with its geometric DOF and physical DOF was researched. A new view that the relationship between the geometric DOF and the physical DOF satisfies “OR” instead of “SUM” in mathematics was proposed. Based on the view, this paper deduced the DOF formulae for the microscope equipped with an electronic ocular. To verify the derived results, a capillary measurement system was designed. With the measurement system, the DOFs for a microscope with a transversal magnification of 10×20 was measured experimentally by varying its effective numerical apertures and those for different types of microscopes were also measured when the effective numerical apertures were equal to the nominal values of the objectives. Obtained results show that the measured DOFs are in good consistent with the data calculated by the deduced formula. The theoretical analysis and measured results both indicate that the DOFs for the microscope system should equal the larger value between the physical DOF and the geometric DOF rather than the sum of the two values.

To obtain the surface topography of micro core mould for a Fresnel micro-lens, scanning white light interferometry was used to test its surface relief structure. Then, the surface micro topography of the Fresnel micro-lens was reconstructed. With obtained topography data and introduced amplitude parameters, the fabrication errors on transverse line width , longitudinal systematic etching depth and random etch depth of the Fresnel Zone Plate(FZP) were calculated, respectively. By surface height distribution parameters, such as skewness and kurtosis, the micro mandrel surface errors and quantitative defect information were obtained. Experimental results show that scanning white light interferometry can characterize the surface topography of micro core mould for Fresnel micro-lens quantitatively and exactly, and the method proposed has practical significance for a non-destructive testing and evaluation for three-dimensional surface morphology of micro-optics.

In consideration of the effect of thermal stability of a Fabry-Perot(F-P) etalon in the satellite-borne F-P interferometer on wind measurement, this paper analyzes the thermal stability of the F-P etalon from its construction design including materials, shapes and fixed forms, then, it optimizes the design. With optimization design,the optical elements in the etalon are constructed, which shows that the two plates are all 25 mm thick, and the spacers are all 40° in angles. Then, the dimensions of mechanical structure of the etalon are calculated using flexible structure. Finally, the thermal distortions of optical elements and the etalon are discussed. It shows that the gap dimension changes in the centers of the optical elements and the etalon are 064 nm and 028 nm and the gap dimension change of the etalon is 0.2 nm when the temperature changes 0.1 ℃. Furthermore, the airglow spectral lines are ~λ/2 250 and ~λ/3 150 at 630 nm respectively, and the gap dimension changes of the etalon fall along the radius from the center to the verge. These results demonstrate that optimized structure parameters meet the requirements of measuring accuracy for thermal stability and mechanical stability at a wind velocity of 5 m/s.

With the advantages of metal rubber materials in vibration damping, a vibration damping plan based on a metal-rubber vibration absorber was proposed to damp the vibration for the integrated instrument installation plate of a aerocraft. A mechanical model of the metal-rubber vibration absorber was established and the design and performance parameters of the metal damping pad structure were designed. Then the instrument installation plate designed with integrated vibration damping method was simulated. At last, a ground vibration experiment was designed to test the vibration of the instrument installation plate. The results show that the analysis results are in agreement with ground experiment ones basically, and the stiffness meets the design requirements. Furthermore, with the integrated vibration damping by the metal-rubber vibration absorber, the random vibration amplitudes of the measuring points on the plate has a remarkable energy attenuation above 300 Hz and the random response mean square root attenuation is no less than 56.5％ below 300 Hz as comparing to the instrument installation plate with a rigid connection.

A gain adaptive sliding mode controller based on interval type-II fuzzy neural network identification was proposed to handle the system uncertainty and the external disturbances come from the attitude angle disturbance of a Micro Aircraft Vehicle (MAV). Firstly, the attitude dynamical model of MAV was established. Then, the interval type-II fuzzy neural network was used to approximate the nonlinearity function and uncertainty functions in the attitude angle dynamic model of the MAV. The correct items from the gain adaptive sliding mode controller were taken to compensate identification errors and load disturbances. Finally, Lyapunov stability theorem was designed and the adaptive law and the sliding mode gain adaptive law for adjusting on line interval type-II fuzzy neural network parameters were obtained under the condition of asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system. The numerical simulation and comparison were performed and the results show that the proposed control system has not only stronger robustness to system uncertainty and external disturbances but also more excellent steady characteristics and tracking accuracy as compared with the conventional adaptive sliding model controller and the type-I fuzzy neural network based sliding mode controller.

