Fig. 1. Energy level diagrams of CARS and SRS processes. (a) CARS energy level diagram; (b) SRS energy level diagram

Fig. 2. Diagram of CRS microscopy imaging system

Fig. 3. Detection of lipid-rich prostate CTC with CARS microscopy. (Upper row: prostate CTC exhibits strong CARS signal arising from intracellular lipid accumulation; lower row: leukocytes exhibit weak CARS signal arising mainly from cellular membrane)^[36]

Fig. 4. Three-dimensional tissue imaging with wideband CARS for murine pancreatic ducts^[16]. (a) Pseudo color chart, in which nuclei (785 cm^-1), collagen (855 cm^-1), and a composite of lipids and proteins (1665 cm^-1) are highlighted in blue, red, and green, respectively. A represents acinar cell, D represents exocrine duct, and Ep represents epithelial cell; (b) three-dimensional reconstruction result of murine pancreatic

Fig. 5. Labeled and label-free imaging for fat in C. elegans^[48]. (a) Labeled imaging of fat using Sudan Black, Oil Red O, and Nile Red staining of fixed worms and Nile Red and BODIPY-labeled fatty acids fed to live worms; (b) label-free imaging results of neutral lipid species and autofluorescent gut granules using CARS and TPEF

Fig. 6. Hyperspectral SRS imaging of BaF₃ cells in mouce with high concentration drug. Unlabeled visualization imaging of high concentrations of imatinib (a) and nilotinib (b) in mouse BaF₃ cells, as distinct from control cells treated with dimethyl sulfoxide alone (c); SRS spectrum (d) of the selected location shows similarity to two SRS spectra (e) in solution, but it is different from the cytoplasmic region (f)

Fig. 7. SRS imaging of brain tumors in mice^[53]. (a) In tumors below the cortical surface, there were no significant abnormalities in the SRS (left) and brightfield images (right) when imaging the cortical surface; (b) after removing a part of the cortex, tumor regions can be found, and interface between the tumor and the normal brain can be seen in SRS (left) and brightfield images(right)

Fig. 8. CARS and SRS imaging of in C. elegans. (a) CARS images of C. elegans intestinal cells in resonance background; (b) SRS images of C. elegans intestinal cells; CARS (c) and SRS (d) enlarged images of C. elegans CH₂ at 2845 cm^-1 in the same location