An optical fiber accelerometer was designed based on a fiber-mirror interference cavity. The sensing principle and elastic structure of the accelerometer were introduced and its performance was measured.A silicon micro-mirror mounted on a mesh spring elastic structure and a fiber facet were used to form a fiber-mirror cavity to generate optical interference signals as a function of acceleration.A Phase Generated Carrier(PGC) technology was adopted to modulate the interference signals to obtain phase difference signals with high resolution.Finally, the strain analysis of elastic structure was performed by Cosmosworks (Solidworks) to calculate the sensitivity.The performance measurement of prototype shows that the accelerometer can offer a sensitivity of 63.2 rad/g in the resonance frequency of 160 Hz and a resolution of 4 μg with a dynamic range near 108.Furthermore,the accelerometer is structure simple and easy to be intergrated and multi-dimensioned.

In consideration of the inconvenience of dynamic measurement and the measuring limitation for surface shapes of mirrors in exciting measuring method,a shape measurement method based on sinusoidal fringe projection was proposed,and a test platform was built. Analysis and deduction indicates that the measurement uncertainty of the method is less than 0.385 μm and that of the platform is less than 4.25 μm. A standard spherical mirror was measured on this test platform to verify the feasibility of the platform. Finally, surface figures and surface figure errors of a Ф300 mm electrostatic stretching membrane mirror were measured with the proposed method and surface shape control algorithm.Results show that the measured values of center sag are consistent with theoretical ones. Furthermore,the RMS and PV values of shape surface are 5.214 μm and 39.327 μm, which has reduced about 30.17% and 23.7%, respectively.The results display that the shape measurement platform based on sinusoidal fringe projection meets the need of membrane mirrors for shape measurement and the membrane mirror surface shape control algorithm can control the membrane mirror to obtain the required surface shape and improve the surface accuracy.

In order to decrease the bandwidth of the normal multilayers and improve the spectral resolution, several kinds of multilayers composed of low-Z materials were investigated in extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray regions. Firstly, three kinds of multilayers of low-Z materials, Si/B4C,Si/C and Si/SiC multilayers were chosen at the wavelength of 14 nm and these multilayers and a normal Mo/Si multilayer were designed by using a random search method. Then all these multilayers were fabricated with a DC magnetron sputtering system and the thicknesses were measured by an X-ray diffractometer. Finally, the reflectivities of multilayers were measured by the synchrotron radiation. The synchrotron radiation tests show that the largest bandwidth of these multilayers is from the Mo/Si multilayer in 0.57 nm, and the smallest one is from Si/SiC multilayer in 0.18 nm.The results correspond with the design and demonstrate that the bandwidths of multilayers of low-Z materials are narrower than that of the normal Mo/Si multilayer and the multilayers of low-Z materials can achieve a higher spectral resolution.

A large tools with orbital tool motion was adopted to upgrade the processing efficiency of the small tools with orbital tool motion based on Computer Controlled Optical Surfacing(CCOS) technology by enlarging the lap size. The edge effect that is common for large laps was simulated and compensated by combination of the first order approximation and the high order compensation to improve the convergence rate and to maintain better remoral efficiency.Therefore,the processing periods were shortened effectively. A round square of 1 100 mm×800 mm SiC mirror was grinded with this method. After 22 runs of 55 hours in all processing, the overall surface error is 122 μm PV before and 5.9μm PV after the process.Comparing with that of previous small lap technology, the efficiency is im-proved by a factor of at least 2.

For lack of proper metrologic instruments to measure optical components with large-apertures and large radii of curvature, this paper investigates the feasibility to measure large radius of curvature (positive, negative) by using a Long Trace Profiler(LTP). The experiments are carried out to verify its advantages. The algorithmic precision of radius of curvature tested with the LTP is calculated,then the radius of curvature of full-aperture is figured out by a rotational measurement in a proper mechanical stage.Finally,obtained tested results are compared with those of a spherometer and a knife-edge tester. For the spherical surface with R=37.108 m and R=41.065 m, the repeatability of the LTP is in 0.05%,which means the relative discrepancy between the LTP and the spherometer or the knife-edge tester is under 0.05%. These results indicate that LTP is capable of measuring components with large radii of curvature in high-precision.