An autonomous navigation algorithm is proposed using the sensor with functions of a star sensor and an ultraviolet earth sensor. The sensor has two Field of Views (FOVs ) named FOV1 and FOV2. The FOV1 is used for star sensor and for calculating the optical axis direction of the FOV1. The FOV2 is used for ultraviolet earth sensor and for calculating the vector of the earth. The state equation of integrated system is established by the deduced orbit dynamic model based on orbit six elements and the attitude kinematic model. Then, the observed equation of integrated system is established by using the difference of the measurement value and the estimated value, and the satellite orbit parameters were calculated according to the Discrete Extend Kalman Filter(DEKF)algorithm. An experiment on the ultraviolet sensor shows that not only the errors of satellite positions is improved from 1 000 m to 500 m and the errors for satellite velocities are improved from 100 m/s to 40 m/s, but also the errors of periodic sine resulted from the angle between the sun light and ground level is eliminated. These results show the algorithm to be well robust.

To increase the anti-torsion stiffness of secondary mirror support structure of a telescope and to reduces the obscuration from the support structure, an imposed preload of 8-vane spider was designed to replace the original 4-vane spider. According to the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, the mirror support structure was simplified as a simple model consisting of a beam and a mass point, and then the simplified model was divided into two more simple kinetic models. By selecting the appropriate mode function, the numerical solution of the first order modal for the simplified model was deduced with Rayleigh and Dunkerley approaches. Obtained calculated results are in good agreement with that from Fnite Element Analysis (FEA). Moreover, in order to solve the impact of the preload on this structure, a coefficient was deduced in theory. Then, the model was simulated by FEM and the result obtained in FEM is the same as that calculatedone one in theory. The analysis results prove that the method is available for the calculation of the similar structural dynamics characteristics. The simulations show that the first order modal of the structure can change from 11.6 Hz to 23 Hz when the preload increases up to 20 kN, which proves that the preload can effectively impact on the anti-torsion stiffness and reduce the secondary mirror support weight and obscuration ratio. The results can give a reference for designing secondary mirror support structures.

To compensate the hysteresis nonlinearity of a piezoelectric biomorph actuator, a new model with hyperbola functions was proposed to describe the Preisach type hysteresis nonlinearity, and an inverse controller was designed with the proposed model. Two hyperbola functions were used to fit the curves of hysteresis major loop and then the first-order ascending and descending branches were described by the coordinate conversion. Based on the wiping-out and congruency property of Preisach model, the minor loops were modeled by the corresponding first-order curves. As the parameters of the proposed model are much less than those of classic hysteresis models, such as Preisach model, the proposed model is suitable for the smart material systems including piezoelectric actuators. Experimental results show that the inverse controller designed with the proposed model can compensate the hysteresis of piezoelectric biomorph actuator, and the maximum control error with inverse controller has reduced by 44.26%.

A disturbance observer based on reference model was introduced into the traditional feedforward control to improve the dynamic performance of a carrier-based optoelectronic theodolite and to improve the disturbance isolation and tracking accuracy. A kind of feedforward control based on the reference model disturbance observer was proposed. It not only abstained the secondary disturbance of traditional feedforward control, but also combined with the accurate estimation of the disturbance observer.The working principle of the disturbance observer was introduced and its problems existing in the application of carrier-based optoelectronic theodolite were pointed out. By introduction of the reference model of carrier-based optoelectronic theodolite, a feedforward control based on reference model disturbance observer was established, the structure chart and transfer function were given, and its transfer behavior and robustness were analyzed. Finally, some controller model simulations and experiments were carried out and contrasted with the traditional feedforward control method. Experiment results show that feedforward control based on reference model disturbance observer can overcome both friction torque disturbance and measurement errors, and the point error of fixed point is improved from 12.36″(RMS) to 5.919″(RMS). In the dynamic test, when a target turns by a cycle of 10 s, the tracking accuracy is improved from 20.615 7″(RMS) to 13.744″(RMS), the degree of isolating is increased by about 12 dB, and the dynamic performance is significantly improved. It concludes that the proposed method combines the advantages of feedforward control and disturbance observer, and it can better improve the system dynamic performance and tracking accuracy.

