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Acta Optica Sinica, Volume. 45, Issue 13, 1306013(2025)

Development of High-Speed Optical Fiber Communication Technology (Invited)

Han Li1、*, Yuqian Zhang1, Mingqing Zuo1, Dawei Ge1, Yingying Wang2, Wei Ding2, Dong Wang1, Liuyan Han1, and Dechao Zhang1
Author Affiliations
  • 1Department of Fundamental Network Technology, China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing 100053, China
  • 2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communication, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong , China
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    AbstractGet PDF(in Chinese)
    Figures&Tables (12)
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    References (115)
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    Figures & Tables(12)
    Key technological evolution milestones of solid-core optical fibers

    Fig. 1. Key technological evolution milestones of solid-core optical fibers

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    Landmark experimental results of ultra-high-speed and ultra-wide-spectrum optical communication systems. (a) S+C+L three-band transmission[34]; (b) C+L+U three-band transmission[39]; (c) E+S+C+L four-band transmission[41]; (d) O+E+S+C+L+U six-band transmission[44]

    Fig. 2. Landmark experimental results of ultra-high-speed and ultra-wide-spectrum optical communication systems. (a) S+C+L three-band transmission[34]; (b) C+L+U three-band transmission[39]; (c) E+S+C+L four-band transmission[41]; (d) O+E+S+C+L+U six-band transmission[44]

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    Schematic of energy level transitions of important rare-earth ions and their absorption and emission cross-sections[47]. Energy level transition: (a) Er and Dy ions, (b) Pr ions, (c) Tm and Nd ions; absorption and emission cross-section: (d) Er ions, (e) Pr ions, (f) Tm ions, (g) Nd ions

    Fig. 3. Schematic of energy level transitions of important rare-earth ions and their absorption and emission cross-sections[47]. Energy level transition: (a) Er and Dy ions, (b) Pr ions, (c) Tm and Nd ions; absorption and emission cross-section: (d) Er ions, (e) Pr ions, (f) Tm ions, (g) Nd ions

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    High-speed modulators based on different material platforms. (a) InP-based IQ modulator[18]; (b) LiNbO₃ IQ modulator[21]; (c) epitaxial chip of BaTiO₃ material[58]; (d) BaTiO₃ high-speed modulator[59]

    Fig. 4. High-speed modulators based on different material platforms. (a) InP-based IQ modulator[18]; (b) LiNbO₃ IQ modulator[21]; (c) epitaxial chip of BaTiO₃ material[58]; (d) BaTiO₃ high-speed modulator[59]

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    Various types of AR-HCF[73-84]. (a) Kagomé fiber; (b) hypocycloid-core Kagomé fiber; (c) single-tube fiber with nodes; (d) negative curvature fiber; (e) nodeless single-tube fiber; (f) conjoined-tube fiber; (g) 5-element nested nodeless antiresonant fiber (NANF-5); (h) effectively single-tube 6-element fiber; (i) lotus fiber; (j) hybrid cladding fiber; (k) ultra-low loss NANF-5; (l) 5-element double nested nodeless antiresonant fiber (DNANF-5)

    Fig. 5. Various types of AR-HCF[73-84]. (a) Kagomé fiber; (b) hypocycloid-core Kagomé fiber; (c) single-tube fiber with nodes; (d) negative curvature fiber; (e) nodeless single-tube fiber; (f) conjoined-tube fiber; (g) 5-element nested nodeless antiresonant fiber (NANF-5); (h) effectively single-tube 6-element fiber; (i) lotus fiber; (j) hybrid cladding fiber; (k) ultra-low loss NANF-5; (l) 5-element double nested nodeless antiresonant fiber (DNANF-5)

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    Structural evolution and loss reduction history of AR-HCF

    Fig. 6. Structural evolution and loss reduction history of AR-HCF

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    Cross-sectional structures and light guiding principles of solid-core single-mode optical fibers and AR-HCF

    Fig. 7. Cross-sectional structures and light guiding principles of solid-core single-mode optical fibers and AR-HCF

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    Attenuation coefficient spectra of AR-HCF in various bands[94]

    Fig. 8. Attenuation coefficient spectra of AR-HCF in various bands[94]

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    Pilot deployment of hollow-core optical fibers by China Mobile in 2024

