Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of precision glass molding

Fig. 2. Comparison of volume,enthalpy change,and entropy change of glass with that of crystal during cooling^[6]

Fig. 3. Typical viscosity-temperature curve for soda-lime-silicate glass^[29]

Fig. 4. Viscoelastic response^[87]. (a) Creep; (b) stress relaxation

Fig. 5. Glass constitutive models^[35]. (a) Maxwell model; (b) Kelvin model; (c) Burgers model

Fig. 6. Generalized Maxwell model^[15]

Fig. 7. Minimal uniaxial creep testing (MUCT) method^[54]

Fig. 8. Thermo-rheologically simple (TRS) behavior of glass^[6]

Fig. 9. Ultra precision grinding tungsten carbide mold^[65]

Fig. 10. NiP micropyramid array machined by micro-groove cutting^[92]. (a) Residual burrs after cutting; (b) SEM diagram of surface morphology

Fig. 11. Axial-feed fly cutting^[104]

Fig. 12. Laser assisted cutting^[109]. (a) In-process-heat laser assisted turning (In-LAT); (b) finished surface of WC mold

Fig. 13. Ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting process^[112]

Fig. 14. Molds machined by ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting^[111]

Fig. 15. SEM diagrams of GC mold and molded glass surface^[116]. (a)(b) Mold surface; (c)(d) glass surface

Fig. 16. Appearance of contact angle of glass and mold^[40]

Fig. 17. Pt-Ir film degradation model^[42]

Fig. 18. Boundary conditions of different molding stages^[152]

Fig. 19. Temperature distributions of WC mold and heat-resistant stainless steel mold after heating for 180 s^[153]. (a) WC mold; (b) heat-resistant stainless steel mold

Fig. 20. Influence of near contact gap on temperature distribution^[152]. (a) No near contact; (b) contact gap of 0.1 mm; (c) contact gap of 0.2 mm

Fig. 21. Predicted residual stress distributions inside molded lens for different molding velocities^[155]. (a) 0.005 mm/s; (b) 0.01 mm/s; (c) 0.05 mm/s

Fig. 22. Residual tangential stress inside glass wafer^[43]

Fig. 23. Predicted residual stress distributions^[73]. (a) Equivalent stress on lens surface; (b) shear stress σyz in cross section

Fig. 24. Results of ring compression test for different interfacial conditions^[156]

Fig. 25. Comparison of friction calibration curves from simulations with experimental data for L-BAL35 glass^[156]

Fig. 26. Simulation results of glass cylinder compression^[157]

Fig. 27. Influence of glass stress relaxation parameters on surface profile^[159]

Fig. 28. Accuracy of predicted position of glass wafer lens ^[162]

Fig. 29. Predicted refractive index distribution in molded lens^[163]

Fig. 30. Schematic diagram of basic structure of molding machine^[29]

Fig. 31. Ultrasonic vibration assisted glass molding machine^[168]

Fig. 32. Ultrasonic vibration assisted glass molding machine with pre-adjusted horn^[169]

Fig. 33. Molded total internal reflection lens^[173]

Fig. 34. Molded chalcogenide freeform lenses^[17]

Fig. 35. Molded glass diffractive structure^[181]. (a) Contraction between mold and glass; (b) glass surface quality; (c) profile deviation

Fig. 36. Wafer level glass lens molding^[184]