Research and Application Progress of Distributed Fiber Optic Hydrophone Technology

Zhaoyong Wang; Yifan Liu; Yici Chen; Jinyi Wu; Baiqi Chen; Kan Gao; Qing Ye; Haiwen Cai

doi:10.3788/AOS231627

Acta Optica Sinica, Volume. 44, Issue 1, 0106004(2024)

Research and Application Progress of Distributed Fiber Optic Hydrophone Technology

Zhaoyong Wang^1,2、*, Yifan Liu^1,2, Yici Chen^1,2, Jinyi Wu^1,2, Baiqi Chen^1,2, Kan Gao¹, Qing Ye^1,2, and Haiwen Cai¹

¹Key Laboratory of Space Laser Communication and Detection Technology, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China

²Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

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Figures & Tables(10)

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of hollow cylinder structure and optical fiber sensitization

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Fig. 2. Φ-OTDR system with phase demodulation and spatial difference

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Fig. 3. Directivity models of DFOH array. (a) Near field; (b) far field

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Fig. 4. Experimental layout and target direction result in the first lake test^[43]

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Fig. 5. Distributed array model of DFOH^[65,75]

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Fig. 6. Cable structure, sample and its flow noise of the nodal DFOH towing cable^[44]

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Fig. 7. Simultaneously tracking of multiple whales with submarine communication cable in the Arctic^[92]. (a) Overview of 60 km communication cable; (b)-(i) whale traces at different positions and corresponding swim speeds of whales

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Table 1. Representative sound pressure sensitivity of DFOH

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Table 1. Representative sound pressure sensitivity of DFOH

Year	Group	Responsivity （ $r e r a d / μ P a$ ）	Outer diameter /mm	Bearable pressure	Method
2015	Laser Institute，Shandong Academy of Sciences^［37］	-158.0 dB	—	—	Ultra-weak fiber grating array（UWFBG）
2016	Beihang University^［38］	-150.0 dB	—	—	PGC demodulation method and optimizing the path difference and pulse width
2017	ITMO National Research University^［39］	-169.4 dB @495 Hz； -143.7 dB @40 Hz	<20.0	—	UWFBG，secondary coating of strong polymer fiber and thermoplastic rubber outer sheath（material is RTV655， $Y_{m} = 5.6 M P a$ ，thickness is 3.5 mm）
2018	Institute of Semiconductors，Chinese Academy of Sciences（CAS）^［40］	-141.6 dB @（20-1000）Hz	12.5	—	Hollow cylindrical structure probe based on elastic sensitive material， $μ_{m} = 0.4$ ， $Y_{m} = 32 M P a$
2020	Zhejiang Lab^［41］	-131.0 dB @（1-1024）Hz	—	—	Acoustic sensitive optical cable formed by spiral winding of optical fiber in elastic material
2021	Huazhong University of Science and Technology^［42］	-127.0 dB @（100-2000）Hz	20.0	—	UV exposure scattering enhancement point，spiral winding structure of the optical cable，winding ratio is 1∶5，elastic material $Y_{m} = 10 M P a$ ，sound-transparent sheath
2021	Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics（SIOM），CAS^［43］	-146.0 dB @（20-500）Hz	12.5	Not lower than 3 MPa；lateral pressure is not less than 10 N/mm	Spiral winding structure of the optical cable，winding ratio is 1∶7.5，elastic material $μ_{m} = 0.4$ ， $Y_{m} = 1.1 G P a$ ，Polyurethane sheath
2022	Zhejiang Lab^［44］	-130.0 dB @（4-700）Hz	—	—	Node type towed array optical cable，optical fiber spiral winding
2023	Huazhong University of Science and Technology^［45］	-137.2 dB @（5-2000）Hz； -125.3 dB @1 Hz	22.0	0.3 MPa，pulling force is 47.5 kN	Scattering enhancement point，optical fiber spiral winding，elastic material $μ_{m} = 0.35$ ， $Y_{m} = 400 M P a$

Table 2. Representative NL of DFOH

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Table 2. Representative NL of DFOH

Year	Group	System NL	Method
2018	Institute of Semiconductors，CAS^［50］	$900 μ r a d / \sqrt[]{H z}$	Active optical fiber
2018	Paris-Saclay University Nokia Bell Labs^［51］	$10 μ r a d / \sqrt[]{H z}$	PDM-QPSK（polarization division multiplexing quadrature phase shift keting）coding，polarization division coherent detection，10 UWFBGs
2018	Universidad de Alcalá^［52］	$4 p ε / \sqrt[]{H z}$	SOA（semiconductor optical amplifier）amplification，DWDM（dense wavelength division multiplexing）filtering，high-speed sampling（10 GS/s）
2019	Wuhan University of Technology^［53］	$2239 μ r a d / \sqrt[]{H z}$	UWFBG，a new method based on 3×3 coupler demodulation and PGC demodulation
2019	Universidad de Alcalá^［54］	$5 p ε / \sqrt[]{H z}$	Chirped pulse Φ-OTDR，post-processing interpolation method
2019	Paris-Saclay University Nokia Bell Labs^［55］	-30 dB@25.1 km，-50 dB@0.1 km	Polarization diversity BPSK（binary phase shift keying）coding
2019	Shanghai Jiao Tong University ^［56］	$220 p ε / \sqrt[]{H z}$ @108 km	TGD-OFDR（time-gated digital optical frequency domain reflectometry），bidirectional distributed Raman amplification，hamming window query pulse
2020	United States Naval Research Laboratory^［57］	$- 91 d B r e r a d / \sqrt[]{H z}$	Fiber scattering enhancement point based on femtosecond laser
2020	SIOM，CAS^［58］	$- 67.8 d B r e r a d / \sqrt[]{H z}$	5-level frequency diversity and 4-level wavelength diversity
2021	SIOM，CAS^［59］	$- 70 d B r e r a d / \sqrt[]{H z}$	Dense multichannel signal integration
2022	Wuhan University of Technology^［60］	-50.2 dB； $58.3 p ε / \sqrt[]{H z}$	UWFBG array，inserting-zero Gray code coding
2022	SIOM，CAS^［61］	$- 88 d B r e r a d / \sqrt[]{H z}$ ； $0.15 p ε / \sqrt[]{H z}$	Fiber transverse mode diversity and frequency diversity

Table 3. Effective detection range of DHOH sonar for various targets^[71]
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Table 3. Effective detection range of DHOH sonar for various targets^[71]
Target type Sound source level /dB Effective detection range /km
High noise submarine >165 >47
Noise submarine 145-165 35-47
Quiet submarine 125-145 23-35
Extremely quiet submarine <125 <23

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Zhaoyong Wang, Yifan Liu, Yici Chen, Jinyi Wu, Baiqi Chen, Kan Gao, Qing Ye, Haiwen Cai. Research and Application Progress of Distributed Fiber Optic Hydrophone Technology[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2024, 44(1): 0106004

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