[1] SHEN Y, DIERKING I. Perspectives in liquid-crystal-aided nanotechnology and nanoscience[J]. Applied Sciences, 9, 2512(2019).

[2] DE GENNES P G, PROST J[M]. The Physics of Liquid Crystals(1993).

[3] LUO D X, WU J B, GUO Z H et al. Photoalignment guided order evolution of liquid crystals[J]. Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays, 39, 569-592(2024).

[4] XING C C, ZHENG J H, CHEN F F et al. Preparation and focusing characteristics of polarized holographic photo-alignment liquid crystal cylindrical lenses[J]. Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays, 39, 593-601(2024).

[5] ZHANG H, WANG L Y, ZHU B H et al. Modulation of smectic liquid crystals superstructures under multiple external fields[J]. Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays, 39, 289-298(2024).

[6] LI Y M, SUN G J, MA Z H et al. Dielectric and flexoelectric properties of nematic liquid crystal with chiral dopants in a concentric cylindrical cell[J]. Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays, 38, 462-470(2023).

[7] GE D L, DAI Y T, LIANG H Y et al. Self-rolling and circling of a conical liquid crystal elastomer rod on a hot surface[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 263, 108780(2024).

[8] XU C, CHU Y T, HU J L et al. Influence of helical twisting power on electro-optical properties of normal-mode polymer-stabilized cholesteric texture[J]. Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays, 31, 358-362(2016).

[9] ZHANG S, YANG Y, JI Y et al. Research process on magneto-responsive liquid crystalline elastomers[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 38, 1299-1309(2021).

[10] CHEN T, FENG S M. Magnetic-optics effect of nematic liquid crystal in weak magnetic field[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 29, 443-447(2009).

[11] SONG Y L, WANG Q H. Low voltage and high transmittance transflective blue-phase liquid crystal display with corrugated electrodes[J]. Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays, 32, 249-252(2017).

[12] SUN L Y, WANG X Y, CHEN J H et al. Liquid crystal electro-optic switching based on order parameter and orientation fluctuations[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 42, 112-117(2022).

[13] LOWE A M, ABBOTT N L. Liquid crystalline materials for biological applications[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 24, 746-758(2012).

[14] SILVESTRINI A V P, DEBIASI B W, PRAÇA F G et al. Progress and challenges of lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles for innovative therapies[J]. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 628, 122299(2022).

[15] TANG D L, SHAO Z L, XIE X et al. Flat multifunctional liquid crystal elements through multi-dimensional information multiplexing[J]. Opto-Electronic Advances, 6, 220063(2023).

[16] HE Z, HONMA M, MASUDA S et al. Optical haar wavelet transforms with liquid crystal elements[J]. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 34, 6433-6438(1995).

[17] IHMIG F R, JANUSCHOWSKI K, KOCH T et al. Monitoring of wearing and occlusion times with smart shutter glasses-A proof of concept[J]. PLoS One, 17, e0270361(2022).

[18] ZHANG X, XU Y Y, VALENZUELA C et al. Liquid crystal-templated chiral nanomaterials: from chiral plasmonics to circularly polarized luminescence[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 11, 223(2022).

[19] MA L L, LI C Y, SUN L Y et al. Submicrosecond electro-optical switching of one-dimensional soft photonic crystals[J]. Photonics Research, 10, 786-792(2022).

[20] KUROCHKIN O, NAZARENKO K, TERESHCHENKO O et al. The helical twisting power of chiral dopants in lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals[J]. Liquid Crystals, 50, 110-120(2023).

[21] KIVSHAR Y S, AGRAWAL G P[M]. Optical Solitons: From Fibers to Photonic Crystals(2003).

[22] BULLOUGH R K. Solitons: inverse scattering theory and its applications[C], 295-349(1980).

[23] RUSSELL J S[M]. The Wave of Translation in the Oceans of Water, Air, and Ether(1885).

[24] ZABUSKY N J, KRUSKAL M D. Interaction of “solitons” in a collisionless plasma and the recurrence of initial states[J]. Physical Review Letters, 15, 240-243(1965).

[25] BERTHOMIER M, POTTELETTE R, MALINGRE M et al. Electron-acoustic solitons in an electron-beam plasma system[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 7, 2987-2994(2000).

[26] SAZONOV S V, USTINOV N V. Soliton mode of terahertz radiation generation using picosecond laser pulses with tilted wave fronts[J]. Laser Physics Letters, 19, 025401(2022).

[27] LI Z X, CAO Y S, YAN P. Topological insulators and semimetals in classical magnetic systems[J]. Physics Reports, 915, 1-64(2021).

[28] CARETTA L, OH S H, FAKHRUL T et al. Relativistic kinematics of a magnetic soliton[J]. Science, 370, 1438-1442(2020).

[29] GRELU P, AKHMEDIEV N. Dissipative solitons for mode-locked lasers[J]. Nature Photonics, 6, 84-92(2012).