In the space, temperature is the key factor influencing the optical system imaging quality. To investigate the effect of temperature on the off-axis three mirror system,a thermal optical analysis method from finite element analysis to optical analysis was presented.On the basis of analysis results of the optical system in uniformly distributed temperature fileds,the surface aberration of mirrors with temperature gradients was obtained by using a finite element analysis software, and the surfaces with aberration were fitted with the Zernike Polynomials. Then,the Zernike coefficients were carried into the software CODE V, the imaging qualities of the system with difference temperature gradients were analyzed, and thermal control requirements were determined. Finally,a thermal optical experiment was carried out to test the optical system with active thermal controls. Experimental results show that the MTF of full field in the optical system is more than 0.2 in 56 lp/mm,which means the optical parameters meet the the requirements of optical system.Results also verify the correctness of the theory and the reasonabity of thermal control requirements.

In consideration of the effects of the device instability induced by environmental fluctuation and the pollution of light-transmitting window on the on-line turbidity detection in line measurement, a new method to determine the turbidity in water is proposed based on the scattered-light power ratio measurement. This method uses two photodetectors to simultaneously detect the 90° scattered light power at different positions along the propagation path of a collimated light beam in the water environment. The turbidity of the water environment can be determined by calculating the logarithm of the scattered-light power ratio. The turbidity detector prepared based on this method detects 90° scattered light. The theoretical analysis indicates that this detector can in principle eliminate the influence of both the light source drifting and the window pollution on the measured turbidity. Experimental indiate the relationship between the two results measured with the turbidity detector and conventional transmission method.Furthermore,when the peak value of the light source fluctuates 30%,the turbidity coefficient changes only 5%,which indicates the detector is insensitive to the light drifting and window pollution.In conclusion, the detector is suitable for underwater detection of turbidity.

In order to detect corona discharge in all weather situations, a three-band optical system worked at three bands of the solar blind UV, visible and the long infrared was designed for the corona detection. To reduce the system volume and improve the performance merits, a co-lens system was used for both the solar blind UV and visible bands, and an independent lens system containing aspheric surfaces and diffraction surface was adopted for the long infrared band to correct monochromatic and chromatic aberrations. Furthermore,the focusing system was designed with a single lens to ensure an excellent imaging in the temperature from -40 ℃ to 60 ℃. The image quality of the system was evaluated,and it is shown that at the temperature of 20 ℃, the MTF at the spatial frequency of 60 lp/mm is greater than 0.37 in the solar blind UV, and greater than 0.35 in the visible band for the whole fields of view; the MTF at the spatial frequency of 20 lp/mm is greater than 0.6 in the long infrared band for the whole fields of view. These results indicate that the system has excellent imaging characteristics at all three bands, and can be used in the detection of corona discharge in all weather situations.

In order to realize the measurement for Modulation Transfer Function(MTF) of an on-orbit hyperspectral remote sensing system, factors of image quality degradation of the system were analyzed and the detection method for MTF was discussed by taking the dispersive hyperspectral remote sensing system for an example. Firstly, the three-dimensional separability of the MTF of the dispersive hyperspectral remote sensing system was illustrated.Then, an anti-noise MTF detecting technique was proposed concerning the charateristic of the low signal-to-noise ratio of the hyperspectral remote sensing system. A criterion of selecting MTF detection region was also proposed based on the large quantity of the bands in hyperspectral systems. Finally, the proposed methods were demonstrated by using the PHI remote sensing images and the PHI degraded images were restored with the detected MTF. Experimental results indicate that the average gradient has been improved by 67.1% and the detail-signal energy improved by 65.2%, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A measuring method for the junction temperature of Quasi-Continuous Wave(QCW) and high power semiconductor laser diodes was put forward based on the thermal model of a high power semiconductor laser.In experiments, the different spectra and output powers of a 980 nm high power semiconductor laser diode under different pulse widths(5~200 μs) were measured and the junction temperature was obtained by the relationship of dλ/dT=0.3 nm/℃. Furthermore,an approximate analytical equation was deduced on the basis of the thermal model to calculate the junction temperature. The experiment shows that the measured results are in a good agreement with the analytical results.In conclusion,the equation is a convenient method for predicting the junction temperature without measuring the spectrum.

