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Acta Optica Sinica, Volume. 42, Issue 4, 0410002(2022)

Rapid Deep-Sea Image Restoration Algorithm Applied to Unmanned Underwater Vehicles

Wei Guo1,3, Youbo Zhang1,2、*, Yue Zhou2, Gaofei Xu1, and Guangwei Li1
Author Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, Hainan 572000, China
  • 2College of Engineering Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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    AbstractGet PDF(in Chinese)
    Figures&Tables (19)
    Equations (0)
    References (22)
    Cited By (5)
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    Figures & Tables(19)
    Examples of deep-sea images

    Fig. 1. Examples of deep-sea images

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    Schematic of deep-sea imaging

    Fig. 2. Schematic of deep-sea imaging

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    Examples of deep-sea image restoration under different algorithms. (a) Original image; (b) DCP algorithm; (c) UDCP algorithm; (d) MIP algorithm

    Fig. 3. Examples of deep-sea image restoration under different algorithms. (a) Original image; (b) DCP algorithm; (c) UDCP algorithm; (d) MIP algorithm

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    Correlation study of depth of field in underwater scene. (a) Depth of field division of original deep-sea image; (b) statistical results of near, middle, and far scene related indicators of deep-sea images

    Fig. 4. Correlation study of depth of field in underwater scene. (a) Depth of field division of original deep-sea image; (b) statistical results of near, middle, and far scene related indicators of deep-sea images

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    Depth of field correlation index statistics of deep-sea image scenes. (a) Saturation; (b) brightness; (c) difference between red and maximum blue-green channels

    Fig. 5. Depth of field correlation index statistics of deep-sea image scenes. (a) Saturation; (b) brightness; (c) difference between red and maximum blue-green channels

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    Process of generating training sample lables for deep-sea images. (a) Original image; (b) preliminary depth map; (c) depth map after restoration

    Fig. 6. Process of generating training sample lables for deep-sea images. (a) Original image; (b) preliminary depth map; (c) depth map after restoration

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    Background light estimation based on depth of field. (a) Background light estimated by maximum value; (b) background light estimated by the first 0.1% maximum value

    Fig. 7. Background light estimation based on depth of field. (a) Background light estimated by maximum value; (b) background light estimated by the first 0.1% maximum value

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    Process of deep-sea image enhancement algorithm

    Fig. 8. Process of deep-sea image enhancement algorithm

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    Enhancement results of different algorithms. (a) Original images; (b) UDCP algorithm; (c) MIP algorithm; (d) Ref. [12]; (e) Ref. [13]; (f) proposed algorithm

    Fig. 9. Enhancement results of different algorithms. (a) Original images; (b) UDCP algorithm; (c) MIP algorithm; (d) Ref. [12]; (e) Ref. [13]; (f) proposed algorithm

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    Img 1 image magnification comparison. (a) Original images; (b) UDCP algorithm; (c) MIP algorithm; (d) Ref. [12]; (e) Ref. [13]; (f) proposed algorithm

    Fig. 10. Img 1 image magnification comparison. (a) Original images; (b) UDCP algorithm; (c) MIP algorithm; (d) Ref. [12]; (e) Ref. [13]; (f) proposed algorithm

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    Img 4 image magnification comparison. (a) Original images; (b) UDCP algorithm; (c) MIP algorithm; (d) Ref. [12]; (e) Ref. [13]; (f) proposed algorithm

    Fig. 11. Img 4 image magnification comparison. (a) Original images; (b) UDCP algorithm; (c) MIP algorithm; (d) Ref. [12]; (e) Ref. [13]; (f) proposed algorithm

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    Matching results of feature points before and after enhancement

    Fig. 12. Matching results of feature points before and after enhancement

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    Feature point matching results enhanced by different algorithms. (a) DCP algorithm; (b) MIP algorithm

    Fig. 13. Feature point matching results enhanced by different algorithms. (a) DCP algorithm; (b) MIP algorithm

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    Feature point matching results enhanced by different algorithms. (a) Ref. [12]; (b) Ref. [13]

    Fig. 14. Feature point matching results enhanced by different algorithms. (a) Ref. [12]; (b) Ref. [13]

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    • Table 1. Coefficient of depth of field model

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      Table 1. Coefficient of depth of field model

      Coefficientu0u1u2u3
      Value2.8621301250.401662315-3.565827900-1.535251780

    • Table 2. Comparison of number of feature points matching after image enhancement

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      Table 2. Comparison of number of feature points matching after image enhancement

      ImgOriginal imageEnhanced by proposed algorithm
      1517
      215
      3413
      4916

    • Table 3. Number of feature points matching after image enhancement by contrast algorithm

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      Table 3. Number of feature points matching after image enhancement by contrast algorithm

      ImgDCPalgorithmMIPalgorithmRef. [12]Ref. [13]
      110354
      21341
      37422
      410255

    • Table 4. Quantitative analysis of image enhancement results by different algorithms

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      Table 4. Quantitative analysis of image enhancement results by different algorithms

      AlgorithmImgMSEPSNRSSIMENTR
      12024.0815.070.7611.74
      UDCP21619.1516.040.7510.05
      32495.6114.160.8012.48
      4925.8118.470.807.21
      18106.139.0430.4911.60
      MIP2990.1018.170.8110.71
      34071.1612.030.6612.59
      44331.9611.770.234.72
      1571.4120.560.8512.48
      Ref. [12]21514.7116.330.5111.15
      35318.6910.870.4510.84
      41228.6417.240.767.60
      11163.1917.470.8012.65
      Ref. [13]21399.4316.670.5910.06
      31077.9417.800.8313.00
      43710.2412.440.7512.51
      1523.3420.940.8512.60
      Proposedalgorithm2856.8118.800.8612.32
      3507.9721.070.8812.91
      4848.6618.840.7512.46

    • Table 5. Comparison of complexity of different algorithms unit: s

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      Table 5. Comparison of complexity of different algorithms unit: s

      Algorithm200 pixel×300 pixel300 pixel×400 pixel400 pixel×600 pixel600 pixel×800 pixel800 pixel×1200 pixel1200 pixel×1800 pixel
      UDCP1.7023.4687.02914.20029.21365.533
      MIP1.4532.9686.12412.29425.05756.831
      Ref. [12]3.9377.95116.27832.82166.611150.840
      Ref. [13]0.1590.2880.6591.3012.4435.970
      Proposed algorithm0.0380.0810.2060.4230.8211.862
      Gain4.1803.5503.2003.0802.9803.210
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    Wei Guo, Youbo Zhang, Yue Zhou, Gaofei Xu, Guangwei Li. Rapid Deep-Sea Image Restoration Algorithm Applied to Unmanned Underwater Vehicles[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2022, 42(4): 0410002

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    Paper Information

    Category: Image Processing

    Received: Apr. 30, 2021

    Accepted: Aug. 20, 2021

    Published Online: Jan. 29, 2022

    The Author Email: Zhang Youbo (youbozhang616@163.com)

    DOI:10.3788/AOS202242.0410002

    Topics

    laser devices and laser physics
    Lasers and Laser Optics
    Laser physics
    laser manufacturing
    Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology