Fig. 1. Schematic of constructing nano reagent for photothermal/chemotherapy synergistic treatment based on MXene

Fig. 2. Materials characterization. (a) SEM image of multilayer Ti₃C₂; (b) TEM image of Ti₃C₂ nanosheets;(c) TEM image of MXene@Qu; (d) Zeta potentials of PAH improved MXene, Qu, and MXene@Qu; (e) absorption spectra of MXene, Qu, and MXene@Qu; (f) UV-vis-NIR spectra of MXene aqueous solution with various mass concentrations, where the inset shows the relationship between absorbance of MXene aqueous solution at 808 and its mass concentration

Fig. 3. Photothermal effect in vitro. (a) Temperature versus time for different mass concentrations of MXene aqueous solution irradiated by 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) laser (1 W/cm², 5 min); (b) temperature versus time for 100 μg/mL MXene aqueous solution irradiated by 808 nm NIR laser with different laser power densities; (c) photothermal stability of 100 μg/mL MXene@Qu aqueous solution under 808 nm laser irradiation (1 W/cm², 5 min); (d) variation of temperature in time for 100 μg/mL MXene and MXene@Qu aqueous solutions at 1 W/cm² excitation power density; (e) temperature change curve of 100 μg/mL MXene@Qu nanocomposite aqueous solution from heating to natural cooling, where the solution was irradiated with 808 nm and 1 W/cm² laser for 240 s, and then the irradiation stopped to allow the solution to cool naturally; (f) linear fitting results between time data of natural cooling period of MXene@Qu aqueous solution and negative natural logarithm of driving temperature obtained by heating and cooling

Fig. 4. Cell viability of HepG2 cells treated with MXene, free Qu, and MXene@Qu under 808 nm laser irradiation (1 W/cm², 5 min) or not

Fig. 5. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images of HepG2 cells treated by different methods