Forming Parameters and Microstructure Evolution of TC11 Titanium Alloy Fabricated by Laser Oscillating Wire Additive Manufacturing

Yanshu Fu; Zuxi Wu; Xiaowen Huang; Pan Xiong; Zhengqiang Zhu; Xianfeng Xiao

doi:10.3788/CJL241268

Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 52, Issue 12, 1202312(2025)

Forming Parameters and Microstructure Evolution of TC11 Titanium Alloy Fabricated by Laser Oscillating Wire Additive Manufacturing

Yanshu Fu, Zuxi Wu, Xiaowen Huang, Pan Xiong, Zhengqiang Zhu, and Xianfeng Xiao^*

Author Affiliations

School of Advanced Manufacturing, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi , China

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Figures & Tables(13)

Fig. 1. Device and principle of O-WLAM system. (a) Device ; (b) principle

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Fig. 2. Morphology parameters in single-track deposition. (a) Cross section; (b) longitudinal section

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Fig. 3. Single-track deposition morphologies and longitudinal sections under different laser oscillating process parameters

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Fig. 4. Single-track deposition morphologies and cross sections under different process parameters

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Fig. 5. Effects of process parameters on single-track deposition morphology parameters. (a) Effects of laser power on single-track deposition morphology parameters; (b) effects of scanning speed on single-track deposition morphology parameters; (c) effects of wire feeding speed on single-track deposition morphology parameters

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Fig. 6. Normalized equivalent energy distribution in O-WLAM

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Fig. 7. Grain structures of multi-layer deposited TC11 titanium alloy. (a) OM morphology of macroscopic grains; (b) high-magnification OM morphology of equiaxed grains; (c) high-magnification OM morphology of near-equiaxed grains

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Fig. 8. Typical microstructures of multi-layer deposited TC11 titanium alloy. (a) SEM morphology of basket-weave structure; (b) SEM morphology of cluster structure

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Fig. 9. Microstructure and hardness distribution of multi-layer deposited TC11 titanium alloy. (a) Hardness distribution; (b) microstructure

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Table 1. Process parameters for O-WLAM single-pass deposition
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Table 1. Process parameters for O-WLAM single-pass deposition
Sample number A /mm f /Hz
No.1 0.5 50
No.2 0.5 100
No.3 0.5 150
No.4 1.0 50
No.5 1.0 100
No.6 1.0 150
No.7 1.5 50
No.8 1.5 100
No.9 1.5 150
No.10 2.0 50
No.11 2.0 100
No.12 2.0 150

Table 2. Designed parameters for orthogonal experiment

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Table 2. Designed parameters for orthogonal experiment

Parameter No.	P /W	V_s /（m/min）	V_f /（m/min）
（1）	800	0.4	0.8
（2）	800	0.6	1.0
（3）	800	0.8	1.2
（4）	800	1.0	1.4
（5）	1000	0.4	1.0
（6）	1000	0.6	0.8
（7）	1000	0.8	1.4
（8）	1000	1.0	1.2
（9）	1200	0.4	1.2
（10）	1200	0.6	1.4
（11）	1200	0.8	0.8
（12）	1200	1.0	1.0
（13）	1400	0.4	1.4
（14）	1400	0.6	1.2
（15）	1400	0.8	1.0
（16）	1400	1.0	0.8

Table 3. Morphology parameters for single-track deposition in orthogonal experiment

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Table 3. Morphology parameters for single-track deposition in orthogonal experiment

Parameter No.	H /mm	W /mm	D /mm	p /%
（1）	0.851	3.873	0.771	0
（2）	0 .835	3.638	0.727	0
（3）	0.917	3.312	0.752	0
（4）	1.377	1.023	0.064	0
（5）	0.889	4.535	1.201	2.330
（6）	0.585	4.038	1.215	2.970
（7）	0.801	3.812	1.018	0
（8）	0.868	4.118	0.791	0
（9）	0.780	5.317	1.665	2.187
（10）	1.016	4.953	0.974	1.040
（11）	0.491	4.109	1.374	2.284
（12）	0.506	3.879	1.303	1.271
（13）	1.367	5.166	2.105	14.249
（14）	0.794	4.616	1.852	6.249
（15）	0.529	4.460	1.678	4.763
（16）	0.360	4.182	1.536	0.892

Table 4. Range analysis results of single-track deposition morphology parameters
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Table 4. Range analysis results of single-track deposition morphology parameters
Process parameter R_H R_W R_D R_p
P 0.300 1.645 1.214 6.539
V_s 0.287 1.422 0.512 4.151
V_f 0.568 0.602 0.225 2.285

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Yanshu Fu, Zuxi Wu, Xiaowen Huang, Pan Xiong, Zhengqiang Zhu, Xianfeng Xiao. Forming Parameters and Microstructure Evolution of TC11 Titanium Alloy Fabricated by Laser Oscillating Wire Additive Manufacturing[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2025, 52(12): 1202312

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