[1] Radke B, Jewell L, Piketh S et al. Arsenic-based warfare agents: production, use, and destruction[J]. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 1525-1576(2014).

[2] Amend N, Niessen K V, Seeger T et al. Diagnostics and treatment of nerve agent poisoning-current status and future developments[J]. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1479, 13-28(2020).

[3] Nagao M, Takatori T, Maeno Y et al. Development of forensic diagnosis of acute sarin poisoning[J]. Legal Medicine, 5, S34-S40(2003).

[4] Edwards B, Novossiolova T, Crowley M et al. Meeting the challenges of chemical and biological weapons: strengthening the chemical and biological disarmament and non-proliferation regimes[J]. Frontiers in Political Science, 4, 805426(2022).

[5] Chen J Z, Yu R W. Biological weapons and their development trend[J]. Biology Teaching, 45, 5-7(2020).

[6] Atlas R M. The medical threat of biological weapons[J]. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 24, 157-168(1998).

[7] Zhang L W, Lü Q Y, Zheng Y L et al. Rapid and sensitive detection of botulinum toxin type A in complex sample matrices by AlphaLISA[J]. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 987517(2022).

[8] Kane S R, Shah S R, Alfaro T M. Development of a rapid viability polymerase chain reaction method for detection of Yersinia pestis[J]. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 162, 21-27(2019).

[9] Li J, Wang H M. Application progress of biosensors in detection of biological warfare agents[J]. China Medical Equipment, 18, 207-211(2021).

[10] Mu X H, Liu H F, Tong Z Y et al. A new rapid detection method for ricin based on tunneling magnetoresistance biosensor[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 284, 638-649(2019).

[11] Karimi F, Dabbagh S. Gel green fluorescence ssDNA aptasensor based on carbon nanotubes for detection of anthrax protective antigen[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 140, 842-850(2019).

[12] Prakash K M, Lo Y L. The role of clinical neurophysiology in bioterrorism[J]. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 111, 1-6(2005).

[13] Kloske M, Witkiewicz Z. Novichoks-the a group of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents[J]. Chemosphere, 221, 672-682(2019).

[14] Haar R J, Iacopino V, Ranadive N et al. Health impacts of chemical irritants used for crowd control: a systematic review of the injuries and deaths caused by tear gas and pepper spray[J]. BMC Public Health, 17, 831(2017).

[15] Bismuth C, Borron S W, Baud F J et al. Chemical weapons: documented use and compounds on the horizon[J]. Toxicology Letters, 149, 11-18(2004).

[16] Yamaguchi S, Asada R, Kishi S et al. Detection performance of a portable ion mobility spectrometer with 63Ni radioactive ionization for chemical warfare agents[J]. Forensic Toxicology, 28, 84-95(2010).

[17] Ma J Y, Jiang H M, Li Y et al. Study on SAW gas sensor for chemical warfare agent[J]. Piezoelectrics & Acoustooptics, 30, 525-527(2008).

[18] Zhang C, Wei D W, Li F S. Recent progress on analytical methods of chemical war agents[J]. Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis: Part B (Chemical Analysis), 46, 211-216(2010).

[19] Nan D N, Fu W X, Li B Q et al. Application of ion mobility spectrometry in detection of chemical warfare agents[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 39, 1949-1962(2020).

[20] Kelly J T, Qualley A, Hughes G T et al. Improving quantification of tabun, sarin, soman, cyclosarin, and sulfur mustard by focusing agents: a field portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry study[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 1636, 461784(2021).

[21] Lama S, Park H, Kim J et al. The contactless/contact type detection technologies of chemical warfare agents[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 11591, 115911X(2021).

[22] Xie H Z, Bei F, Hou J Y et al. A highly sensitive dual-signaling assay via inner filter effect between g-C3N4 and gold nanoparticles for organophosphorus pesticides[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 255, 2232-2239(2018).

[23] Du B, Tong Z Y, Mu X H et al. Detection of diethyl chlorophosphate using a composite optical waveguide sensor[J]. Analytical Methods, 11, 1208-1213(2019).

[24] Kogelnik H, Porto S P S. Continuous helium-neon red laser as a Raman source[J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 53, 1446-1447(1963).

