Fig. 1. Computational domain in laser welding process

Fig. 2. Laser combined heat source model

Fig. 3. Computational domain and mesh generation in laser welding model

Fig. 4. Comparison of simulated and experimental results of weld cross section

Fig. 5. Three dimensional shapes of keyholes in process of autogenous laser welding under different operation time. (a) 200 ms; (b) 203 ms; (c) 206 ms; (d) 210 ms

Fig. 6. Three dimensional shapes of keyholes in process of laser welding with filler wire under different operation time. (a) 200 ms; (b) 203 ms; (c) 206 ms; (d) 210 ms

Fig. 7. Keyhole depth versus welding time in laser welding process

Fig. 8. Flow fields on keyhole walls in (a) autogenous laser welding and (b) laser welding with filler wire

Fig. 9. Flow speed of point H versus welding time

Fig. 10. Location diagram of longitudinal section and cross section of molten pool

Fig. 11. Flow field distributions of molten pools by autogenous laser welding. (a) Longitudinal section; (b) cross section

Fig. 12. Flow field distributions of molten pools by laser welding with filler wire. (a) Longitudinal section; (b) cross section

Fig. 13. Schematic of acting force on keyhole wall

Fig. 14. Effect of filler metal filling along keyhole edge on keyhole stability