Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 61, Issue 23, 2300006(2024)
Application Progress in Detecting Biological and Chemical Warfare Agents Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Technique
Figures & Tables(5)
![Application of SERS technique in the detection of bacterial biological warfare agents. (a) Schematic diagram of SERS-PCR detection principle for Bacillus anthracis[64]; (b) schematic diagram of specific integrated microfluidic channel design based SERS for Yersinia pestis[66]; (c) schematic diagram of SiO2 encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles for Yersinia pestisdetection[67]](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
Fig. 1. Application of SERS technique in the detection of bacterial biological warfare agents. (a) Schematic diagram of SERS-PCR detection principle for Bacillus anthracis[64]; (b) schematic diagram of specific integrated microfluidic channel design based SERS for Yersinia pestis[66]; (c) schematic diagram of SiO2 encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles for Yersinia pestisdetection[67]
Fig. 2. Application of SERS technique in the detection of toxic biological warfare agents. (a) Scheme diagram of Au@Ag core-shell structure-based SERS immunosensor for SEB detection[74]; (b) schematic diagram of the preparation process for unmarked Au-Ag Janus@Au NPs and detection principle for SEC[80]
Table 1. Application of SERS technique in the detection of biological warfare agents
View tableTable 1. Application of SERS technique in the detection of biological warfare agents
Classification Name Substrate Detection limit Advantage Ref. Bacterial agent Anthrax AgFON 2.60×103 spores Low detection limit， short detection time. ［ 58 ］DPA Au NPs 0.83 pg/L High sensitivity， reusable substrate. ［ 59 ］CTX-B Au NPs 3.51 pg/mL High sensitivity， specific. ［ 61 ］DNA marker of
Bacillus anthracis
Hau NPs 9.6×10-10 mol/L Small number of cycles， wide detection range. ［ 64 ］Yersinia pestis Au NPs 60 pg/mL High degree of automation， short detection time， low sample size required. ［ 66 ］Yersinia pestis Antibody-functionalized silica-encapsulated nanotags ~10 pg/mL No sample preparation required， can be used for on-site diagnosis and real-time disease monitoring. ［ 67 ］Yersinia pestis， F. tularensis， Bacillus anthracis Au NPs 43.4 CFU/mL， 45.8 CFU/mL， 35.7 CFU/mL Can achieve both qualitative and quantitative detection simultaneously， short detection time， low sample size required. ［ 68 ］Toxic agent SEB Au NPs 220 amol/L High sensitive. ［ 72 ］SEB Au-4-NTP@Ag NPs 1.3 pg/mL High accuracy in actual sample testing. ［ 74 ］Ricin Au NPs 1.0 ng/mL Strong specificity. ［ 75 ］SEB HGNs 1.0×10-3 ng/mL Can achieve both qualitative and quantitative detection simultaneously. ［ 76 ］Ricin， SEB， BoNT-A SiO2@Au NPs 0.1 ng/mL， 0.05 ng/mL，0.1 ng/mL High sensitivity， good repeatability. ［ 77 ］SEB Au NPs@MIL-101 2.0×10-1 pg/mL High sensitivity， can perform SERS and fluorescence dual mode detection. ［ 78 ］SEB Au NPs 1.0~750 pg/mL SERS， fluorescence， and circular dichroism methods can be used for simultaneous detection. ［ 79 ］SEC Au-Ag Janus@Au NPs 0.55 pg/mL Unmarked detection， high sensitivity， good stability. ［ 80 ］Viral agent Zika virus Ag NIs 0.11 ng/mL High sensitive. ［ 83 ］SARS-CoV-2 Au NP@4-MBA@ssDNA 200 copies/mL Short detection time， no need for any pre-amplification. ［ 84 ］Monkeypox virus Ag@BO 100 copies/mL Has good reproducibility， good signal-to-noise ratio， and high sensitivity. ［ 85 ］