[25] Smith W E. Practical understanding and use of surface enhanced Raman scattering/surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering in chemical and biological analysis[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 37, 955-964(2008).

[26] Yang J M, Weng G J, Li J J et al. Advances on SERS based on shifting of Raman characteristic peaks[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 59, 0617015(2022).

[27] Zong C, Xu M X, Xu L J et al. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for bioanalysis: reliability and challenges[J]. Chemical Reviews, 118, 4946-4980(2018).

[28] Jones R R, Hooper D C, Zhang L W et al. Raman techniques: fundamentals and frontiers[J]. Nanoscale Research Letters, 14, 231(2019).

[29] Xia L X, Chen M D, Zhao X M et al. Visualized method of chemical enhancement mechanism on SERS and TERS[J]. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 45, 533-540(2014).

[30] Yang B, Chen G, Ghafoor A et al. Chemical enhancement and quenching in single-molecule tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy[J]. Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English), 62, e202218799(2023).

[31] Ding S Y, Yi J, Li J F et al. Nanostructure-based plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for surface analysis of materials[J]. Nature Reviews Materials, 1, 16021(2016).

[32] Ye S S, Wang H Y, Wang H L et al. Rationally designed particle-in-aperture hybrid arrays as large-scale, highly reproducible SERS substrates[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 5, 11631-11639(2017).

[33] Guo Y Q, Wang H Y, Qin M et al. Effect of nano-film substrates on ciprofloxacin detection by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 59, 2317001(2022).

[34] Qi Y, Xing T Y, Zhao J et al. Tuning the surface enhanced Raman scattering performance of anisotropic Au core-Ag shell hetero-nanostructure: the effect of core geometry[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 776, 934-947(2019).

[35] Liebig F, Sarhan R M, Sander M et al. Deposition of gold nanotriangles in large scale close-packed monolayers for X-ray-based temperature calibration and SERS monitoring of plasmon-driven catalytic reactions[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 9, 20247-20253(2017).

[36] Liu X L, Liang S, Nan F et al. Solution-dispersible Au nanocube dimers with greatly enhanced two-photon luminescence and SERS[J]. Nanoscale, 5, 5368-5374(2013).

[37] Rathod J, Byram C, Kanaka R K et al. Hybrid surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates for the trace detection of ammonium nitrate, thiram, and Nile blue[J]. ACS Omega, 7, 15969-15981(2022).

[38] Thi D L, Le N H, van Pham H et al. Shell thickness-controlled synthesis of Au@Ag core-shell nanorods structure for contaminants sensing by SERS[J]. Nanotechnology, 33, 075704(2022).

[39] Samal A K, Polavarapu L, Rodal-Cedeira S et al. Size tunable Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles: synthesis and surface-enhanced Raman scattering properties[J]. Langmuir, 29, 15076-15082(2013).

[40] Zhou X, Huang H Q, Yang Y Q et al. Dendritic alloy shell Au@AgPt yolk sensor with excellent dual SERS enhancement and catalytic performance for in situ SERS monitoring reaction[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 394, 134385(2023).

[41] Tian F R, Bonnier F, Casey A et al. Surface enhanced Raman scattering with gold nanoparticles: effect of particle shape[J]. Analytical Methods, 6, 9116-9123(2014).

[42] Fodjo E K, Riaz S, Li D W et al. Cu@Ag/β-AgVO3 as a SERS substrate for the trace level detection of carbamate pesticides[J]. Analytical Methods, 4, 3785-3791(2012).

[43] Péron O, Rinnert E, Lehaitre M et al. Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds in artificial sea-water using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)[J]. Talanta, 79, 199-204(2009).

[44] Li H L, Chong X L, Chen Y F et al. Detection of 6-Thioguanine by surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy using silver nanoparticles-coated silicon wafer[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 493, 52-58(2016).

[45] Jiao S L, Liu Y X, Wang S L et al. Face-to-face assembly of Ag nanoplates on filter papers for pesticide detection by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy[J]. Nanomaterials, 12, 1398(2022).

