Fig. 1. Technology node scaling trend of major chips under slowdown of Moore's law

Fig. 2. Photonic device models based on Verilog-A behavior modeling method. (a) Verilog-A toolkit for photonic devices^[32]; (b) model structure of nonlinear photonic devices^[34]

Fig. 3. Laser models based on SPICE circuit modeling methods. (a) Equivalent electrical circuit for multi-mode VCSEL^[39]; (b) equivalent circuit for high-speed datacom VCSEL^[40]

Fig. 4. Detector models based on SPICE circuit modeling methods. (a) Equivalent circuit with transit time effect^[42]; (b) equivalent circuit with noise effect^[45]

Fig. 5. Photonic device models based on SPICE circuit modeling methods. (a) MRM modeling based on coupled-mode theory^[47]; (b) electro-optic and thermal effect modeling of MRM based on coupled-mode theory^[50]; (c) passive device modeling based on CVF algorithm^[51]; (d) equivalent circuit modeling using controlled sources^[55]

Fig. 6. Photonic device models based on collaborative modeling method. (a) MZM based on collaborative modeling^[57]; (b) schematic diagram of optical transceiver link^[61]

Fig. 7. Extrapolated time-domain modeling methods for passive photonic devices. (a) IIR-based extrapolated modeling method for passive photonic devices^[69]; (b) FIR-based extrapolated modeling method for passive photonic devices^[70]