Fig. 1. Principle and experimental process of laser cladding. (a) Laser cladding principle; (b) cladding experimental process

Fig. 2. Multiphase flow model and boundary. (a) Geometric model and boundary; (b) polyphase distribution model

Fig. 3. Thermophysical parameters of 42CrMo and Ni60A. (a) Specific heat capacity; (b) thermal conductivity

Fig. 4. Comparison between simulated and experimental results of single-pass cladding section morphology

Fig. 5. Single-pass cladding layer forming process and molten pool movement process

Fig. 6. Temperature field of multipass cladding free surface and cross-section

Fig. 7. Sampling diagrams of monitoring points in different directions. (a) In scanning direction; (b) in overlapping transverse direction

Fig. 8. Thermal cycle curves in scanning direction

Fig. 9. Thermal cycle curves in overlapping transverse direction

Fig. 10. Flow field of multipass cladding free surface

Fig. 11. Flow field distribution of molten pool cross-section with different cladding passes

Fig. 12. Schematic of flatness of multipass cladding layer

Fig. 13. Cross-sectional flow field and cladding layer topography at different overlap ratios. (a)(d) Overlap ratio of 35%; (b)(e) overlap ratio of 40%; (c)(f) overlap ratio of 45%

Fig. 14. Experimental and simulated results of multipass cladding layer with 40% overlap ratio

Fig. 15. Microstructures of cladding layer at different positions. (a) Multipass cladding cross-section; (b) temperature gradient of cladding layer cross-section; (c) microstructure of cladding layer at position A; (d) microstructure of cladding layer at position B; (e) microstructure of cladding layer at position C