[46] Tang Z M, Sun N, Zhang J. Study on Raman enhancement of silver/paper composite structure using inkjet printing[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 43, 0929001(2023).

[47] Tang Z M, Lü Z Y, Zhang J. Raman enhancement of flexible SERS substrate based on self-assembly technology[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 43, 2124003(2023).

[48] Liu W, Wang Z H, Yan W Q et al. Construction of ultra-sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates based on 3D graphene oxide aerogels[J]. Carbon, 202, 389-397(2023).

[49] Chang C S, Wu K H, Hsu C Y. Silver nanoparticles embedded cotton swab as surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate combination of smartphone app for detection of carbofuran residues[J]. Materials Express, 12, 98-105(2022).

[50] Chen H X, Sun N, Zhang J. Nickel foam coupled gold nanostructures enhanced Raman scattering[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 42, 0524001(2022).

[51] Yang E L, Li D, Yin P K et al. A novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) strategy for ultrasensitive detection of bacteria based on three-dimensional (3D) DNA walker[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 172, 112758(2021).

[52] Yang Z Y, Zhao S J, Wang Z Y et al. Functionalized hydrogel for highly sensitive detection of tumor-derived exosomes[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 43, 2117001(2023).

[53] Jin M K, Wang X, Russel M et al. Towards the rapid detection of multiple antibiotics in eggs by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy coupled with hollow fiber micro-extraction[J]. Microchemical Journal, 181, 107743(2022).

[54] Xu M L, Gao Y, Han X X et al. Innovative application of SERS in food quality and safety: a brief review of recent trends[J]. Foods, 11, 2097(2022).

[55] Chen X G, Zhu L, Ma Z P et al. Ag nanoparticles decorated ZnO nanorods as multifunctional SERS substrates for ultrasensitive detection and catalytic degradation of rhodamine B[J]. Nanomaterials, 12, 2394(2022).

[56] Huang J, Zhou T X, Zhao W S et al. Multifunctional magnetic Fe3O4/Cu2O-Ag nanocomposites with high sensitivity for SERS detection and efficient visible light-driven photocatalytic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 628, 315-326(2022).

[57] Zhang X Y, Young M A, Lyandres O et al. Rapid detection of an anthrax biomarker by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127, 4484-4489(2005).

[58] Haynes C L, Yonzon C R, Zhang X Y et al. Surface-enhanced Raman sensors: early history and the development of sensors for quantitative biowarfare agent and glucose detection[J]. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 36, 471-484(2005).

[59] Naqvi T K, Bajpai A, Bharati M S S et al. Ultra-sensitive reusable SERS sensor for multiple hazardous materials detection on single platform[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 407, 124353(2021).

[60] Sengupta A, Shende C T, Farquharson S et al. Detection of Bacillus anthracis spores using peptide functionalized SERS-active substrates[J]. International Journal of Spectroscopy, 2012, 176851(2012).

[61] Lim J M, Heo N S, Oh S Y et al. Selection of affinity peptides for interference-free detection of cholera toxin[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 99, 289-295(2018).

[62] Almaviva S, Palucci A, Aruffo E et al. Bacillus thuringiensis cells selectively captured by phages and identified by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy technique[J]. Micromachines, 12, 100(2021).

[63] Papadopoulou E, Gale N, Goodchild S A et al. Strain discrimination of Yersinia pestis using a SERS-based electrochemically driven melting curve analysis of variable number tandem repeat sequences[J]. Chemical Science, 6, 1846-1852(2015).

[64] Wu Y X, Choi N, Chen H et al. Performance evaluation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering-polymerase chain reaction sensors for future use in sensitive genetic assays[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 92, 2628-2634(2020).

[65] Wang T R, Dong P T, Zhu C S et al. Trace detection of anthrax protective antigens via a competitive method based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 346, 130467(2021).

[66] Choi N, Lee J, Ko J et al. Integrated SERS-based microdroplet platform for the automated immunoassay of F1 antigens in Yersinia pestis[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 89, 8413-8420(2017).

[67] Neng J, Li Y N, Driscoll A J et al. Detection of multiple pathogens in serum using silica-encapsulated nanotags in a surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based immunoassay[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66, 5707-5712(2018).

[68] Wang R, Kim K, Choi N et al. Highly sensitive detection of high-risk bacterial pathogens using SERS-based lateral flow assay strips[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 270, 72-79(2018).

[69] Yang Y, Dong H, Wang S et al. Surface enhanced Raman scattering detection of four foodborne pathogens using positively charged silver nanoparticles and convolutional neural networks[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 49, 1507405(2022).

[70] Yang Y J, Xu B B, Haverstick J et al. Differentiation and classification of bacterial endotoxins based on surface enhanced Raman scattering and advanced machine learning[J]. Nanoscale, 14, 8806-8817(2022).

[71] Zengin A, Tamer U, Caykara T. Fabrication of a SERS based aptasensor for detection of ricin B toxin[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 3, 306-315(2015).

[72] Temur E, Zengin A, Boyacı İ H et al. Attomole sensitivity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B detection using an aptamer-modified surface-enhanced Raman scattering probe[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 84, 10600-10606(2012).

[73] Pekdemir M E, Ertürkan D, Külah H et al. Ultrasensitive and selective homogeneous sandwich immunoassay detection by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)[J]. Analyst, 137, 4834-4840(2012).

[74] Wang W B, Wang W W, Liu L Q et al. Nanoshell-enhanced Raman spectroscopy on a microplate for staphylococcal enterotoxin B sensing[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 8, 15591-15597(2016).

[75] Wang J, Xu H, Luo L et al. Rapid detection of whole active ricin using a surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based sandwich immunoassay[J]. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 54, 137-149(2023).

[76] Hwang J, Lee S, Choo J. Application of a SERS-based lateral flow immunoassay strip for the rapid and sensitive detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B[J]. Nanoscale, 8, 11418-11425(2016).

[77] Jia X F, Wang K L, Li X Y et al. Highly sensitive detection of three protein toxins via SERS-lateral flow immunoassay based on SiO2@Au nanoparticles[J]. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine, 41, 102522(2022).

[78] Wang Y F, He D Y, Du Z et al. Ultrasensitive detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B with an AuNPs@MIL-101 nanohybrid-based dual-modal aptasensor[J]. Food Analytical Methods, 15, 1368-1376(2022).

[79] Wu Z Z, He D Y, Cui B et al. Triple-mode aptasensor for sensitive and reliable determination of staphylococcal enterotoxin B[J]. Food Analytical Methods, 13, 1255-1261(2020).

[80] Xu Y J, Jin Z, Zhao Y. Tunable preparation of SERS-active Au-Ag Janus@Au NPs for label-free staphylococcal enterotoxin C detection[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 71, 1224-1233(2023).

[81] Bukasov R, Dossym D, Filchakova O. Detection of RNA viruses from influenza and HIV to Ebola and SARS-CoV-2: a review[J]. Analytical Methods, 13, 34-55(2021).

[82] Sebba D, Lastovich A G, Kuroda M et al. A point-of-care diagnostic for differentiating Ebola from endemic febrile diseases[J]. Science Translational Medicine, 10, eaat0944(2018).

[83] Tripathi M N, Jangir P, Aakriti et al. A novel approach for rapid and sensitive detection of Zika virus utilizing silver nanoislands as SERS platform[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 302, 123045(2023).

[84] Ma L, Zhang W L, Yin L J et al. A SERS-signalled, CRISPR/Cas-powered bioassay for amplification-free and anti-interference detection of SARS-CoV-2 in foods and environmental samples using a single tube-in-tube vessel[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 452, 131195(2023).

[85] Lü X P, Zhang Z, Zhao Y et al. Label-free detection of virus based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 302, 123087(2023).

[86] Farquharson S, Shende C T, Smith W et al. Selective detection of 1000 B. anthracis spores within 15 minutes using a peptide functionalized SERS assay[J]. The Analyst, 139, 6366-6370(2014).

[87] Taranenko N, Alarie J P, Stokes D L et al. Surface-enhanced Raman detection of nerve agent simulant (DMMP and DIMP) vapor on electrochemically prepared silver oxide substrates[J]. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 27, 379-384(1996).