Rapid prototyping technology for producing quickly and precisely metal molds is explored, and the Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is used to produce a high precision ceramic mold for precision manufacturing. On the basis of orthogonal test and range analysis , the effects of process parameters of SLS, including laser power, scan speed, scan spacing and layer thickness, on the dimensional accuracy of machining work-pieces are discussed and then the optimum parameters are determined. The founder technique is used to replace the traditional removal of organic binders and to improve the precision manufacturing for the ceramic mold. The results show that the shrinkage of the work-piece size is 2% under the conditions of the laser power of 25 W, scan speed of 2.0 m/s with a scan spacing of 0.19 mm and the layer thickness of 0.25 mm. As the ceramic molding founder technique strips easily and the ceramics after stripping has a smooth surface, its tensile strength has been 0.361 MPa in 200℃ roast. These data indicate that the combination of ceramic molding and precision casting has the potential to produce rapid and precise castings.

A fabrication method of micro-injection mold cavity for a cell culture device was explored in this paper. Based on the structural characteristics of the micro-injection mold cavity and overlay UV-LIGA technology, a microstructure using appropriate alloy steel as the substrate was fabricated through SU-8 photoresist optical lithography and micro-electroforming technology respectively twice. Then, a micro exhaust duct was etched on an electroforming deposit through mask etching technology. Meanwhile, the swelling problem of SU-8 thick photoresist, poor surface evenness through spin-coating and SU-8 photoresist removal in the experiment process were analyzed, and a method of designing and fabricating a 20 μm wide closed isolation strip around the mask graphics was presented to reduce the volume of SU-8 thick photoresist around the graphics and to improve the swelling deformation of plating mold. By which, the dimension error of the electroforming deposit is from 35 μm down to 10 μm and 300 μm high micro-square-cylinder side wall is steep. The introduction of closed isolation strip improves the dimensional and shape precisions of nickel electroforming deposit effectively and the uses of scraping photoresist and oleum techniques eliminates the edge bead effect and removes SU-8 photoresist completely. As a result, the micro-injection mold cavity with good quality and the high bonding strength between substrate and nickel electroforming deposit is obtained successfully.

A stepped and fast limiting method to allow the equilibrium position of a swing to track the turning point was put forward for improving the limiting efficiency of pendulous gyroscopes. The working principle and achieving steps were introduced and the influences of three types of measurement errors on the limiting effect were analyzed. Then the feasibility of the proposed limiting method was demonstrated in theory. Finally, the method was applied to a pendulous gyroscope, and the swing range was limited exactly and rapidly by using the equilibrium position of the swing to track the turning point. The limiting experiment was designed based on the proposed limiting method. The theory and experiment results show that the new method has overcome the electromagnetic interference torque problem from the electromagnetic damping method and can keep the limiting reliability without adding system hardware. The pendulous gyroscope can just spend about 60 s to limit the swing, which saves more than 2 step periods than traditional one. This method can provide a theoretical support and practical basis for shorting the time of north seeking.

Imaging gaps will appear in the field of view for a mapping camera due to the convergence angle when it uses a interleaving assembly of focal plane. In order to solve the problem above, an algorithm of minimum overlapping pixels was proposed by considering convergence angle and without camera pitch. Firstly, an imaging model for the front view camera was established according to the imaging principle of mapping camera. The reason that imaging gaps appear was analyzed. Then, the mathematical expressions of imaging gaps and overlaps of odd and even quantity CCD assemblies were derived, the formula for computing the minimum number overlapping pixels between adjacent CCDs that can avoid the imaging gaps was obtained, and the error was analyzed. Finally, the algorithm was applied to an engineering example, and the effect of earth curvature was analyzed. The instance shows that the imaging gaps and the minimum number of overlapping pixels in the engineering instance are 1 141.491 μm and 115 in maximum respectively. It indicates that the proposed algorithm can calculate the minimum number of overlapping pixels of the mapping camera and the theoretical error is less than 1 pixel.

