Research Progress of Long-Wave Infrared Lasers Based on Nonlinear Frequency Conversion

Zhenxu Bai; Jia Gao; Chen Zhao; Bingzheng Yan; Yaoyao Qi; Jie Ding; Yulei Wang; Lü Zhiwei

doi:10.3788/AOS221126

Acta Optica Sinica, Volume. 43, Issue 3, 0314001(2023)

Research Progress of Long-Wave Infrared Lasers Based on Nonlinear Frequency Conversion

Zhenxu Bai^1,2、*, Jia Gao^1,2, Chen Zhao^1,2,3, Bingzheng Yan^1,2, Yaoyao Qi^1,2, Jie Ding^1,2, Yulei Wang^1,2, and Lü Zhiwei^1,2、**

Author Affiliations

¹Center for Advanced Laser Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China

²Hebei Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Technology and Equipment, Tianjin 300401, China

³Science and Technology on Electro-Optical Information Security Control Laboratory, Tianjin 300308, China

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Figures & Tables(16)

Fig. 1. Infrared laser atmospheric transmission spectrum and main absorbing particles

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Fig. 2. Development of second-order nonlinear frequency conversion, CO₂ lasers, and QCL^{[10-12,16-18,22-27]}

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Fig. 3. Schematic of typical second-order nonlinear frequency conversion processes. (a) OPG; (b) OPO; (c) DFG; (d) OPA

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Fig. 4. ZGP-OPO long-wave infrared laser^[56]

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Fig. 5. Infrared tunable BGSe-OPO laser^[62]

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Fig. 6. Tunable CdSe-OPO long-wave infrared laser^[70]

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Fig. 7. High repetition frequency and broad spectrum GaSe-IPDFG long-wave infrared laser^[78]

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Fig. 8. LGS-OPA long-wave infrared laser^[87]

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Fig. 9. OP-GaAs-OPO long-wave infrared laser^[93]

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Fig. 10. Comparison of pulse energy of long-wave infrared laser based on various nonlinear crystals

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Table 1. Optical properties of infrared nonlinear crystals

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Table 1. Optical properties of infrared nonlinear crystals

Crystal	Nonlinear coefficient /（pm·V^-1）	Transparency range /μm	Thermal conductivity /（W·m^-1·K^-1）	Damage threshold /（MW·cm^-2）
ZnGeP₂^［34-36］	d₁₄=75	0.7-12	35	30
BaGa₄Se₇^［37-38］	d₁₁=24.3，d₁₃=20.4	0.4-18	0.74（along a），0.64（along b），0.56（along c）	557
CdSe^［39-41］	d₃₁=18	0.75-25	6.9	56
GaSe^［42-44］	d₂₂=56	0.6-20	16.2	30
LiGaS₂^［45］	d₃₁=5.8	0.32-11.6	8	>240
OP-GaAs^［46-47］	d₁₄=94	0.85-19	55	38
OP-GaP^［47-49］	d₁₄=70.6	0.57-12	110	104

Table 2. Research progress of ZGP long-wave infrared lasers

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Table 2. Research progress of ZGP long-wave infrared lasers

Year	λ_pump /μm	Output wavelength /μm	Repetition rate /kHz	Pulse duration /ns	Average power /W	Structure	Ref.
2015	2.09	8	1	28	-	OPO	［51］
2016	2.09	8.1	21	36	5.04	OPO	［52］
2016	2.09	8.3	20	34	8.2	OPO	［53］
2017	2.05	7.8-9.9^a	10	19.5	1.71	OPO	［54］
2018	2.1	8.3	20	30.4	11.4	OPA	［55］
2019	2.09	8.2	10	21.5	12.6	OPO/OPA	［56］
2020	2.09	9.2-11^a	10	19.6	3.5@9.8 µm	OPO	［57］
2021	2.05	8.1	10	27.1	3.2	OPO	［58］
2021	2.1	8.2	1	8.1	3.15	OPO	［59］
2021	2.1	8.2	3	<10	5.48	OPO	［60］

Table 3. Research progress of BGSe long-wave infrared lasers

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Table 3. Research progress of BGSe long-wave infrared lasers

Year	λ_pump/μm	Output wavelength /μm	Repetition rate	Pulse duration	Average power or energy	Structure	Ref.
2016	1.06	2.7-17^a	10 Hz	10 ns	<4.5 mJ	OPO	［30］
2018	2.1	8-9^a	1 kHz	16 ns	314 mW@8.9 μm	OPO	［61］
2019	1.05	2.6-10.4^a	100 Hz	ns level	14 μJ@8 μm	OPO	［62］
2019	2.79	3.9-9.5^a	10 Hz	21 ns	<3.5 mJ	OPO	［63］
2020	1.06	8-14^a	10 Hz	22.3 ps	230 μJ @9.5 μm	OPA	［64］
2020	1.06	8-14^a	10 Hz	10.1 ns	1.05 μJ@11 μm	OPO	［65］
2020	2.4	6-18^b	69 MHz	42 ps	<1.9 mW	IPDFG	［66］

Table 4. Research progress of CdSe and GaSe long-wave infrared lasers

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Table 4. Research progress of CdSe and GaSe long-wave infrared lasers

Crystal	Year	λ_pump /μm	Output wavelength /μm	Repetition rate	Pulse duration	Average power or energy	Structure	Ref.
CdSe	2016	2.09	10-11.1^a	500 Hz	19 ns	140 mW@10 μm	OPO	［67］
	2017	2.09	10-12.07^a	1.2 kHz	40 ns	170 mW@12 μm	OPO	［68］
	2018	2.05	10.2	5 kHz	ns level	320 mW	OPO	［69］
	2020	2.09	9.9-10.7^a	1 kHz	24.4 ns	1.05 W@10.1 μm	OPO	［70］
	2020	2.09	10.55-12^a	1 kHz	21 ns	802 mW@11 μm	OPO	［71］
	2021	2.09	10.15/11	1 kHz	ns level	1.03/1.18 W	OPO	［72］
	2021	2.05	12.5	5 kHz	24.4 ns	0.1 mJ	OPO	［73］
GaSe	2018	1.92	7.3-16.5^b	1.25 MHz	<100 fs	450 mW	IPDFG	［74］
	2018	2	9-16^a	10 kHz	11 ns	0.36 mW@9.6 μm	DFG	［75］
	2019	3	7-15^b	10 kHz	65 fs	1.06 μJ	IPDFG	［76］
	2019	2.15	4.2-16^b	1 kHz	19 fs	3.4 μJ	OPA	［77］
	2019	2	6-18^b	50 MHz	43 fs	0.5 W	IPDFG	［78］
	2019	0.65-1.05^b	3.7-120^b	4 MHz	31 fs	160 pJ	IPDFG	［79］

Table 5. Research progress of LGS long-wave infrared lasers

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Table 5. Research progress of LGS long-wave infrared lasers

Year	λ_pump/μm	Output wavelength /μm	Repetition rate	Pulse duration	Average power or energy	Structure	Ref.
2015	1.03	8-13^b	100 MHz	66 fs	103 mW	IPDFG	［85］
2017	0.8	9.2-15^b	1 kHz	73 fs	0.8 μJ	IPDFG	［86］
2018	1.03	8-11^b	50 kHz	fs level	0.37 mW	IPDFG	［82］
2019	1.03	5-11^b	50 kHz	32 fs	220 nJ	OPA	［87］
2019	1.03	5.7-10.5^a	100 kHz	98 fs	< 48 mW	OPA	［88］
2019	1.03	9	10 kHz	142 fs	140 mW	OPCPA	［89］

Table 6. Research progress of OP-GaAs and OP-GaP long-wave infrared lasers

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Table 6. Research progress of OP-GaAs and OP-GaP long-wave infrared lasers

Crystal	Year	λ_pump/μm	Output wavelength /μm	Repetition rate	Pulse duration	Average power or energy	Structure	Period length /μm	Ref.
OP-GaAs	2014	2.99-3.15^a	4-14^a	2 kHz	~20 ns	<7 μJ	OPO	150	［91］
	2015	1.94	10.3-10.9^a	100 Hz	17 ns	2 μJ@10.3 μm	OPO	72.6	［92］
	2016	1.95	10.6	50 kHz	100 ns	812 mW	OPO	74.5	［93］
	2017	1.88-1.98^a	8-10^a	2 kHz	50 ns	140 W^b@8.5 μm	OPA	66	［94］
	2018	1.05	7-9.2^a	3 kHz	11.5 ns	<10 mW	DFG	31.5	［95］
	2021	2.45	8.15	35 kHz	ns level	215 mW	DFG	-	［96］
OP-GaP	2016	1.04	5-12^c	101 MHz	fs level	<55 mW	OPO	21.5-34.0	［26］
	2018	1.04	5-13^a	101 MHz	fs level	<105 mW	OPO	34	［97］
	2021	1.04	3.9-12^a	100 MHz	fs level	60 mW@10.7 μm	OPO	21	［98］

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Zhenxu Bai, Jia Gao, Chen Zhao, Bingzheng Yan, Yaoyao Qi, Jie Ding, Yulei Wang, Lü Zhiwei. Research Progress of Long-Wave Infrared Lasers Based on Nonlinear Frequency Conversion[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2023, 43(3): 0314001

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Paper Information

Category: Lasers and Laser Optics

Received: May. 13, 2022

Accepted: Aug. 12, 2022

Published Online: Feb. 13, 2023

The Author Email: Bai Zhenxu (baizhenxu@hotmail.com), Zhiwei Lü (zhiweilv@hebut.edu.cn)

DOI:10.3788/AOS221126

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology