Integrated Opto-Mechanical-Thermal Analysis and Thermal Control Design for Water Depth Measurement LiDAR

Guoqing Zhou; Angte Cai; Kaiyun Bao; Zhongao Wang; Yi Tang; Xiang Zhou; Tongzhi Lin; Ertao Gao; Yuhang Bai

doi:10.3788/LOP250478

Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 62, Issue 17, 1722001(2025)

Integrated Opto-Mechanical-Thermal Analysis and Thermal Control Design for Water Depth Measurement LiDAR

Guoqing Zhou^1,2、*, Angte Cai^1,2, Kaiyun Bao^1,2, Zhongao Wang^1,2, Yi Tang^2,3, Xiang Zhou^1,2,4, Tongzhi Lin², Ertao Gao², and Yuhang Bai²

Author Affiliations

¹College of Mechanical and Control Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, Guangxi , China

²Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, Guangxi , China

³College of Earth Sciences, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, Guangxi , China

⁴School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

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Figures & Tables(25)

Fig. 1. Process diagram for integrated opto-mechanical-thermal analysis

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Fig. 2. Structure diagram of LiDAR

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Fig. 3. 3 types of radiator structures. (a) Plate fin radiator structure; (b) array pin fin radiator structure; (c) staggered pin fin radiator structure

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Fig. 4. Thermal effect analysis results. (a) Overall diagram of thermal effect; (b) sectional view of thermal effect

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Fig. 5. High-speed data acquisition module

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Fig. 6. Thermal effect analysis result for high-speed data acquisition module. (a) Overall diagram of thermal effect; (b) sectional view of thermal effect

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Fig. 7. LiDAR optical receiving system

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Fig. 8. Finite element mesh model of the whole system

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Fig. 9. Cloud diagrams of thermal simulation for the whole system. (a) Overall diagram of thermal simulation; (b) sectional view of thermal simulation

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Fig. 10. Cloud diagrams of thermal simulation for the whole system with airflow. (a) Overall diagram of thermal simulation; (b) sectional view of thermal simulation

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Fig. 11. Cloud diagram of finite element analysis for main lens

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Fig. 12. MTF curves after adding surface shape change. (a) MTF curve at 10 ℃; (b) MTF curve at 20 ℃; (c) MTF curve at 30 ℃; (d) MTF curve at 40 ℃

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Fig. 13. Optimized air duct structure

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Fig. 14. MTF curves after optimized air duct. (a) MTF curve at 10 ℃; (b) MTF curve at 20 ℃; (c) MTF curve at 30 ℃; (d) MTF curve at 40 ℃

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Fig. 15. Wujiutan experiment

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Fig. 16. Drone-based LiDAR water depth measurement experiment. (a) LiDAR depth measurement; (b) multibeam depth measurement

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Table 1. Requirements for heat consumption and working environment temperature of various components of LiDAR

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Table 1. Requirements for heat consumption and working environment temperature of various components of LiDAR

Module name	Storage temperature /℃	Ambient temperature /℃	Maximum thermal power consumption /W
Motor module	-5‒30	-25‒40	34.5
ADC module	-55‒70	-20‒40	70
Laser module	0‒50	15‒40	100
PMT	-20‒50	5‒45	9
Controller	-20‒70	0‒60	1

Table 2. Common material parameters for heat sink

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Table 2. Common material parameters for heat sink

Material	Thermal conductivity /（W·m^-1·K^-1）	Density /（g·cm^-3）	Thermal expansion coefficient /（10^-6 K）
Aluminum alloy	160	2.70	23.6
Copper	401	8.90	17.8
Copper alloy	200	9.80	7.3
Magnesium alloy	150	1.74	26.1

Table 3. Thermal effect analysis of three structures
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Table 3. Thermal effect analysis of three structures
Heat sink structure Maximum temperature /℃ Minimum temperature /℃
Structure 1 44.70 28.23
Structure 2 46.06 29.29
Structure 3 45.49 28.66

Table 4. High-speed acquisition module temperature
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Table 4. High-speed acquisition module temperature
Work phase Maximum temperature /℃
High altitude collection 56.15
Ground data processing 64.33

Table 5. Common material parameters

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Table 5. Common material parameters

Material	Density /（g·cm^-3）	Elastic modulus /GPa	Poisson’s ratio	Thermal expansion coefficient /（10^-6 K）
Microcrystalline glass	2.52	98	0.24	0.5
SiC	3.11	350	0.18	2.5
Titanium alloy	4.50	110	0.33	8.5
Magnesium aluminum alloy	1.74	45	0.35	25.0
Carbon fiber	1.53	230	0.25	0.8

Table 6. Heat consumption of various components of LiDAR
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Table 6. Heat consumption of various components of LiDAR
Module name Module heat consumption /W
Motor module 34.5
AD module 70
Laser module 100
PMT 9

Table 7. Thermal effects analysis table
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Table 7. Thermal effects analysis table
No. Ambient temperature /℃ Maximum temperature /℃
Ground data download High altitude collection
1 10 34.27 26.82
2 20 44.02 36.74
3 30 53.78 46.66
4 40 63.52 56.58

Table 8. Temperature data of high-speed acquisition module for Wujiutan test
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Table 8. Temperature data of high-speed acquisition module for Wujiutan test
Work phase Maximum temperature /℃
High altitude collection 44.7
Ground data processing 52.1

Table 9. Experimental data of water depth measurement
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Table 9. Experimental data of water depth measurement
No. LiDAR depth measurement /m Multibeam depth measurement /m Error /m
1 1.03 0.98 0.05
2 1.39 1.33 0.06
3 1.47 1.55 0.08
4 1.80 1.89 0.09
5 2.03 1.94 0.09

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Guoqing Zhou, Angte Cai, Kaiyun Bao, Zhongao Wang, Yi Tang, Xiang Zhou, Tongzhi Lin, Ertao Gao, Yuhang Bai. Integrated Opto-Mechanical-Thermal Analysis and Thermal Control Design for Water Depth Measurement LiDAR[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2025, 62(17): 1722001

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