As the spacecraft vibration testing based on a shaking table has some defects, such as long time cycle, high cost, easy to produce over-testing and under-testing, a virtual vibration testing platform was built based on virtual reality technology. A sine vibration controller model of the electrical vibration table was built by system simulation software LMS AMESim and a multi-body model for the vibration table was established based on the multi-body simulation software LMS Virtual.Lab Motion. Furthermore, the model of electromagnetic actuator in the vibration testing system was realized using the simulation software LMS AMESim, and the co-simulation of vibration testing system was carried out by uniting the multi-body model and LMS AMESim model. In combination of the vibration control system, electromagnetic actuation system and shaking table test mechanical system, the whole virtual vibration test system was implemented. Finally, a virtual sine vibration test for a box &thin specimen was performed by using the proposed system. Test results show that the virtual vibration testing platform based on the electrical and mechanical coupling modeling method can provide test environments for test analysis and virtual vibration test because it considers the coupling effect of the test-piece and the electrical vibration table.

To obtain the perfect exposure in a wide illuminance range at a short period, an adjustable exposure system was designed for an area CCD camera in combination of a single curtain type shutter with controlling exposure by CCD gain. The effect factor on aero photographing process was analyzed, and a exposure expression was work out according to exposure principle of the single curtain type shutter. After confirming the optimized exposure amount of a CCD, the relationship among the slip rate, CCD gain and the illuminance of the ground target was established according to the exposure expression. Furthermore, the signal of a ground target illuminance was collected by a photosensitive resistance, then the signals were used to control the slip rate and the CCD gain. Finally, the rate accuracy of shutter roll shaft was tested at the input rates of 6 300, 4 170 and 1 200 r/min, respectively. The result shows that the rate accuracy of shutter is 0.033, and the exposure accuracy is 0.091 according to combination of the computation results and exposure errors. A ground test on photographing was performed in a laboratory, and the results indicate that the exposure amount obtained is 1 833 DN and the exposure accuracy is 0.066. These results demonstrate that the method proposed can allow the CCD to obtain a proper exposure and captured images can meet the demands of CCD cameras.

A novel MEMS vibratory gyroscope was fabricated by our research group, and its structure, packaging, signal detection and performance measurement were described. The dual-mass MEMS vibratory gyroscope was designed by a structure-decoupled method and prepared by the Deep Dry Silicon On Glass (DDSOG). To improve the mechanical sensitivity, reliability and stability, the gyroscope was packaged by vacuum technology and the common mode disturbance caused by axial acceleration was also eliminated. A self-resonance drive circuit with Automatic Gain Control (AGC) was employed in the drive closed loop to keep the stable amplitude and frequency of the drive-mode. The open loop detect circuit was adopted to simplify the whole control system. In order to reduce the temperature impact on the bias of gyroscope, the gyroscope’s outputs within a certain temperature range were studied, and the relationship model between gyroscope outputs and temperature was established. On the basis of the model, a proper temperature real-time compensation system using a platinum resistor was designed to reduce the power comsumption, meanwhile to minimize the volume of the system. The experiment results show that the gyroscope has a quality factor above 100 000, the operating range of ±500(°)/s with the scale factor of 21.453 mV·(°)-1·s-1 and nonlinearity and asymmetry errors of 36.905×10-6 and 184.125×10-6 respectively. Moreover, at room temperature the bias of the gyroscope is 7714 3(°)/h over a 100 Hz bandwidth, the whole system volume is 31 mm×31 mm×12 mm and the power consumption is 288 mW. The proposed vibratory gyroscope has a promising prospect for the inertial navigation system with a medium accuracy due to its high performance, small volume and low power consumption.