In order to realize the ice detection for aircraft wings made of carbon fiber composite materials, a near infrared multispectral solution to ice detection and measurement is presented. Firstly, a new algorithm for ice detection is proposed based on the different reflectance spectra of water and ice in a certain wavelength band. Then, by analyzing the gray value of reflectance spectra between water and ice detected in the reference sub-band, the lower sub-band and the upper sub-band, the threshold of contrast C to ice detection and measurement on aircraft wings is determined. Finally, this paper analyses the position region of contrast C that error may happen in the measurement, and describes the method to eliminate the error. Experimental results show that for the white painted wing, if the contrast is greater than 0.03, it is considered that the ice is present on the surface;but if the contrast is less than zero, no ice is present. While the contrast is between zero and 0.03, a second detection should be done to reduce or eliminate the effects of uncertain factors.Furthermore, while the aluminum is painted by other colors, different thresholds of contrast should be set to remove this effect. It is proved that the different reflectance spectra of water and ice in a certain wavelength band can be used to detect and measure the ice on aircraft wings made of carbon fiber composite materials.

This paper studied how to improve the glass surface strength.The manufacture process in which the surface strength of glass changes was explored.According to the values of surface strength variation and the strength curves under different grinding processes, the reasons that the surface strength decreased and the related measures were given. Then, the etching method for releasing stress concentration and the max surface compressive stress strengthening theory were described, and the effects of different material removal modes on the surface strength of brittle materials were analyzed. A ductile grinding mode was introduced and its main manufacture requirements were given. The roughness ranges for different non-imaging surfaces were summarized, and corresponding solutions were advanced. The experiments show that as the material removal rate is set to be less than or equal to 25 μm/h and the abrasive size less than or equal to 15 μm, the polishing-similar surface will be achieved for several materials. The ductile grinding can induce an increase of the max surface compressive stress and avoid longitudinal micro-cracks which reduce the glass surface strength, so it is a reasonable grinding mode for glass surface strength improvement.

The interference between the optical paths in a broadband astignatism-free Gzerny-Turner spectrometer which uses spherical optics and a plane grating was introduced theoretically. To eliminate the interference, the zeroth-order and first-order astigmatism-free conditions of the Czerny-Turner spectrometer was researched and several situations of optical path interference satisfied the astigmatism-free conditions were analyzed. Based on the astigmatism-free conditions and avoidance conditions of optical structure interference, the selection principles of the incidence angles θC and θF were deduced, and the optimization approach was summarized. Then, the optical system of Czerny-Turner spectrometer which will be loaded on a spacecraft was designed according to the method whose selection principle was verified by using ray-tracing method.The results show that the obtained imaging quality has a good spectral resolution,which validates that the Czerny-Turner spectrometer can satisfy the requirements both for eliminating astigmatism and for avoiding optical structure interference.Inconclusion,the method can help the spectrometer more compact and more efficient.

To ensure a proper averaged temperature and a temperature gradient of a space spectral imaging apparatus, the characteristics of thermal design for the space spectral imaging apparatus were discussed and analyzed. According to the design feature and the heat transfer path in the spectral imaging apparatus,a thermal design scheme for the apparatus was presented and the thermal equilibrium equation and a numerical analysis model of the heat transfer for the apparatus were established by finite element analysis method. Based on given temperature boundary conditions,the steady-state thermal analysis of the apparatus was carried out through a finite element thermal analysis software IDEAS-TMG. The thermal response performance and steady-state temperature profiles of key parts in the apparatus were given.Thermal analysis shows that the averaged temperature value and maximum temperature gradient value of the apparatus in steady-state are 17.3～23.7 ℃ and 1.3 ℃, which has met the requirements of heat control,and can supply a theoretical warrant for reliability and optimization of thermal design. Thermal design scheme was also verified through a thermal test and obtained results are well coincident with that derived from confirmatory test and numerical analysis. The maximum deviation between thermal analysis and thermal test are not exceeding 8%. The correctness of numerical simulation and the validity of temperature prediction were verified. In thermal test, the averaged temperature value and maximum temperature gradient value of the apparatus are 17.2～22.5 ℃ and 1.4 ℃,respectively.

