Journal of Synthetic Crystals, Volume. 54, Issue 7, 1100(2025)
Review on Impact of Film Preparation Method and Crystallization Behavior on the Imaging Performance of Halide Perovskite X-Ray Detectors
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of X-ray detection principles. (a) Direct X-ray detection; (b) indirect X-ray detection
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of method for constructing the active of HPs X-ray detectors. (a) Spin-coating method; (b) blade-coating method; (c) spray coating method; (d) inkjet printing method; (e) pressing method; (f) vacuum evaporation method; (g) close-space sublimation method
Fig. 3. Fabrication and characterization of X-ray detectors constructed via spin-coating method. Schematic diagram of the fabrication process (a) and cross-sectional SEM image of the polymer-encapsulated Cs4PbI6 device (b)[58]; (c) X-ray imaging process and images based on PAZE-NH4Br3·H₂O film; (d) morphology SEM images under different magnifications[59]; (e) structural diagram of the porous PET substrate used for MFP; (f) cross-sectional SEM image of MFP based on MAPbI3[63]; (g) schematic diagram of X-ray imaging using Cs2ZrCl6@PDMS flexible scintillator films and corresponding X-ray images[67]; (h) schematic illustration of hot-casting of quasi-2D films on hole transport layer substrate prepared via spin-coating method; (i) cross-sectional SEM images of films cast form quasi-2D and 3D crystal structures[68]; (j) cross-sectional SEM images of 2D-RP films with different thickness; (k) CIWAXS maps of 2D-RP films with different thickness[69]
Fig. 4. Characterization of X-ray detectors fabricated via blade-coating method. (a) Morphology SEM images of MA3Bi2I9 thick films with different concentrations of MACl additive, and cross-sectional image of the film with 10% MACl added; (b) dose rate-current density curves of device based on MA3Bi2I9 thick film with 10% MACl under different bias voltage[72]; (c) cross-sectional (left) and morphology (right) SEM images of FAMAC thick film[74]; (d) morphology (left) and cross-sectional (right) SEM images of MAPbI3 thick films with and without MASCN additive[77]; (e) schematic diagram of the crystallization process of wet films via spin-coating and blade-coating method[78]; (f) schematic diagram of the crystallization process for the wet films after blade-coating under different atmospheric conditions; (g) morphology (up) and cross-sectional (down) SEM images of thick films under different conditions; (h) X-ray images of metal letters at different dose rate[80]; (i) in situ optical microscopy images of the crystallization process of MTP2MnBr4 andBPP2MnBr4[81]; (j) illustration of MAPbI3 layer subjected to tensile or compressive stress induced by thermal changes on flexible and rigid substrates, respectively[84]
Fig. 5. X-ray detectors based on inkjet printing and spraying methods and their characterization. Schematic diagram (a) and optical photograph (b) of the X-ray detection array based on CsPbI3 QDs via inkjet printing on a SiO2/Si wafer[87]; (c) cross-sectional SEM images of TCP devices printed on ITO substrates spin-coated with NiO x (left) and c-PEDOT∶PSS (right)[88]; (d) microscope images of different patterns of MAPbI3 via inkjet printing method[89]; (e) cross-sectional (top) and morphology (middle) SEM images of CsPbI2Br film with different cycles, constructed by the ALS method, and a schematic illustration of crystallization (bottom)[78]; (f) schematic diagram and cross-sectional and morphology SEM images of Cs3Bi2I9 thick films prepared by one step spraying (top) and two steps spraying (bottom)[90]; (g) in situ optical microscope images of MAPbI3 crystallization process in different DIW ink environments; (h) schematic diagram of the DIW crystallization process and final cross-sectional SEM image; (i) cross-sectional SEM images of MAPbI3 films printed by DIW method with different printing counts (form left to right:1~5 times)[91]
Fig. 6. Characterization of X-ray detectors via pressing method. (a) Cross-sectional SEM images of the MAPbI3 with a precusor molar ratio of PbI2∶MAI=1∶1.15 during wafer formation at different pressing times (a-1 to a-6 represent 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 min respectively); (b) relationship between the wafer thickness and the raw material mass, along with cross-sectional SEM images of wafer with different thickness[93]; optical image (c) and SEM morphology (left) and cross-sectional (right) images (d) of MA3Bi2I9 wafer[97]; (e) optical image of (F-PEA)3BiI6 wafer; (f) schematic illustration of crystal cell reorientation under pressure for (F-PEA) 3BiI6[98]; (g) TEM image of Cs4PbBr6 MCs, along with the corresponding selected-area electron diffraction pattern; (h) SEM images of Cs4PbBr6 MCs with different toluene injection speed; (i) SEM morphology (left) and cross-sectional (right) images of Cs4PbBr6 wafer[99]; optical image (j) and SEM morphology (left) and cross-sectional (right) images (k) of (C8H20N)2Cu2Br4 wafer; (l) optical image of the integrated circuit board used for imaging (left) and corresponding X-ray image (right)[100]; (m) optical images of MAPbI3 wafers at different pressing time, along with morphology (left 1 and 3) and cross-sectional (left 2 and 4) SEM images of opaque and transparent wafers[101]
Fig. 7. Crystallization control and performance of X-ray detectors via vacuum deposition. SEM images of Cs3Cu2I5 film via vacuum deposition (a), and MTF-spatial resolution function curve measured by the slanted-edge method (b) [105]; SEM (left) and cross-sectional (right) images of Cs3Cu2Cl5 film via sequential vacuum deposition (c), and MTF curves measured by the slanted-edge method (d) [106]; (e) schematic illustration of light transmission and scattering within scintillator layers[107]; (f) SEM images of surfaces of CsI∶Tl film with different deposition stages; (g) film formation process of the CsI∶Tl; (h) generation of new crystal orientation in holes and cracks[109]; SEM images under different manifications (left 1 and 2) and cross-sectional image (right) (i), and MTF-curves measured by the slanted-edge method (j) [110]; (k) SEM (left) and cross-sectional (right) images of FAPbI3 film; (l) schematic illustration of the device structure[111]; (m) SEM image of 400 nm-thick CsPbI2Br film[112]; SEM cross-sectional image of a MAPbI3 based photodiode (n) and schematic of the device structure (o)[113]
Fig. 8. Crystallization control and scintillator performance via the near-space sublimation process. (a) SEM cross-sectional and morphology images of Rb2AgBr3 thick films prepared under different temperature conditions; (b) schematic illustration of dynamic imaging by Rb2AgBr3 thick film; (c) dynamic imaging images of chicken wings[114]; (d) cross-sectional SEM image of CsCu2I3 thick film; (e) schemic diagram of the seed crystal screening strategy; (f) SEM (1) and cross-sectional (2~4) images corresponding to different crystallization stages in the seed crystal screening strategy; (g) schematic of CsCu2I3 scintillator detector[115]; (h) schematic showing differences in dangling bonds and afterglow effects induced by different crystal structures; (i) afterglow comparison images under X-ray excitation; (j) cross-sectional SEM image and XRD pattern of Cs5Cu3Cl6I2 thick film with orientation growth; (k) demonstration images of angiography[116]
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Hang XIE, Zhiwen JIN. Review on Impact of Film Preparation Method and Crystallization Behavior on the Imaging Performance of Halide Perovskite X-Ray Detectors[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2025, 54(7): 1100
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Received: Jan. 17, 2025
Accepted: --
Published Online: Aug. 28, 2025
The Author Email: Zhiwen JIN (jinzw@lzu.edu.cn)