Table 2. Raman peak information of some biological warfare agents
View tableTable 2. Raman peak information of some biological warfare agents
Name Molecular formula Typical Raman peaks and attribution Ref. DPA C7H5NO4 659 cm-1 assigned to C—C ring bend
818 cm-1 assigned to C—H out-of-plane bend
1007 cm-1 assigned to symmetric pyridine ring stretch
1381 cm-1 assigned to O—C=O symmetric stretch
1567 cm-1 assigned to O—C=O asymmetric stretch
［ 86 ］F. tularensis — 531 cm-1 assigned to δ （C—O—C） （glycosidic linkage）
662 cm-1 assigned to δ （C—O—C） （glycosidic linkage）， δ（C—C—C）， δ （C—O—H）
736 cm-1 assigned to Symmetric ν （CH3）3
794 cm-1 assigned to ν （C—O）
891 cm-1 assigned to δ （C—C—H）， δ （C—O—H）
1337 cm-1 assigned to δ （C—H）
1469 cm-1 assigned to δ （C—O—C） （glycosidic linkage）， δ（C—C—C）， δ （C—O—H）
1508 cm-1 assigned to ν （C—N）， δ （CH3）
1583 cm-1 assigned to ν （C—O）
［ 70 ］SEB C50H90N14O17 668 cm-1 assigned to phenylalanine residue
1035 cm-1 assigned to amide Ⅲ C—N stretching
1174 cm-1 assigned to aliphatic chain C—C stretching
［ 72 ］ZIKV — 989 cm-1 assigned to phenylalanine （the symmetric ring breathing mode） （proteins）
1031 cm-1 assigned to C—H bending of phenylalanine
1076 cm-1 assigned to C—N stretch
1403 cm-1 assigned to COO— symmetric stretching
1570 cm-1 assigned to carboxylate stretching vibration （COO—） of the Tryptophan （Trp）
［ 83 ］
Table 3. Application of SERS technique in chemical warfare agent detection
View tableTable 3. Application of SERS technique in chemical warfare agent detection
Classification Name Substrate Detection limit Advantage Ref. Nerve agent DMMP Ag nanoplates 2.5×10-6 Portable Raman detector can be used for detection， fast response speed， good repeatability. ［ 90 ］GD Ag NPs 0.1 nmol/L High sensitivity， specific. ［ 91 ］DMMP ATS/Ag NPs 1.0 g/L High reproducibility， can be used for on-site detection of irregular surfaces， has good uniformity and stability. ［ 92 ］DMMP Au@citrate NPs 1.3×10-7 High sensitivity， easy to operate， low cost， reusable. ［ 93 ］VX， GA Flexible gold-covered Si nanopillars 13 fmol， 670 fmol High sensitivity， superhydrophobicity， can be used for on-site testing. ［ 94 ］G-agents， VX pinSHINs 10 ng/mL， 20 ng/mL High sensitivity， strong specificity. ［ 97 ］DMMP Au NPs 8×10-7 Short detection time， facilitate long-term storage and analysis of gaseous analytes. ［ 98 ］DMMP MCM48@Au 2.5×10-6 Unmarked detection， reusable， can conduct on-site testing of gas reagents. ［ 99 ］Blister agent HD， TDG Silver film substrate 320 mg/L， 1.0 mg/L High sensitivity， good repeatability. ［ 102 ］HD Pinhole SHINs 10 μg/L Can be directly applied to on-site testing. ［ 103 ］HD Au NPs 0.008 μg/L High sensitivity， can conduct on-site testing of gas reagents. ［ 106 ］DMMP， CEES Au@Ag@ZIF-8 2×10-10， 7.6×10-8 Short response time， can conduct on-site testing of gas reagents. ［ 107 ］CEES CuO/Au/SiNCA 10 ng/mL High sensitivity， strong specificity. ［ 108 ］
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Yueming Gao, Guojun Weng, Jianjun Li, Jian Zhu, Junwu Zhao. Application Progress in Detecting Biological and Chemical Warfare Agents Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Technique[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2024, 61(23): 2300006
Paper Information
Category: Reviews
Received: Jan. 25, 2024
Accepted: Apr. 19, 2024
Published Online: Nov. 15, 2024
The Author Email: Guojun Weng (gjweng@xjtu.edu.cn), Junwu Zhao (nanoptzhao@163.com)
CSTR:32186.14.LOP240609
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