Heat Transfer During Liquid CO<sub>2</sub> Transient Spray Cooling and its Protection Effect on Epidermis

Zhizhong He; Chen Kong; Xueqin Lin; Linxin Shen; Chenxi Li; Dong Li; Bin Chen; Zhifu Zhou

doi:10.3788/CJL241191

Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 52, Issue 3, 0307206(2025)

Heat Transfer During Liquid CO₂ Transient Spray Cooling and its Protection Effect on Epidermis

Zhizhong He¹, Chen Kong², Xueqin Lin², Linxin Shen³, Chenxi Li¹, Dong Li¹, Bin Chen¹, and Zhifu Zhou^1、*

Author Affiliations

¹State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi , China

²School of Future Technology and School of Modern Industry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi , China

³Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi , China

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Abstract Get PDF(in Chinese)

Figures & Tables(16)

Fig. 1. Schematic of transient liquid CO₂ spray system

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Fig. 2. Schematic of thermocouples. (a) Installing pattern;

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Fig. 3. Verification of heat flux calculation method

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Fig. 4. Model for calculating temperature in skin

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Fig. 5. Images during transient liquid CO₂ spraying at different moments. (a) t; (b) t+30 ms; (c) t+60 ms; (d) t+90 ms; (e) t+120 ms

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Fig. 6. Effect of spurt duration on cooling. (a) Surface temperature; (b) heat flux (HF); (c) heat transfer coefficient (HTC)

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Fig. 7. Effect of spray height on cooling. (a) Surface temperature; (b) HF; (c) HTC

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Fig. 8. Discrepancy in cooling in radial direction. (a) Surface temperature; (b) HF; (c) HTC

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Fig. 9. Thermal injury caused by laser at spray height of 20 mm under different spray time. (a) 40 ms; (b) 60 ms; (c) 100 ms

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Fig. 10. Thermal injury caused by laser at spray height of 30 mm under different spray time. (a) 40 ms; (b) 60 ms; (c) 100 ms

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Fig. 11. Thermal injury caused by laser at spray height of 40 mm under different spray time. (a) 40 ms; (b) 60 ms; (c) 100 ms

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Table 1. Physical properties of different substances^[17-18]

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Table 1. Physical properties of different substances^[17-18]

Substance

Thermal conductivity λ /

（W·m^-1·K^-1）

Density ρ /

（kg·m^-3）

Specific heat capacity

c /（J·kg^-1·K^-1）

Thermal diffusivity

α /（m²·s^-1）

Epidermis

0.21

1200

3.60×10³

4.86×10^-8

Epoxy resin

0.14

1019

1.63×10³

8.43×10^-8

Aluminium

2.0×10²

2710

8.96×10²

8.44×10^-5

Table 2. Physical properties of each layer in skin
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Table 2. Physical properties of each layer in skin
Layer
Thermal conductivity
λ /（W·m^-1·K^-1）
Density
ρ /（kg·m^-3）
Specific heat capacity
c /（J·kg^-1·K^-1）
Epidermis 0.21 1200 3600
Dermis 0.53 1200 3800
PWS 0.54 1170 3740

Table 3. Coefficients for characterization of cooling capacity at spray height of 20 mm

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Table 3. Coefficients for characterization of cooling capacity at spray height of 20 mm

Coefficient	Spurt time is 40 ms	Spurt time is 60 ms	Spurt time is 100 ms
a₁	-0.0059	-0.0028	-0.0137
b₁	0.0871	0.09945	0.1483
a₂	0.0979	0.0607	0.0306
b₂	0.0077	0.0056	0.0051
m₁	1	1	1
n₁	0	0	0
m₂	-0.5036	-0.8419	-0.8463
n₂	1.5036	1.8419	1.8462
m₃	-0.2083	-0.0200	-0.0483
n₃	0.9130	0.1981	0.2503
m₄	-0.0038	-0.0183	-0.0071
n₄	0.0952	0.1911	0.0856

Table 4. Coefficients for characterization of cooling capacity at spray height of 30 mm

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Table 4. Coefficients for characterization of cooling capacity at spray height of 30 mm

Coefficient	Spurt time is 40 ms	Spurt time is 60 ms	Spurt time is 100 ms
a₁	-0.0047	-0.0015	-0.0066
b₁	0.0721	0.0880	0.1320
a₂	0.1503	0.0909	0.0450
b₂	0.0138	0.0078	0.0065
m₁	1	1	1
n₁	0	0	0
m₂	-0.7007	-0.7461	-0.8275
n₂	1.7007	1.7461	1.8275
m₃	-0.0842	-0.0727	-0.0651
n₃	0.4677	0.3993	0.3026
m₄	-0.0117	-0.0168	-0.0020
n₄	0.1776	0.1756	0.0503

Table 5. Coefficients for characterization of cooling capacity at spray height of 40 mm

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Table 5. Coefficients for characterization of cooling capacity at spray height of 40 mm

Coefficient	Spurt time is 40 ms	Spurt time is 60 ms	Spurt time is 100 ms
a₁	-0.0020	0.0022	0.0087
b₁	0.0591	0.0732	0.1057
a₂	0.2010	0.1237	0.0659
b₂	0.0227	0.0107	0.0104
m₁	1	1	1
n₁	0	0	0
m₂	-0.5038	-0.6513	-0.8960
n₂	1.5038	1.6513	1.8960
m₃	-0.1793	-0.1405	-0.0070
n₃	0.8548	0.6296	0.1179
m₄	-0.0092	-0.0061	-0.0197
n₄	0.1744	0.0920	0.1690

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Zhizhong He, Chen Kong, Xueqin Lin, Linxin Shen, Chenxi Li, Dong Li, Bin Chen, Zhifu Zhou. Heat Transfer During Liquid CO₂ Transient Spray Cooling and its Protection Effect on Epidermis[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2025, 52(3): 0307206

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Paper Information

Category: Optical Diagnostics and Therapy

Received: Sep. 9, 2024

Accepted: Nov. 11, 2024

Published Online: Jan. 20, 2025

The Author Email: Zhifu Zhou (zfzhou@mail.xjtu.edu.cn)

DOI:10.3788/CJL241191

CSTR:32183.14.CJL241191

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. Physical properties of different substances[17-18]

Table 1. Physical properties of different substances[17-18]

Table 2. Physical properties of each layer in skin

Table 2. Physical properties of each layer in skin

Table 3. Coefficients for characterization of cooling capacity at spray height of 20 mm

Table 3. Coefficients for characterization of cooling capacity at spray height of 20 mm

Table 4. Coefficients for characterization of cooling capacity at spray height of 30 mm

Table 4. Coefficients for characterization of cooling capacity at spray height of 30 mm

Table 5. Coefficients for characterization of cooling capacity at spray height of 40 mm

Table 5. Coefficients for characterization of cooling capacity at spray height of 40 mm

Table 1. Physical properties of different substances^[17-18]

Table 1. Physical properties of different substances^[17-18]