Fig. 1. Finite element model and mesh generation

Fig. 2. Simulated temperature field in laser cladding processing

Fig. 3. Position diagrams of six points selected in model. (a) Starting position; (b) middle position

Fig. 4. Temperature-time curves of nodes at different locations in model

Fig. 5. Cross-section geometry diagram of laser cladding layer

Fig. 6. Uneven surface of cladding layer

Fig. 7. Microstructure of middle of cladding zone

Fig. 8. Microstructure of interface of matrix melting zone and heat affected zone

Fig. 9. Microstructure near molten pool area in matrix heat affected zone

Fig. 10. Microstructure far from molten pool area in matrix heat affected zone

Fig. 11. Microstructures of cladding layers after adding nano-particles. (a) 99.5%Ni60A+0.5%CeO2; (b) 99.0%Ni60A+0.5%CeO2+0.5%TiO2

Fig. 12. XRD diffraction patterns of different cladding layers. (a) Ni60A; (b) 99.5%Ni60A+0.5%CeO2; (c) 99.0%Ni60A+0.5%CeO2+0.5%TiO2