Linear CCD dynamic scanning assembly actuated by a cam was proposed to extend the coverage of the remote sensing instruments, and the non-equilibrium load feature of the system and related multi-model control arithmetic were analyzed in detail. After discussing the strongpoint and shortcoming of existing methods, the dynamic scanning assembly actuated by a cam was introduced. In this method, a motor and a cam were used as the acting devices. The motor rotated at a constant speed and the linear CCDs were driven by the cam to reciprocate on the focal plane. The non-equilibrium load feature of the system was introduced by the special structure of the cam, platform attitude angles and the camera azimuth. As the non-equilibrium load feature could effect the CCD image, it was analyzed in theory. Analysis results show that the platform pitch angle affects slightly the non-equilibrium load feature, so it could be ignored. When the sums of platform roll angle and camera azimuth are not zero, the load torque shows different features in the lift section and return section of the cam. In consideration of that the cam speed was different in the lift section and return section of the cam when the same controller was used, one multi-model controlling method with varying input signals was imported. The relative experiments were performed and the results show that the difference between camspeeds in the lift section and return section can be eliminated effectively by the multi-model controlling method with varying inputs. The rotate speed precision of the cam is 0.48% in the uniform section of the follower. It concludes that this method is simple and convenient to be realized.

In consideration of the requirement of Acousto Optics Tunable Filter(AOTF) imagers, a CCD imaging electronic system was designed. The CCD chip CCD57-10 from e2v company was chosen as the image sensor, and the DC/DC+LDO structure was advanced to generate each bias voltage. Then a Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA)was used to generate driving clock, the AD9826 was taken to convert the CCD output analog signal to a digital signal, and USB or CameraLink interface was adopted to communicate with a computer. Furthermore, a CCD protect circuit was designed and the layout of Printed Circuit Board( PCB) of mixed signals was optimized. The test results for functional units indicate that the system can offer the peak to peak ripple noise of bias voltage less than 10 mV and a AD convert precision of 12 bit. Moreover, the system can image correctly with a image transmit rate of 10 framd/s and the signal to noise ratio better than 54 dB. The system power consumption is less than 5 W. The design can meet the demands of AOTF imaging spectrometers for CCD imaging electronic systems.

An algorithm combined target detection and target recognition for a scanning infrared early-warning system was proposed to realize early-warning of air threats. First, the dimension of Laplacian of Gaussian (LOG) operator was reduced to change the isotropic characteristics of classical LOG operator and to reduce its information losses. Then, an eight-neighborhood local filter was proposed to enhance targets and suppress backgrounds by setting relevant parameters. Finally, the targets were extracted from filted results and were recognized by the Support Vector Machine(SVM) algorithm. In order to simplify the recognition procedure within preciseness, the Sufficient Dimension Reduction (SDR) based on the covariance operator was used to reduce the feature dimensions of samples and targets before recognition so that to simplify the classical filter and recognition algorithm while to improve the algorithm efficiency. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method gets better results than the high-dimensional algorithm and it can satisfy the system requirements of real-time performance. The false-warning rate and the miss-warning rate are lower than 7% and 5%, respectively.

According to the demands of a photoelectric theodolite for angle measurement accuracy, a CCD exposure center measurement system by taking the IRIG-B code terminal as time reference was designed based on a Digital Signal Processor(DSP) and a Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA). The measuring principle and hardware components of the CCD exposure center were given. Then two sets of IRIG-B terminals with a total source code were used to control a light emitting diode and a CCD detector. By adjusting the B code terminal output signal time delay to control the light-emitting diode, two key moments along with the front and back edges for 1 Hz pulses and the exposure pulses were obtained, respectively. Aiming at the low accuracy of artificial image interpretation, an image edge extraction algorithm based on the image centre and an improved Krisch algorithm were proposed, and the CCD exposure center with a precision better than 17 μs was automatically calculated. Finally, several sets of CCD exposure centers for photoelectric theodolites were measured in the field, and the measurement results were applied to the outfield calibration flight data processing. Obtained results show that the angle measuring error of photoelectric theodolite is reduced by 55% on average in the Czech Airlines time, and the system is stable, reliable and has a wider application prospect.

To evaluate the flatness errors of mechanical parts accurately and rapidly, an algorithm using geometry searching approximation to evaluate the flatness error minimum zone was presented. The principle and steps of the algorithm to solve the flatness error was described in detail and the mathematical formulas were given. First, the three edge points of the measured plane were selected as reference points, and the auxiliary points, reference plane and auxiliary planes were constructed based on the reference points. Then, the distance differences of all measurement points to the supposed ideal planes were calculated by taking the reference plane and auxiliary planes as supposed ideal planes. The reference points, auxiliary points, reference plane and auxiliary planes were reconstructed by comparing the distance differences. Finally, by repeating this processes, the minimum zone evaluation for flatness error was implemented. The method was used to process a group of metrical data, and the results indicate that the flatness error value from this algorithm can be reduced by 17.1, 7.3, 18.03, 6.13 and 0.3 μm respectively as compared with those from the convex hull method, computational geometric method, least square method, genetic algorithm and the evolutionary strategy when the criteria of stop searching is 0.000 01 mm, The results demonstrate that the algorithm can get not only the minimum zone solution accurately but also has good stability. It is suited for the evaluation of flatness error measuring instruments and Coordinate Measuring Machines(CMMs)．

An efficient revising method was proposed to revise the display images of a Light Emission Diode(LED) captured by a color CCD camera. Firstly, the uniform standard white board was used to revise the vignetting phenomenon caused by a curved surface of color CCD camera in the manufacturing process. Then, on the basis of the distribution regularity of the lighting distribution curve of the LED, the deviation of LED itself caused by the camera position was revised also. The revising theory and revising process were described. Finally, relative data and conclusion were given. It shows that the uniform mean-square deviations of red, green and blue primaries have been decreased from 4.0% to 1.48%, 3.1% to 1.36% , and 3.5% to 1.39%, respectively, after revising. It is shown that this method is an efficient one. It not only eliminates the vignetting phenomenon caused by the curved surface of the camera itself, but also removes the deviation caused by the capturing angle of the CCD camera. The experimental results meet the requirements of image revising basically.

To recognize the poses of parts to be measared by a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) corrcetly and rapidly, a single-camera stereo vision recognization method based on the translation of CMM was proposed, and its principle, pose parameter solution and recognization procedure were studied. According to the double-camera stereo vision principle, an image of the measured part was capured with a CCD camera driven by the CMM along its X axis or Y axis on two different positions correspondly. Thus, the single-camera stereo vision measurement for the part was realized with the proposed matching method on two images with the same feature point, and the 3D coordinates of each feature point in the camera coordinate system were obtained. Then, by using the camera calibration parameters, 3D coordinates of each feature point in the machine coordinate system were calculated. Finally, combining with the 3D coordinates of each feature point in the CAD coordinate system for the part, the pose parameters of the part were solved. The recognization system was set up, and an experiment was conducted. The results show that the recognized translation pose parameters of the experiment part txl tyl and tzl are 32.65 mm,-90.23 mm, and 13.27 mm,respectively; and the rotation angle pose parameter AX,AY and AZ are 38°, 4° and 5°, respectively. Moreover, the recognization time is 1.818 s. Experiment result shows that the recognization method discussed above is correct and pratical, and meets the measuring requirement in real time.

In consideration of the hardware resources and improving computing speeds, a dual-channel infrared and visible image fusion system with nature color was designed based on a Digital Signal Processor(DSP) to registrate dual-channel images by combining hardware and software. A false color image fusion algorithm was used to fuse the images in a YCbCr color space, then the system chose a reference image to transfer color to the fusion result. Furthermore, a color lookup table based on statistical properties of image was used to solve the complexity computation problem in color transfer. The real-time fusion and natural colorization of infrared and visible images were realized by this system. An experiment was performed on the wareplatform. The result shows that the color-transferred image has natural color perception to human eyes, and can highlight the targets effectively with clear background details. The fusion speed of this system is up to 25 frame/s, which impletments the fusion of infrared and visible images and the natural colorization in real time and satisfies the requirements of real-time image processing. The system makes up the disadvantages of single image sensor, improves the ability to detect potential targets.

An blind image restoration method for degraded motion images is proposed based on the variational method. As image gradient is coincident with the probability distribution of heavy-tailed characteristics in a natural scene, the method uses normalized hyper Laplacian prior term as a smooth term of variational energy equation to converge the solution of the equation exactly in image debluring. To reduce the complexity of equation solution, a fast method called split method is introduced. A multi-scale framework is established to perform the deblur procedure from large scale to small scale until the blur kernel is gotten. Finally, the estimated kernel function and clear image are used as the initial value for the next scale. Using the estimated kernel, the final clear image can be gotten by the total variation method. As compared with traditional image restoration methods, the proposed method can obtain the exact solution by direction solution of the energy equation conveniently without predetermining and selecting the image gradients. Experiments demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.

The position of optical focal plane for a space remote sensing instrument will be changed in severe launching process and complex working thermal environments, which effects the imaging quality of the remote sensing instrument seriously. To compensate the displacement of the optical focal plane and to ensure good imaging quality consequently, this paper illustrated the design scheme for a focusing mechanism and analyzed its error sources aiming to the working environments and accuracy demands for an infrared camera. The effect of structure error on the system accuracy was analyzed and the precisions of different structures were classified. An error analysis model was established based on homogeneous transformation matrixes which described the relation between topology structure and coordinate transformation. In addition, the characteristics and distribution of error sources were analyzed in detail, and the relationship between matrix parameters was discussed. The results of numerical calculation by Monte Carlo method demonstrate that the design mechanism is reasonable and satisfies remote sensing requirements. The measurements show that the axial position accuracy of focusing mechanism is (-0.01±0.003 6) mm with a tilt less than 25″and a displacement of 0.005 mm through travel distance. The focusing mechanism has been implemented in the space flight.

The traditional regularization blind restoration methods employ the same norm of the fidelity term and the regularization term for both the image and the Point Spread Function (PSF), which decreases the quality of restored image as well as the accuracy of estimated PSF. Therefore, this paper proposes a multi-norm hybrid constrained regularization method for image blind restoration. First, the L1 norm and the Total Variation (TV) norm are respectively adopted as the fidelity term and the regularization term for the image to eliminate the stair-casing effects and preserve the edges. Then, the L2 norm and the H1 norm are respectively adopted as the fidelity term and regularization term for the PSF to reduce the difficulty of the PSF estimation. Finally, the split Bregman iteration method is used to address the proposed model. Experiments are conducted on both synthetic and real-life degradations, and the results indicate that the proposed method can effectively restore a variety of artificial blurs such as motion blur, out-of-focus blur etc and can estimate the corresponding PSF accurately. Comparing to some other recent blind restoration methods, the proposed method can drastically improve the image quality in term of subjective visual and the Improved Signal-to-noise Ratio (ISNR) is improved from 0.36 dB to 14.66 dB.

The transient distortion of a CCD under laser irradiation is explored. A HS-41-02K30 camera with a linear CCD image sensor is irradiated by a 532 nm CW laser, and the experiment shows that a laser spot and three dark spots with the similar size and shape appear in the direction of photosensitive array with an equal space synchronously. These dark spots are a transient distortion phenomenon of the CCD camera under laser irradiation, and are named the shadows of laser spot in this article. The regularity and generation mechanism of the shadow phenomenon are analyzed. It suggests that the inner mechanism of generating shadows is the interaction between four parallel readout circuits of CCD which share the same bias. The expression describing the interaction is deduced, which indicates that reducing the resistance between the bias source and the common node of four readout circuits can weaken the shadow phenomenon, and using four voltage sources to provide bias for four readout circuits respectively can eliminate the shadow phenomenon. Obtained results point out that the expression deduced by this paper not only can explain the shadow phenomenon but also can provide references for the design of CCD in weakening and eliminating the shadow phenomenon.