[30] MAÎTRE A, LERARIO G, MEDEIROS A et al. Dark-soliton molecules in an exciton-polariton superfluid[J]. Physical Review X, 10, 041028(2020).

[31] DU J, WANG X R, HUANG Z Q et al. Influences of distribution of LC dielectric anisotropy on properties of LC microstrip line[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 45, 0820001(2016).

[32] SHNIR Y M[M]. Topological and Non-Topological Solitons in Scalar Field Theories(2018).

[33] SHEN Y, DIERKING I. Dynamics of electrically driven solitons in nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals[J]. Communications Physics, 3, 14(2020).

[34] SHEN Y, DIERKING I. Electrically driven formation and dynamics of swallow-tail solitons in smectic A liquid crystals[J]. Materials Advances, 2, 4752-4761(2021).

[35] LI B X, BORSHCH V, XIAO R L et al. Electrically driven three-dimensional solitary waves as director bullets in nematic liquid crystals[J]. Nature Communications, 9, 2912(2018).

[36] AYA S, ARAOKA F. Kinetics of motile solitons in nematic liquid crystals[J]. Nature Communications, 11, 3248(2020).

[37] SHEN Y, DIERKING I. Dynamic dissipative solitons in nematics with positive anisotropies[J]. Soft Matter, 16, 5325-5333(2020).

[38] WU J S, SMALYUKH I I. Hopfions, heliknotons, skyrmions, torons and both abelian and nonabelian vortices in chiral liquid crystals[J]. Liquid Crystals Reviews, 10, 34-68(2022).

[39] KAUFFMAN L H[M]. Knots and Physics(2001).

[40] SKYRME T H R. A unified field theory of mesons and baryons[J]. Nuclear Physics, 31, 556-569(1962).

[41] WEINBERG E J[M]. Classical Solutions in Quantum Field Theory: Solitons and Instantons in High Energy Physics(2012).

[42] DUNAJSKI M[M]. Solitons, Instantons, and Twistors(2010).

[43] MALOMED B A. Vortex solitons: old results and new perspectives[J]. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, 399, 108-137(2019).

[44] ABRIKOSOV A A. Nobel Lecture: type-Ⅱ superconductors and the vortex lattice[J]. Reviews of Modern Physics, 76, 975-979(2004).

[45] O’DELL D H J, GIOVANAZZI S, KURIZKI G. Rotons in gaseous Bose-Einstein condensates irradiated by a laser[J]. Physical Review Letters, 90, 110402(2003).

[46] GÖBEL B, MERTIG I, TRETIAKOV O A. Beyond skyrmions: review and perspectives of alternative magnetic quasiparticles[J]. Physics Reports, 895, 1-28(2021).

[47] BOGDANOV A N, RÖßLER U K, SHESTAKOV A A. Skyrmions in nematic liquid crystals[J]. Physical Review E, 67, 016602(2003).

[48] SMALYUKH I I, LANSAC Y, CLARK N A et al. Three-dimensional structure and multistable optical switching of triple-twisted particle-like excitations in anisotropic fluids[J]. Nature Materials, 9, 139-145(2010).

[49] ACKERMAN P J, SMALYUKH I I. Static three-dimensional topological solitons in fluid chiral ferromagnets and colloids[J]. Nature Materials, 16, 426-432(2017).

[50] ACKERMAN P J, SMALYUKH I I. Diversity of knot solitons in liquid crystals manifested by linking of preimages in torons and hopfions[J]. Physical Review X, 7, 011006(2017).

[51] KUCHKIN V M, KISELEV N S, RYBAKOV F N et al. Heliknoton in a film of cubic chiral magnet[J]. Frontiers in Physics, 11, 1201018(2023).

[52] TAI J S B, SMALYUKH I I. Surface anchoring as a control parameter for stabilizing torons, skyrmions, twisted walls, fingers, and their hybrids in chiral nematics[J]. Physical Review E, 101, 042702(2020).

[53] SHEN Y, DIERKING I. Recent progresses on experimental investigations of topological and dissipative solitons in liquid crystals[J]. Crystals, 12, 94(2022).

[54] SHEN Y. Electrically driven dissipative directrons in nematic liquid crystals[J]. Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays, 38, 95-103(2023).

[55] FUKUDA J I, NYCH A, OGNYSTA U et al. Liquid crystalline half‐skyrmions and their optical properties[J]. Annalen der Physik, 534, 2100336(2022).

[56] LAVRENTOVICH O D. Design of nematic liquid crystals to control microscale dynamics[J]. Liquid Crystals Reviews, 8, 59-129(2020).

[57] SMALYUKH I I. Review: knots and other new topological effects in liquid crystals and colloids[J]. Reports on Progress in Physics, 83, 106601(2020).

[58] LI B X, XIAO R L, PALADUGU S et al. Three-dimensional solitary waves with electrically tunable direction of propagation in nematics[J]. Nature Communications, 10, 3749(2019).