In order to reduce the nonlinear hysteresis of piezoceramic actuators, a sliding mode control scheme based on Preisach inverse compensation was proposed in this paper. Firstly, an inverse Preisach model of the hysteresis was built by using the sorting & taxis realization method. Then the inverse model was connected in series with the hysteresis of the system to reduce the impact of the nonlinear hysteresis. In consideration of that the hysteresis can′t be entirely offseted by the inverse model and there are also many uncertainties in the system, a sliding mode controller with a sub-boundary layer was designed. Finally, to verify the feasibility of the sliding mode controller, a PI controller was presented to compare with the proposed scheme. The experiment results show that the control scheme improves the tracking accuracy of the system,and the average absolute error is 0.020 6 μm when tracking is on sinusoidal input. Compared with the PI controller based on the inverse Preisach model, the proposed control scheme has a better adaptability and can offer a good tracking accuracy.

For the chatter occured frequently in precise hole boring processing and resulted in low quality of finished surface, a chatter monitoring system was established to finish the feature extraction of the chatter to predict the chatter and gain the precious time for chatter suppression. Firstly, according to the characteristics of chatter signals,Empirical Mode Decomposition(EMD) and Hilbert-Huang Transform(HHT) were introduced to extract the chatter feature, and their basic theories were investigated. Then, the vibration of boring bar was picked up online during the process, and the vibration signal was decomposed by EMD and then transformed by HHT. Finally, the feature of chatter symptom was extracted by analyzing the Hilbert spectrum of each Intrinsic Mode Function(IMF). The experimental results show that extracting chatter feature from vibration of boring bar by EMD and HHT can gain the chatter symptom by 0.5 s ahead of the chatter outbreak, which can provide sufficient guarantee for follow-up chatter suppression and can provide the high quality surface for workpieces.

A bending vibration model and a dynamic measuring model for a Half Coated Metal Core Piezoelectric Fiber (HMPF) were established. On the basis of the equivalent bending moment from an applying voltage, the bend vibration model of HMPF for a cantilever structure was deduced. According to the first piezoelectric equation, the surface electric displacements, electric charges and the admittances of the HMPF were derived when the resonant exciting voltage was applied. Then, the dynamic measuring model was established to measure the resonant frequencies, anti-resonant frequencies and the low frequency capacitances and to obtain the main parameters,elastic coefficients sE11,electromechanical coupling factors k31, dielectric constants εT33 and piezoelectric coefficients d31. Three kinds of samples for HMPFs were measured, and their average values are elastic coefficient in 16.856×10-12 Pa-1, electromechanical coupling factor in 0.179, dielectric constant in 2 251 and piezoelectric coefficient in -103.621 pC/N. The theoretical simulation and experimental results show that this method is accurate and available.

In order to provide continuous electric powers to micro systems by using micro rotational generators as power sources,the design approach, fabrication technique and test method of a micro rotational generator were researched. Firstly, a model of three-phase and permanent magnet synchronous generator with a rotor and a stator was designed. The formulas for air density and induced Electromotive Force(EMF) were given by a magnetic circuit analysis and main design parameters of the micro generator were determined. Then,Finite Element Analysis(FEA) was used to analyze the model to obtain the waveform of induced EMF. Furthermore, the precise machining technique was used to fabricate the components of the rotor and stator and to assemble to a micro generator with a size of (Φ7×2) mm3. Finally, micro generator was tested in variations of air-gap thickness and rotation speed. Experimental results indicate that with a air-gap thickness of 300 μm and a rotation speed of 10 kr/min,the induced EMF in one phase is 26.2 mVp-p; when symmetrical loads of 0.23Ω are connected to the generator, the sum of output power is 357.3 μW. Compared to the FEA results, the micro generator shows an ideal output,which means that the generator may be used in micro systems as the power sources.

A flexible mechanism which was considered as a key component of the moving mirror supporting in a Michelson interferometer based Fourier-transform spectrometer was researched.The flexible mechannism with double compensation rods was created on the basis of the flexible mechannism with a single compensation rod. By use of the finite element analysis softwares PATRAN and NASTRAN, the mechanism was simulated and the corresponding results were compared with the best theoretical calculation of the flexible mechannism with the single compensation rod. A simplified model was also fabricated according to the structral specifications from simulation calculation. Furthermore, the model was also tested and error analysis was conducted. It is shown that the vertical coupling displacement of the moving mirror introduced by this flexible mechannism with double compensation rods has been decreased by 93.2%. The results of error analysis indicate that the length tolerence of the flexible segment is a critical factor that would result in coupling displacement of the moving mirror. Therefore, it points out that when a supporting mechanism with high precision is machined for the moving mirror, the tolerences related to the flexible segments must be strictly controlled in fabrication.