[88] Inscore F E, Gift A D, Maksymiuk P et al. Characterization of chemical warfare G-agent hydrolysis products by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 5585, 46-52(2004).

[89] Farquharson S, Gift A, Maksymiuk P et al. Surface-enhanced Raman spectra of VX and its hydrolysis products[J]. Applied Spectroscopy, 59, 654-660(2005).

[90] Lafuente M, Sanz D, Urbiztondo M et al. Gas phase detection of chemical warfare agents CWAs with portable Raman[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 384, 121279(2020).

[91] Wu J F, Zhu Y J, Liu Y L et al. A novel approach for on-site screening of organophosphorus nerve agents based on DTNB modified AgNPs using surface-enhanced Raman spectrometry[J]. Analytical Methods: Advancing Methods and Applications, 14, 4292-4299(2022).

[92] Huang W C, Chen H R. Application of cotton swab-Ag composite as flexible surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate for DMMP detection[J]. Molecules, 28, 520(2023).

[93] Lafuente M, Pellejero I, Sebastián V et al. Highly sensitive SERS quantification of organophosphorous chemical warfare agents: a major step towards the real time sensing in the gas phase[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 267, 457-466(2018).

[94] Hakonen A, Rindzevicius T, Schmidt M S et al. Detection of nerve gases using surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates with high droplet adhesion[J]. Nanoscale, 8, 1305-1308(2016).

[95] Zhao Q, Liu G Q, Zhang H W et al. SERS-based ultrasensitive detection of organophosphorus nerve agents via substrate’s surface modification[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 324, 194-202(2017).

[96] Chauvin A, Lafuente M, Mevellec J Y et al. Lamellar nanoporous gold thin films with tunable porosity for ultrasensitive SERS detection in liquid and gas phase[J]. Nanoscale, 12, 12602-12612(2020).

[97] Wu J F, Zhu Y J, Gao J et al. A simple and sensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic discriminative detection of organophosphorous nerve agents[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 409, 5091-5099(2017).

[98] Kim Y T, Kim D, Park S et al. Aqueous microlenses for localized collection and enhanced Raman spectroscopy of gaseous molecules[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 9, 2101209(2021).

[99] Lafuente M, Almazán F, Bernad E et al. On-chip monitoring of toxic gases: capture and label-free SERS detection with plasmonic mesoporous sorbents[J]. Lab on a Chip, 23, 3160-3171(2023).

[100] Chen B. Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of protein adducts in blood samples exposed to trace sulfur mustard[D](2019).

[101] Inscore F, Farquharson S. Surface-enhanced Raman spectral analysis of blister agents and their hydrolysis products[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 6378, 63780X(2006).

[102] Kong L C, Zuo G M, Liu G Q et al. Detection of trace HD and its hydrolysis product using Ag film substrate with highly reproducibility and sensitivity by SERS[J]. The Journal of Light Scattering, 24, 355-360(2012).

[103] Gao J, Wu J F, Gao H Y et al. On-site detection of sulfur mustard based on pinhole shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy[J]. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 42, 1465-1470(2014).

[104] Liu T, Gu J L, Liu G K et al. Rapid detection of mustard gas mimics based on surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy[J]. Journal of Instrumental Analysis, 40, 605-611(2021).

[105] Stuart D A, Biggs K B, van Duyne R P. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of half-mustard agent[J]. The Analyst, 131, 568-572(2006).

[106] Heleg-Shabtai V, Sharabi H, Zaltsman A et al. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for detection of VX and HD in the gas phase using a hand-held Raman spectrometer[J]. The Analyst, 145, 6334-6341(2020).

[107] Lafuente M, de Marchi S, Urbiztondo M et al. Plasmonic MOF thin films with Raman internal standard for fast and ultrasensitive SERS detection of chemical warfare agents in ambient air[J]. ACS Sensors, 6, 2241-2251(2021).

[108] Xu W S, Bao H M, Zhang H W et al. Ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy detection of gaseous sulfur-mustard simulant based on thin oxide-coated gold nanocone arrays[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 420, 126668(2021).