Comparative Forming Size and Mechanical Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated Using Laser/Plasma Arc Directed Energy Deposition

Wentao Qin; Yongqiang Yang; Changwei Weng; Changjun Han

doi:10.3788/CJL202148.2202006

Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 48, Issue 22, 2202006(2021)

Comparative Forming Size and Mechanical Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated Using Laser/Plasma Arc Directed Energy Deposition

Wentao Qin, Yongqiang Yang^*, Changwei Weng, and Changjun Han

Author Affiliations

School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China

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Figures & Tables(14)

Fig. 1. Appearance of directed energy deposition system

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Fig. 2. Characteristic of 316L stainless steel powder. (a) SEM image; (b) particle size distribution

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Fig. 3. Specimen orientation and size for tensile test. (a) Perpendicular to build direction; (b) parallel to build direction; (c) 45° inclination;(d) dimension of tensile specimens

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Fig. 4. Cross-section of deposited single track. (a) Laser directed energy deposition; (b) plasma arc directed energy deposition

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Fig. 5. Microstructures of 316L stainless steel. (a) Plasma arc directed energy deposition; (b) laser directed energy deposition

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Fig. 6. Tensile test results of samples fabricated using two different energy sources. (a) Laser directed energy deposition; (b) plasma arc directed energy deposition

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Fig. 7. Microhardness of specimens deposited with two hear sources

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Table 1. Chemical composition of 316L stainless steel powder
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Table 1. Chemical composition of 316L stainless steel powder
Element Si Cr Ni Mn Mo C O Fe
Mass fraction /% 0.59 17.3 12.23 1.22 2.17 0.013 0.029 Bal.

Table 2. Factors and levels of quadratic orthogonal rotation combination test in laser directed energy deposition
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Table 2. Factors and levels of quadratic orthogonal rotation combination test in laser directed energy deposition
Factor level Laser power /W Scanning speed /(mm·min^-1) Powder feed rate /(g·min^-1)
-1.68179 1659 278 10.9
-1 2000 360 15
0 2500 480 21
1 3000 600 27
1.68179 3341 682 31.1

Table 3. Processing parameters used in directed energy deposition of thin-wall parts
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Table 3. Processing parameters used in directed energy deposition of thin-wall parts
Heat source Laser power /W Current /A Scanning speed /(mm·s^-1) Powder feed rate /(g·min^-1)
Laser 2000 10 24
Plasma arc 30 5 12

Table 4. Calculated powder usage ratio

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Table 4. Calculated powder usage ratio

Heat source	Process parameter	m₀ /g	m₁ /g	t /s	m_p /g	Φ /%	Average Φ /%
Laser	2000 W, 10 mm·s^-1, 24 g·min^-1	1747.5	1748.7	8	3.2	37.5	35.9
	2000 W, 5 mm·s^-1, 24 g·min^-1	1748.8	1750.9	16	6.4	32.8
	2500 W, 10 mm·s^-1, 24 g·min^-1	1750.9	1752.1	8	3.2	37.5
Plasma arc	30 A, 5 mm·s^-1, 12 g·min^-1	1747.5	1749.8	16	3.2	71.9	72.9
	40 A, 5 mm·s^-1, 12 g·min^-1	1752.0	1754.3	16	3.2	71.9
	50 A, 5 mm·s^-1, 12 g·min^-1	1756.6	1759.0	16	3.2	75.0

Table 5. Quadratic regression orthogonal rotation experimental results

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Table 5. Quadratic regression orthogonal rotation experimental results

No.	Laser power /W	Scanning speed /(mm·min^-1)	Powder feed rate /(g·min^-1)	Average width /mm	Average height /mm
1	2500	480	21	6.61	0.65
2	2500	480	10.9	5.17	0.33
3	2500	278	21	8.17	0.87
4	2500	480	21	6.57	0.63
5	3341	480	21	7.09	0.52
6	3000	360	27	8.16	0.92
7	1659	480	21	5.43	0.62
8	2500	480	21	6.06	0.63
9	2500	480	21	6.19	0.61
10	3000	600	27	6.14	0.59
11	2000	600	15	4.21	0.38
12	2000	360	27	6.81	0.95
13	2500	480	31.1	7.52	0.80
14	2500	480	21	6.81	0.51
15	2000	600	27	6.54	0.72
16	3000	360	15	7.42	0.42
17	2500	682	21	5.33	0.34
18	2000	360	15	6.25	0.45
19	2500	480	21	6.36	0.49
20	3000	600	15	5.64	0.32

