Because of their rapid onset, strong toxicity, and wide range damage, biological and chemical warfare agents pose a severe threat to human health. Therefore, achieving rapid and highly sensitive detection of such agents is crucial for maintaining national security and preventing or managing public safety emergencies. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique offers high sensitivity, rapid speed, and simple operation, making it promising for identifying and detecting biological and chemical warfare agents. This review summarizes the advancements in the detection of biological and chemical warfare agents using SERS technique, and highlights its advantages and future prospects in the detection of such agents.