A Fast-steering Mirror(FSM) with a spherical pair supporting structure driven by linear voice coil actuators was designed to control the transmission direction of a laser precisely. The mechanical structure reflector, actuators and angle measurement elements of the system were designed and chosen, respectively, on the basis of functions and design requirements of the FSM. Then, the FSM system was tested and analyzed by experiments after finely manufacturing, assembling and adjusting. The results show that the FSM with the spherical pair supporting structure has simple structure and great carrying capacity,and its steady precision is more than 2″ and resonance frequency is about 120 Hz. Furthermore, the system has great adaptability to vibrancy, impact and rotation. Therefore, it can satisfy application requirements.

To overcome the shortcomings of the interface circuit for a piezoelectric generator in load matching and circuit losses, an improved passive Synchronous Charge Extraction(SCE) interface for the piezoelectric generator was proposed. Furthermore,by taking advantage of the passive electronic switch on maxima and the single-end flyback converter, the voltage across the piezoelectric element was reversed according to the control topology to output a constant power independent with the resistance. Simulated with the Multisim, the constant output power of the improved passive SCE circuit reaches 1.83 mW. Moreover, the electricity generating capacity measurements were conducted with the measuring system for the vibration-based piezoelectric generator. As shown in the experiments, the harvested power with the passive SCE circuit is 1.135 mW,which is 2.98 times of the 0.381 mW from the standard circuit.

Based on a variable cross-section oscillating vibrator, a caudal-fin-type piezoelectric-stack pump with a high flow rate was proposed. Firstly, the caudal-fin-type variable cross-section oscillating vibrator, whose second order bending modal agrees with tuna’s high cruise swing mode was designed by using the piezoelectric-stack as an excitation source. Then, FEM software ANSYS was used to analyze the modal shape of the vibrator and a better Y vibrator was presented.To prevent the uneven distribution of loading applied to the piezoelectric-stack and to avoid the damage of piezoelectric-stack, a steel ball and an isolation block were used as the media of forces and vibration to separate the piezoelectric-stack from the water in a chamber.Furthermore, the mechanism of two-stage level/flexure-hinge was designed to amplify the tip amplitude of the vibrator. Finally, a prototype was designed and fabricated, and the experiments on measuring the flow rate varying with frequencies were performed. The experiment shows that the flow rate of the pump reaches 400 ml/min driven by AC voltage of 80 V under the frequency of 1 350 Hz. It concludes that the design can enhance the performance of the pump effectively, and meets the demand of the high flow rate valve-less pump in engineering practices.

A preparation experiment of genechip microarrays was carried out by the microfluid digitalization, in which the pulse is basis forms of the microfluidic flows and the microfluidic flows are driven by the pulsed local inertia force in micro channels. Based on the technology, an experimental system to prepare genechip microarrays was built to study the effect the nozzle inside falloff angle 2θ, nozzle inner diameter d, voltage amplitude U, and the driving frequency f on the droplet diameter and pulse potting stability. The experimental scheme for preparing the microarrays was proposed and then the moderate microarray with the droplet average diameter of 102.2 μm and the density of microarray of 4 000 spot/cm2 were manufactured by using 3×SSC citrate buffer as spotting solution. The results in this paper can provide a experimental basis for establishing a high-throughput microarray pulse spotting technology.

A solution for camera tracking based on coplanar circles from industrial objects was presented. Firstly, a coordinate system for an object frame was constructed based on coplanar circles. Then, the Extended Kalman Filter(EKF) was exploited to predict camera pose to restrict the positions and regions for searching ellipse contours, and the candidate contour points of ellipse were formed by calculating normalized cross coefficient of gradient. With maximum likelihood estimation, a high accurate ellipse was obtained after eliminating outliers from candidate dataset. Finally,the camera pose was estimated using projective theory of conics, and the filter state was updated. Experiments show that the maximum pose deviation of camera tracking is 1.4° for rotation and 3.5 mm for translation, and the tracking rate is 10~12 frame/s.The results can meet the requirement of pose tracking in industrial Augmented Reality(AR).

