Fig. 1. Schematic of temporally shaped femtosecond laser two sub-pulses ablating bulk MoS₂ targets in water^[61]

Fig. 2. Diagram of different mechanisms of precursor materials and selective induced chemical reaction paths^[62]. (a) When the resonance occurs between the radiation and the related molecular level, molecular can response to laser; (b) constraints of resonance can be overcome in weak field and short pulse duration; (c) molecular vibrational energy level and multiphoton excitation produce enough dynamic power broadening; (d) best clipping can be used to g

Fig. 3. Schematic of preparation process, structure of a-MoS_x, and catalytic active sites^[47]

Fig. 4. Prepared Ag nanowires and varies of patterns^[65]. (a) Relationship between line width and scanning speed at different laser powers; (b) mesh pattern; (c) letter ‘NANO’; (d) clover pattern

Fig. 5. Schematic of nanowire structure breaking through processing limit on Au film surface^[67]. (a) Spatial optical processing setup; (b) original Gaussian optical field distribution; (c) optical field distribution after shaping

Fig. 6. 3D micro/nano structure based on MTA composite resins obtained by two-photon polymerization (TPP) lithography^[68]. (a) Schematic of preparation of MTA composite resins; (b) TPP experimental setup; (c) PET substrate for patterning Au electrodes; (d)--(h) 3D microstructures processed by TPP

Fig. 7. Schematic of large-area ‘graphene flower’ microarchitecture array obtained by femtosecond laser and realizing superhydrophobic bionic surface^[70]. (a) Original graphene oxide nanosheet; (b) reduced graphene oxide nanosheets; (c) graphene nanoflake filter membrane after reduction; (d) prepared ‘graphene flower’ at a single pulse and fluence of 1.1 J/cm²; (e) ‘graphene flower’ arrays obtained by flight dot pattern; (f) wettability compar

Fig. 8. Reduced and patterned the GO films by FsLDW on nonplanar substrates^[71]. (a) Schematic of processing; (b) bow-like microcircuit; (c) Fresnel zone plate; (d) quick response code

Fig. 9. Schematic of chemical reduction activity mechanism on MoS₂ surface induced by temporally shaped femtosecond laser^[72]. (a) Schematic of temporally shaped femtosecond laser processing; (b)--(d) MoS₂ periodic structural morphology and surface gold particle morphology; (e) atomic-scale diagram of the MoS₂ micro/nano debris

Fig. 10. Schematic of the vdWHs growth process^[73]. (a) Metal phase transition metal sulfide grown at sites; (b) schematic of laser processing; (c) 3D atomic structure of metal-/semiconductor-TMDS heterojunctions

Fig. 11. Schematic of doping of anatase TiO₂ by a femtosecond laser under the photosynthetic routes based on redox shuttle^[75]

Fig. 12. Schematic of the hierarchical porous WO₃ nanoparticle aggregates, its morphology, and photoelectrochemical water splitting performance^[76]. (a) Diagram of layered porous WO₃ nanoparticle aggregation, corresponding charge transfer, and electrolyte permeation processes; (b) photoelectrochemical activity of porous WO₃ nanoparticle aggregates; (c) schematic of morphology regulation process; (d) SEM image of porous nan

Fig. 13. Plasma enhanced reduction of AgNO₃ at silicon-water interface^[80]. (a) Schematic of experimental mechanism; a1) Ag⁺ reduction at plasma-liquid interface during plasma expansion through hydrated electrons and free radicals produced by water decomposition; a2) formation of growth sites; (b) relationship between bubble diffusion distance and laser energy, and inset is the schematic of silver nanostructure on silicon surface; (c

Fig. 14. The cell viability assay method (MTT method)and the contrast of fluorescent images of living cells^[82]. (a) Relationship between viability of different cells and concentration of MoS₂ nanoparticles; (b) fluorescent microscopy image of untreated A549 cells; (c) fluorescent microscopy image of the A549 cells after MoS₂ nanoparticles treating for 48 h

Fig. 15. Schematic of deoxygenation for reducing induced by FsLDW and patterning GO, morphology, and electrical property^[83]. (a) Schematic of the preparation process of GO microcircuits; (b)(c) SEM images of comb-liked and curved microcircuits; (d)(e) AFM images of comb-liked and curved microcircuits; (f) schematic of GO thin film profile before and after femtosecond laser reduction; (g) electrical characteristic curve

Fig. 16. Schematic of supercapacitor structure with submicron scale resolution^[84]. (a)--(e) Schematic of experimental process; (f) cross-section SEM image of 1T MoS₂ filter film; (g) optical microscope images of a supercapacitor with different fingers; (h) SEM images and EDS distribution of fingers; (i) SEM image of miniaturized supercapacitor arrays; (j) SEM image of finger with high resolution

Fig. 17. Schematic of the miniaturized supercapacitor with porous carbon, its morphology, and CV responses^[85]. (a) Schematic of laser carbonization method to fabricate miniaturized supercapacitor; (b) photo of a miniaturized supercapacitor attached to the curved wall of a vial; (c) SEM images of porous carbon sheets near the center crack; (d) CV response of miniaturized supercapacitors to different degrees of mechanical bending, and inset is experimental