Journal of Synthetic Crystals, Volume. 54, Issue 7, 1175(2025)

Research Progress of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Scintillators

Yue ZHANG and Jiawen XIAO*
Figures & Tables(11)
A brief schematic diagram of TADF phenomenon[8]. Blue ball (+) represents holes, yellow ball (-) represents electrons, S and T represent singlet and triplet states, respectively, ISC represents inter-system crossing, and RISC represents reverse inter-system crossing
Structural formulas of various organic molecules and organic-inorganic TADF systems used for X-ray scintillation and X-ray imaging[9,15-18]
Optical and scintillation properties of Cs2ZrCl6 and Cs2ZrCl6@PDMS flexible X-ray scintillation screen[19]. (a) Photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra of Cs2ZrCl6; (b) normalized PL and radioluminescence (RL) spectra of Cs2ZrCl6; (c) temperature-dependent PL lifetime and the fitting curve of Cs2ZrCl6; (d) X-ray images of circuit board by Cs2ZrCl6@PDMS flexible films during one stretching/shrinking cycle, the scale bar is 2 cm; (e) luminescence image under 254 nm UV lamp of the large-area Cs2ZrCl6@PDMS flexible films; X-ray imaging of metal pattern (f) and mouse (g)
Scintillation mechanism, properties and X-ray imaging of organic scintillators[9]. (a) Schematic mechanism of the X-ray-induced scintillation process in organic scintillators; (b) production ratio of S and T excited states in an organic scintillator under X-ray irradiation; (c) detection limits; (d) luminescence decay curves at 300 K; (e) delayed fluorescence decay curves at 300 K; (f) normalized RL intensity under continuous X-ray irradiation;(g) bright field (left) and X-ray (right) images of a standard X-ray imaging line pair card; (h) bright-field (left) and X-ray (right) images of a chip
RL and X-ray imaging applications of TADF-H, TADF-Cl, TADF-Br and TADF-I chromophores[15].(a) X-ray absorption coefficient; (b) RL spectra; (c) MTF curve; (d)~(e) X-ray imaging results (dose rate, 174 μGy/s)
RL spectra and X-ray imaging of organic scintillators[41]. (a)~(b) RL spectra of DCB, C[3]A, DCB@C[3]A, BrDCB, and BrDCB@C[3]A, with the inset showcasing photographs of DCB@C[3]A (a) and BrDCB@C[3]A (b) powders under X-ray irradiation; (c) spatial resolution of X-ray imaging; (d)~(e) display X-ray imaging results of some physical objects
Optical properties of difluoroboron 1,3-diphenylamine β-diketonate (A), CsPbBr3 (D) and D-A n (D-A n, where n is the weight percentage of A) nanocomposite films[16].(a) Absorbance and emission spectra of CsPbBr3 and TADF chromophore (A); (b) RL spectra of A2.0 film and the D-A n nanocomposite films; (c) ratios of IAMAX/IDMAX under the excitation of ultraviolet light and X-rays, where IAMAX and IDMAX represent the luminescent intensity at the emission maxima of A and D, respectively; (d) RL spectra of D-A2.0 nanocomposite films at different dose rates
Preparation and luminescent properties of MOF fluorescent chromophore composite films[42]. (a) Preparation of MOF fluorescent chromophore composite film; (b) photoluminescence spectra of the nanocomposite films containing different D to A ratios (D-A n, where n is the weight percentage of the TADF chromophore in PMMA) under 400 nm excitation; (c) radioluminescence (RL) spectra of the D-A n nanocomposite films
Emission mechanisms of Cu4I4 cubic clusters[17]
Molecular structure and scintillation properties of SC-Ag and SC-Cu[22]. (a) Molecular structure of SC-Ag; (b) molecular structure of SC-Cu; (c) RL spectra; (d) normalized PL spectrum (solid line) and excitation spectrum (dash line)
  • Table 1. Summary of scintillation characteristics of TADF scintillators

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    Table 1. Summary of scintillation characteristics of TADF scintillators

    MaterialλPL/nmPLQY/%τ1τ2τavLight yield/(ph·MeV-1

    Limit of detection

    (LOD)/(nGy·s-1

    Spatial resolution line pairs/(lp·mm-1Reference
    Cs2ZrCl6@PDMS4477015.56 μs49 400651819
    CsAgCl2 NCs600731.38 µs~20 000170.511.520
    DMAc-TRZ49488.9

    τ1=20.0 ns

    τ2=2.15 µs

    73 500±400103.2±2.916.69
    4CzIPN50194.4

    τ1=13.5 ns

    τ2=4.76 µs

    33 200±60250±12
    4CzTPN-Bu55380.2

    τ1=10.9 ns

    τ2=1.96 µs

    44 900±210208±4
    TADF-H~51865

    τ1=5.63 ns

    τ2=4.53 μs

    1 892438.55.115
    TADF-Cl~52150

    τ1=4.04 ns

    τ2=2.99 μs

    7 076100.66.815
    TADF-Br~52248

    τ1=0.77 ns

    τ2=2.22 μs

    17 61945.512.015
    TADF-I~52744

    τ1=0.21 ns

    τ2=1.42 μs

    18 11545.99.415
    [CuCl(PPh32(3-MePy)]51994.9528.85 μs5 951±135338.818
    [CuBr(PPh32(3-MePy)]48790.2451.74 μs21 763±1 375143.96.8
    [CuI(PPh32(3-MePy)]46693.2163.23 μs28 385±1 33543.89.8
    [CuI(PPh32(3,5-DmPy)]46791.8834.17 μs23 503±1 23063.18.3
    [CuI(PPh32(Py)]48896.6192.94 μs23 193±1 27051.48.8
    Ag2Cl2(dppb)248776.4719 μs79 97059.8925.021
    Cu2I2(dppb)250060.525.33 μs67 66693.73
    Ag6S6L653017 420208.651622
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Yue ZHANG, Jiawen XIAO. Research Progress of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Scintillators[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2025, 54(7): 1175

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Paper Information

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Received: Apr. 15, 2025

Accepted: --

Published Online: Aug. 28, 2025

The Author Email: Jiawen XIAO (xiaojw@bjut.edu.cn)

DOI:10.16553/j.cnki.issn1000-985x.2025.0083

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