A checkerboard pattern corners auto-detection method so-called circle corner detector for camera calibration is presented based on the grey-level difference, and it can detect the checkerboard corners from the noise-image or blurred image without any image preprocessing. Firstly, a circle corner detector is designed for checkerboard corners detection, getting a preliminary result by the grey-level difference between the corner and its neighboring points. Secondly, the pixel level corners can be obtained through sifting the preliminary results according to the feature of the checkerboard pattern corners whose angle are nearly right-angle and grey value nearby is symmetry. Finally, a sub-pixel level corner can be achieved by grey-level squared weight-center method and therefore correct position of the checkerboard corner can be determined. The experiment results show that a high accuracy of checkerboard pattern corner detection has been achieved, and the corner reprojection error is less than 0.1 pixel level even though the image is blurred. For the circle-corner-detector based checkerboard pattern corners auto-detection method can obtain the splayed angle value of the corner, it can also be applied for various corner detection with special angles, and also for its high calculating speed and high accuracy, it can be appropriate for on-line camera calibration in machine vision.

An efficient image segmentation method based on local fractal dimension was proposed by analyzing the fractal characteristics of clouds to solve the problems existed in image segmentation algorithms in high complexity,low efficiency and difficult to calculate the fractal dimension of a small area quickly. Firstly, an efficient algorithm to calculate the fractal dimension of a small area was proposed. By utilizing a tree array as data structure and taking the advantage of calculated information, the result could be obtained in the time of O(logN). Then, through calculating the fractal dimension of each horizontal line in the infrared cloud image, the fractal dimension that exceeds a certain threshold area was identified as the cloud area. Finally, the segmentation result was gotten through combining all the high dimensions of each horizontal line. The result demonstrates that this method solves the problems of complexity and inefficiency of the traditional methods based on fractal dimension, and the computing time remains less than 0.1 s for a large image of 640 pixel×480 pixel. The algorithm can effectively separate the clouds from the other artificial objects, changed background light, and the local noise to obtain good segmentation results.

In order to realize quickly and accurately matching between the image features, an efficient high-dimensional feature vector retrieval algorithm, Extended Locality Sensitive Hashing(ELSH), was proposed based on LSH(Locality Sensitive Hashing). Firstly, the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm was used to get the special point of an image and its features. Then, according to the sub-vectors selected randomly from the SIFT features, a hash index structure was built to reduce the indexing dimension and the searching scope. Thus, it can significantly reduce the time cost of indexing. Finally, the Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) algorithm was used to select the right feature point pairs. Experimental results indicate that compared with the Best-Bin-First(BBF) and the LSH algorithm, ELSH algorithm not only ensures the accuracy of matching points, but also reduces the matching time. The time cost of ELSH only takes 50.1% of that of the BBF, and 62.1% of that of the LSH. In conclusion, the proposed algorithm can quickly and precisely achieve the registration between images.

Image capaturing and image restoration implentmented by Phase-diverse Speckle(PDS) were researched in this paper.A PDS experimental platform with two cameras was designed for the extended object in our lab. Two cameras were taken to capture the short-expose images in focus and defocus simultaneously and a deformable mirror was used to construct optics system error.Then an electrical dryer was used to simulate the atmosphere turbulence. The problems from the two cameras were compared with that from single camera. Furthermore, the PD destination function was derived when the two cameras have different readout noises and how to solve the image rotation between the multi-channels was given. Finally, the capability of PDS method for image resolution improvement was validated. The PDS processes by single frame, 3 frames and 10 frames were execussed, respectively, and results show that the PDS technique can generate images with highly improved quality compared with the traditional PD method.

A robust automated image matching strategy based on an improved SIFT feature extraction algorithm was proposed according to the characteristics of SIFT algorithm and lunar images. Firstly, the extraction equilibrium of key points was improved by automatically adjusting the coefficient of controlling contrast in the SIFT algorithm.Then, the coarse matching was carried out by using the ratio of the minimum and the second minimum Euclidean distance between the description vectors of SIFT as a threshold and the part incorrect matching of the coarse matching set was removed by principal direction angle difference histogram of matches. Finally, the initial parameters of perspective transformation model were determined by using modified RANSAC method, automatically calculated random sampling numbers, and parameters of error tolerance. Moreover, the model and the error tolerance were used to calibrate the matching pairs in the matching set and to select the correct matching pairs. The experimental results prove that the proposed method is stable and reliable under some variations for view points, illumination, rotation, scale and out of focus and it can select the matching threshold of images automatically without manual intervention.