[59] TANG X Z, MOZAFFARI A, ATZIN N et al. Generation and propagation of solitary waves in nematic liquid crystals[J/OL]. arXiv, 2211-01453(2022).

[60] TANG X Z, ATZIN N, MOZAFFARI A et al. Generation and propagation of flexoelectricity-induced solitons in nematic liquid crystals[J]. ACS Nano, 18, 10768-10775(2024).

[61] DERRICK G H. Comments on nonlinear wave equations as models for elementary particles[J]. Journal of Mathematical Physics, 5, 1252-1254(1964).

[62] HOBART R H. On the instability of a class of unitary field models[J]. Proceedings of the Physical Society, 82, 201-203(1963).

[63] YANG X D, PENG Z H, MU Q Q et al. Photoalignment repeatability of azobenzene sulfonic films[J]. Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays, 39, 553-560(2024).

[64] WANG H R, ZHANG Y C, HU W et al. Saturable nonlinearity and bistable solitons in nematic liquid crystals[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 72, 074204(2023).

[65] LI Y H, WANG J, HU W et al. Theoretical investigation of spatial optical solitons in nematic liquid crystals with negative dielectric anisotropy[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 63, 184207(2014).

[66] ZHU Y Q, HU W, CAO L G. (1+1)-D breathers solution in nematic liquid crystals[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 30, 3000-3004(2010).

[67] LIN J Z, WU A J, ZHU L T et al. Fission of quasi-static dissipative solitons in chiral nematics[J]. Giant, 19, 100312(2024).

[68] WU K H, CHEN C Q, SHEN Y et al. Trajectory engineering of directrons in liquid crystals via photoalignment[J]. Soft Matter, 19, 4483-4490(2023).

[69] WU K H, ZHU L T, XIAO F F et al. Light-regulated soliton dynamics in liquid crystals[J]. Nature Communications, 15, 7217(2024).

[70] DAS S, ROH S, ATZIN N et al. Programming solitons in liquid crystals using surface chemistry[J]. Langmuir, 38, 3575-3584(2022).

[71] SOHN H R O, ACKERMAN P J, BOYLE T J et al. Dynamics of topological solitons, knotted streamlines, and transport of cargo in liquid crystals[J]. Physical Review E, 97, 052701(2018).

[72] ACKERMAN P J, BOYLE T, SMALYUKH I I. Squirming motion of baby skyrmions in nematic fluids[J]. Nature Communications, 8, 673(2017).

[73] SHEN Y, DIERKING I. Electrically driven formation and dynamics of skyrmionic solitons in chiral nematics[J]. Physical Review Applied, 15, 054023(2021).

[74] ZHAO H Q, TAI J S B, WU J S et al. Liquid crystal defect structures with Möbius strip topology[J]. Nature Physics, 19, 451-459(2023).

[75] ZHAO H Q, MALOMED B A, SMALYUKH I I. Topological solitonic macromolecules[J]. Nature Communications, 14, 4581(2023).

[76] SHEN Y, DIERKING I. Electrically tunable collective motion of dissipative solitons in chiral nematic films[J]. Nature Communications, 13, 2122(2022).

[77] SHEN Y, DIERKING I. Annealing and melting of active two-dimensional soliton lattices in chiral nematic films[J]. Soft Matter, 18, 7045-7050(2022).

[78] ZHANG H P, BE’ER A, FLORIN E L et al. Collective motion and density fluctuations in bacterial colonies[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 13626-13630(2010).

[79] YAN J, HAN M, ZHANG J et al. Reconfiguring active particles by electrostatic imbalance[J]. Nature Materials, 15, 1095-1099(2016).

[80] SOHN H R O, LIU C D, SMALYUKH I I. Schools of skyrmions with electrically tunable elastic interactions[J]. Nature Communications, 10, 4744(2019).

[81] ACKERMAN P J, VAN DE LAGEMAAT J, SMALYUKH I I. Self-assembly and electrostriction of arrays and chains of hopfion particles in chiral liquid crystals[J]. Nature Communications, 6, 6012(2015).

[82] TAI J S B, SMALYUKH I I. Three-dimensional crystals of adaptive knots[J]. Science, 365, 1449-1453(2019).

[83] SOHN H R O, SMALYUKH I I. Electrically powered motions of toron crystallites in chiral liquid crystals[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117, 6437-6445(2020).

[84] SOHN H R O, LIU C D, VOINESCU R et al. Optically enriched and guided dynamics of active skyrmions[J]. Optics Express, 28, 6306-6319(2020).

[85] SOHN H R O, LIU C D, WANG Y H et al. Light-controlled skyrmions and torons as reconfigurable particles[J]. Optics Express, 27, 29055-29068(2019).

[86] LI B X, XIAO R L, SHIYANOVSKII S V et al. Soliton-induced liquid crystal enabled electrophoresis[J]. Physical Review Research, 2, 013178(2020).

[87] HESS A J, POY G, TAI J S B et al. Control of light by topological solitons in soft chiral birefringent media[J]. Physical Review X, 10, 031042(2020).