Table 6. Variance analysis of laser directed energy deposited 316L stainless steel geometry prediction model

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Table 6. Variance analysis of laser directed energy deposited 316L stainless steel geometry prediction model

Dependentvariable	Source	Sum of squares	Degree offreedom	Mean square	F-value	P-value
Layerwidth	Model	17.82	7	2.55	37.20	<0.0001
	Laser power (A)	1.32	1	1.32	19.28	0.0009
	Scanning speed (B)	8.68	1	8.68	126.80	<0.0001
	Powder feed rate (C)	4.52	1	4.52	66.10	<0.0001
	AB	0.2775	1	0.2775	4.06	0.067
	AC	0.7049	1	0.7049	10.30	0.0075
	BC	0.2926	1	0.2926	4.28	0.0609
	ABC	0.5050	1	0.5050	7.38	0.0187
Layerheight	Model	0.6490	6	0.1082	26.12	<0.0001
	Laser power (A)	0.0144	1	0.0144	3.47	0.0852
	Scanning speed (B)	0.1925	1	0.1925	46.49	<0.0001
	Powder feed rate (C)	0.2194	1	0.2194	52.99	<0.0001
	AB	0.0021	1	0.0021	0.5102	0.4877
	AC	0.0006	1	0.0006	0.1479	0.7067
	BC	0.0190	1	0.0190	4.59	0.0516

Table 7. Variance analysis of plasma arc directed energy deposited 316L stainless steel geometry prediction model

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Table 7. Variance analysis of plasma arc directed energy deposited 316L stainless steel geometry prediction model

Dependentvariable	Source	Sum of squares	Degree offreedom	Mean square	F-value	P-value
Layerwidth	Model	16.55	9	1.84	26.84	<0.0001
	Current (A)	4.37	1	4.37	63.75	<0.0001
	Scanning speed (B)	2.43	1	2.43	35.47	0.0001
	Powder feed rate (C)	5.93	1	5.93	86.51	<0.0001
	AB	0	1	0	0.0002	0.9895
	AC	0.1653	1	0.1653	2.41	0.1514
	BC	0.019	1	0.019	0.2774	0.6099
	A²	3.44	1	3.44	50.15	<0.0001
	B²	0.1276	1	0.1276	1.86	0.2023
	C²	0.0454	1	0.0454	0.663	0.4345
Layerheight	Model	0.1869	9	0.0208	17.16	<0.0001
	Current (A)	0.0356	1	0.0356	29.39	0.0003
	Scanning speed (B)	0.0268	1	0.0268	22.12	0.0008
	Powder feed rate (C)	0.0712	1	0.0712	58.89	<0.0001
	AB	0.0001	1	0.0001	0.0930	0.7667
	AC	0.0045	1	0.0045	3.73	0.0822
	BC	0.0045	1	0.0045	3.73	0.0822
	A²	0.0002	1	0.0002	0.1570	0.7003
	B²	0	1	0	0.0334	0.8587
	C²	0.0434	1	0.0434	35.90	0.0001

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Wentao Qin, Yongqiang Yang, Changwei Weng, Changjun Han. Comparative Forming Size and Mechanical Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated Using Laser/Plasma Arc Directed Energy Deposition[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2021, 48(22): 2202006

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Paper Information

Category: laser manufacturing

Received: Apr. 6, 2021

Accepted: Jun. 2, 2021

Published Online: Oct. 28, 2021

The Author Email: Yang Yongqiang (meyqyang@scut.edu.cn)

DOI:10.3788/CJL202148.2202006

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. Chemical composition of 316L stainless steel powder

Table 1. Chemical composition of 316L stainless steel powder

Table 2. Factors and levels of quadratic orthogonal rotation combination test in laser directed energy deposition

Table 2. Factors and levels of quadratic orthogonal rotation combination test in laser directed energy deposition

Table 3. Processing parameters used in directed energy deposition of thin-wall parts

Table 3. Processing parameters used in directed energy deposition of thin-wall parts

Table 4. Calculated powder usage ratio

Table 4. Calculated powder usage ratio

Table 5. Quadratic regression orthogonal rotation experimental results

Table 5. Quadratic regression orthogonal rotation experimental results

Table 6. Variance analysis of laser directed energy deposited 316L stainless steel geometry prediction model

Table 6. Variance analysis of laser directed energy deposited 316L stainless steel geometry prediction model

Table 7. Variance analysis of plasma arc directed energy deposited 316L stainless steel geometry prediction model

Table 7. Variance analysis of plasma arc directed energy deposited 316L stainless steel geometry prediction model