To solve the problems of the speckle noise, pseudo image, low contrast and luminous inhomogeneity in an ultrasound image, a method based on the improved Simplified Pulse Coupled Neural Network (SPCNN) combined with the fuzzy mutual information model was proposed to detect the Region of Interest(ROI) of the breast tumor ultrasound image. The ultrasound image was firstly mapped to the fuzzy sets to enhance the contrast, then the SPCNN model was used to pulse the ultrasound image, and the fuzzy mutual information was used as the optimization criterion to obtain the relative classification results. The ROI of the breast tumor ultrasound image was finally obtained by applying the morphologic processing on the corresponding classified results. The proposed segmentation method was performed on 118 breast tumor ultrasound images,and the obtained results show that the ROI accuracy is 87.3% and average processing time per image is 4.68 s. In conclusion, the proposed meth-od can be used to detect ROIs of breast tumor ultrasound images effectively and may have the potential applications in the breast tumor Computer Aided Diagnose(CAD) based on ultrasound images.

To solve the noise interference issue for the dynamic time-varying system identification processing, a type-II Fuzzy Neural Network (FNN) with self-organizing recurrent intervals is proposed to enhance the system robustness against the noise. This type-II fuzzy neural network is composed of two parts. The antecedent part takes the type-II fuzzy-set model to form the feedback-loop internally by feeding the acting strength of each rule, and it uses an algorithm of gradient-descent method for parameter learning. The consequent part takes the Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) model and uses an rule-ordered Karman filtering method for parameter learning in no initial network rules. All rules are generated from the simultaneous on-line parameter learning from both parts above, in which the network structural learning takes the on-line interval type-II fuzzy-set. To verify its advantages in performance, the proposed neural network is compared with the feed forward type-I/type-II FNNs and recurrent type-I FNN in applications of the single-in-single-out dynamic time-variant system identification. The experiment results indicate that the type-II fuzzy neural network (FNN) with self-organizing recurrent intervals has strong identification ability, and can reduce the errors of the training and test in the present of various white noises.

As the magnification chrometism caused from different wavelengths of color lasers in the optoelectric reconstruction based on a spatial light modulator effects on the quality of reconstructed images,this paper focuses on the reason that the magnification chromatism arises.In order to remove the magnification chromatism, it proposes a method to sample the three color objects with disparity in the process of hologram computing to improve the image quality. A full color electro-holographic system based on a time shearing method is established and holograms computed by the Iterative Fourier Transform Algorithm (IFTA) are reconstructed. The experiment indicates that the magnification chromatism 33.6% for red and 12.5% for blue can be both removed,which shows that the method proposed is verified by experiment results.

Based on the digital communication companding transformation principle,a 16-polygonal line geometric partition method which maps 12-bit image data to 8-bit data was proposed to display 12-bit image information on a 8-bit gray scale monitor. The formulas for calculating the linear and nonlinear quantization Signal to Noise Ratio (SNRs) were derived. By comparing SNRs of three different quantization methods, it was indicated that the SNR of 8-bit nonlinear quantization is consistent with that of 12-bit linear quantization at less than 35 dB and that is in the stable increase at large than 35 dB. Experiments show that this method can effectively improve the weak signal of the image, and the details of a low luminance image can be observed clearly on a 8-bit monitor. Although the high luminance part of the image is compressed, it has little affect on the image details and SNRs. The proposed method is applicable to gray images and color images. Experimental results are fully consistent with theoretical expectations.

A tree-type segmentation method based on the exploration of projection onto coordinate axes was proposed for range images with a feature of spatial connective region. By implementing the projections onto coordinate axes at the optimum angle by the exploration of projection, the segmentation of range images was transformed into the segmentation of 1D point data projected onto coordinate axes.Finally, a tree-type structure was employed to carry out the process of segmentation. The algorithm was applied to the range images acquired from a concrete project to verify the effectiveness and the efficiency, and the results of both ideal and extreme conditions were discussed, respectively. The results show that the algorithm can effectively segment range images with the feature of spatial connective region and has a constant speed of segmentation with regard to different range images in the same hardware platform. For the 3 tested range images containing 19 792,35 186 and 79 618 points, the average speeds of segmentation in ideal and extreme conditions are 0.168 s and 0.494 s every 10 000 points, respectively, which verifies the high effectiveness and efficiency of segmentation.