    Fig. 9. Pilot deployment of hollow-core optical fibers by China Mobile in 2024

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    Influence of absorption of CO₂/CO in C+L band and absorption of water vapor in S band on transmission performance of high-speed signals

    Fig. 10. Influence of absorption of CO₂/CO in C+L band and absorption of water vapor in S band on transmission performance of high-speed signals

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    • Table 1. Recent researches on multi-band transmission

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      Table 1. Recent researches on multi-band transmission

      PaperBand /THzBaudrate /GBaudCapacityTbit /sDistance /kmFibertypeAmplificationtype
      ECOC 2018［30］S+C+L （13.6）45150.340G.652.DxDFA+DRA
      ECOC 2023［31］S+C+L （18）70158.4120G.652.DxDFA
      OFC 2024［32］S+C+L （18.3）144110.71040G.652.DxDFA+DRA
      OFC 2023［33］S+C+L （18.6）144173.7101G.654.ExDFA+DRA
      OFC 2024［34］S+C+L （19.5）115150.3150G.654.ExDFA
      OE［35］S+C+L （19.825）24.5244.354G.652.DxDFA+DRA
      ECOC 2024［36］S+C+L （15.6）32202.339G.652.DxDFA
      ECOC 2024［37］S+C+L （19.2）144166.5160G.652.DxDFA+DRA
      ECOC 2024［38］S+C+L （12.4）32114.31065G.652.DxDFA+DRA
      OFC 2024［39］C+L+U （14.85）144115.3800G.654.ExDFA+PPLN-OPA
      ECOC 2024［40］C+L+U （14.85）144101400G.654.ExDFA+PPLN-OPA
      ECOC 2023［41］E+S+C+L （27.425）24.530150G.652.DxDFA+DRA
      ECOC 2024［42］S+C+L+U （22.05）144133.061040G.652.DxDFA+PPLN-OPA
      ECOC 2023［43］O+S+C+L+U （25.05）24119.3545G.657.A1xDFA+DRA
      OFC 2024［44］O+E+S+C+L+U （37.625）24.5402.250G.652.DxDFA+DRA
      ECOC 2024［45］O+E+S+C+L+U （36）24.5339.1100G.652.DxDFA+DRA

    • Table 2. Records of attenuation coefficients of anti-resonant hollow-core optical fibers in various bands

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      Table 2. Records of attenuation coefficients of anti-resonant hollow-core optical fibers in various bands

      Spectral range /nmYearTeamStructureAttenuationcoefficient /(dB/km)Attenuation coefficient of solid-core silica optical fiber /(dB/km)
      580‒8002024ORC at the University of Southampton, Microsoft[94]DNANF-50.9@700 nm~3@700 nm
      800‒9002024Microsoft[95]DNANF-5

      0.30±0.02@860 nm

      0.33@850 nm

      		2.3@850 nm (OM4)
      900‒11002024FiberHome[96]NANF-50.25@1050 nm~0.6@1050 nm

      1250‒1350

      1450‒1650

      		2024Microsoft、ORC at the Universityof Southampton[97]DNANF-5

      0.15±0.03@1310 nm

      0.08±0.03@1550 nm

      ~0.3@1310 nm

      0.1397@1566 nm

      1400‒17002024Linfiber Technology, Jinan University, China Mobile Research Institute[98]TDNANF-4≤0.1@1558 nm0.1397@1566 nm
      1450‒17002021ORC at the University of Southampton, Lumenisity[99]NANF-50.22@1625 nm~0.2@1625 nm
      1950‒22002022Beijing University of Technology[100]NANF-50.85@2000 nm–
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    Han Li, Yuqian Zhang, Mingqing Zuo, Dawei Ge, Yingying Wang, Wei Ding, Dong Wang, Liuyan Han, Dechao Zhang. Development of High-Speed Optical Fiber Communication Technology (Invited)[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2025, 45(13): 1306013

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    Paper Information

    Category: Fiber Optics and Optical Communications

    Received: Apr. 11, 2025

    Accepted: May. 19, 2025

    Published Online: Jul. 18, 2025

    The Author Email: Han Li (lihan@chinamobile.com)

    DOI:10.3788/AOS250895

    CSTR:32393.14.AOS250895

    Topics

    laser devices and laser physics
    Lasers and Laser Optics
    Laser physics
    laser manufacturing
    Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology