Fig. 1. Diagram of LCOPA beam deflection model^[19]

Fig. 2. Phase distribution of two modulation models. (a) Distribution of periodic blazed phase grating; (b) distribution of non-periodic phase grating

Fig. 3. Large aperture LCOPA realization methods. (a) Schematic diagram of a LCOPA device with aperture of 80 mm×80 mm^[20]; (b) schematic diagram of PAPA (upper) and PA-in-PA (lower) ^[21,25]; (c) schematic diagram of coherent beam combining technology^[26]; (d) schematic diagram of liquid crystal optically duplicated array of phased array^[27]

Fig. 4. Wide-angle LCOPA methods. (a) Schematic diagram of the working principle of LCPG^[33]; (b) schematic diagram of LCPG cascaded with liquid crystal waveplates to realize large angle switching^[28]; (c) schematic diagram of large angle cascade system^[20]; (d) conformal phased array method to realize the beam steering range expansion^[33]

Fig. 5. Fast response methods. (a) Schematic diagram of reduce response time by spiking voltages^[34]; (b) Schematic diagram of fast response blue phase liquid crystal device^[44]; (c) test result of a dual-frequency liquid crystal polarization grating^[51]; (d) molecular structure of ferroelectric nematic phase liquid crystal^[57]; (e) schematic diagram of fast response cascade array liquid crystal device^[60]

Fig. 6. Arbitrary multiple beam forming methods. (a) Polarization beam splitter method^[62]; (b) sub-aperture method^[64]; (c) cascaded method of amplitude modulating and phase modulating^[67]