Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 60, Issue 23, 2300008(2023)
Overview of Key Devices in Strong Coupling Communication Systems with Few-Mode Fibers
Figures & Tables(22)
Fig. 4. Diagrams of the experimental setup and the impulse response［22］. (a) Experimental setup for coherent 12×12 MIMO transmission; (b) impulse response after 65 km, 195 km, and 650 km transmission
Fig. 5. Mode multiplexers/ demultiplexers based on mode-evolution counter-tapered couplers[24]
Fig. 7. Two-dimensional wavelet grating coupler［26］. (a) Design of the 2D sub-wavelength grating coupler (inset: SEM image of the 2D grating); (b) simulation results of light propagations using FDTD for the 4 different FMF modes to SOI waveguide modes; (c) architecture of high-speed chip-to-chip FMF transmission
Fig. 8. All-fiber mode multiplexer/ demultiplexer［27］. (a) All-fiber mode multiplexer; (b) all-fiber mode demultiplexer
Fig. 10. 4-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifier based on cladding pump［31］. (a) Refractive index distribution of ring core fiber; (b) erbium ion doping distribution and mode field distribution
Fig. 11. Fiber radial erbium-doped radius and particle number concentration of each layer[32]. (a) Three-layer erbium-doped structure; (b) four-layer erbium-doped structure
Fig. 12. Overlap of mode field and gain medium in different regions［33］. (a) Small doped area; (b) large doped area
Fig. 13. Multi-core and low-mode fiber amplifier［34］. (a) Schematic diagram of microcombination structure of optical fiber amplifier; (b) predicted spectral, modal gain, and DMG provided by the FM-EDFA using the 4 pump modes defined by gradient descent optimization
Fig. 16. Silicon-based electro-optical modulation and mode-division multiplexing［47］. (a) Overall structure diagram; (b) tapered structure diagram
Fig. 17. Diagram of an integrated device based on electro-optical modulation and mode-division multiplexing[48]
Table 1. Performance comparison of four mode division multiplexers/demultiplexers
View tableTable 1. Performance comparison of four mode division multiplexers/demultiplexers
Types of mode division multiplexers/ demultiplexers Free-space optics Photonic lanterns Optical waveguide Long-period fiber grating Insertion loss High Low Low Low Integrability Low Low High Depending on the numbers of channels Complexity High High High Low Advantage Highly reconfigurable，high design freedom，wavelength-independent，and easy to implement Low loss，versatile broadband mode selectivity，and high mode isolation High controllability，high integration，low insertion loss，small size，and compact structure Low complexity，high mode selectivity，low insertion loss Disadvantage Complex discrete devices，poorly integrated，and high insertion loss High complexity and unable to change the type and number of modes High optical power penalty，and number of multiplexable modes limited by current processes Integration limited by the number of channels
Table 2. Performance comparison of five optical amplifiers
View tableTable 2. Performance comparison of five optical amplifiers
Types of few-mode fiber amplifiers Applicable optical band DMG /dB Average gain /dB Reference FM-EDFA based on long-period gratings — 0.5（lowest） — Ref.［ 30 ］4-mode EDFA based on cladding pump C <0.45 >22 Ref.［ 31 ］Amplifier based on genetic algorithm C <0.5（4-mode）
<0.4（5-mode）
>24（4-mode）
>23（5-mode）
Ref.［ 32 ］Cladding-pumped 6-mode fiber amplifier with a large erbium-doped area C <3.3 >20 Ref.［ 33 ］Amplifier based on multicore fiber C <1.1 19.2 Ref.［ 34 ］
Table 3. Performance comparison of three few-mode fiber
View tableTable 3. Performance comparison of three few-mode fiber
Types of FMF Numbers of mode Fiber optic attenuation（dB/km） The complexity of DSP Reference Strong coupling ring core few-mode fiber 2 — Relatively reduced Ref.［ 41 ］Strong coupling 6-core fiber 4 0.26 — Ref.［ 43 ］10- and 15-mode graded-index FMF 4‒6 — Relatively complex Ref.［ 44 ］
Table 4. Performance comparison of photonic crystal electro-optical modulators and two-mode mode-division multiplexers with the above integrated devices
View tableTable 4. Performance comparison of photonic crystal electro-optical modulators and two-mode mode-division multiplexers with the above integrated devices
Reference Extinction ratio /dB Insertion loss /dB Crosstalk /dB Size of the device Ref.［ 49 ］11.43 1.65 — 34 μm Ref.［ 50 ］28 2 — 7 μm×5 μm Ref.［ 51 ］4 1 — 200 μm Ref.［ 52 ］— 0.8 — — Ref.［ 53 ］10.7 25.6 — 110 μm2 Ref.［ 54 ］6.37 — — 90 μm×58.9 μm Ref.［ 55 ］— 0.8 -23.4 12.3 μm Ref.［ 56 ］— 2.74 -8.53 — Ref.［ 57 ］— 0.87 -10 11.67 μm Ref.［ 58 ］— 0.49 -32.7 — Ref.［ 47 ］19.73 0.05 -34.33 54 μm×22 μm
Table 5. Main research results of using MIMO in FMF, strong coupling transmission system in recent years
View tableTable 5. Main research results of using MIMO in FMF, strong coupling transmission system in recent years
Year Reference Research institute Core× mode Distance /km Span length /km Data rate /（Gbit/s/） MIMO taps and types 2011 Ref.［ 59 ］Bell Labs 1×3 96 96 80 120 TDE 2012 Ref.［ 62 ］Bell Labs 1×6 130 65 80 400-600 TDE 2013 Ref.［ 63 ］Bell Labs 1×6 177 59 160 800 FDE 2014 Ref.［ 64 ］NEC Labs 1×3 500 50 76 511 TDE 2015 Ref.［ 65 ］Technical University of Munich 1×6 74.17 74.17 27.18 NA 2016 Ref.［ 66 ］NTT Network Innovation Laboratories 12×3 527 52.7 80 128 FDE 2017 Ref.［ 67 ］Photonic Network System Laboratory 1×3 3500 70 240 600 FDE 2018 Ref.［ 68 ］Eindhoven University of Technology 1×6 590 59 240 NA FDE 2018 Ref.［ 69 ］NTT Network Innovation Laboratories 1×3 1020 51 60 400 FDE 2019 Ref.［ 70 ］NTT Network Innovation Laboratories 12×3 >3000 52.7 24 600 FDE 2019 Ref.［ 71 ］NTT Network Innovation Laboratories 1×3 6316.8 75.2 96 NA 2020 Ref.［ 72 ］NTT Network Innovation Laboratories 1×3 3060 51 192 896 FDE
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Sicong Xu, Wen Zhou, Jianjun Yu. Overview of Key Devices in Strong Coupling Communication Systems with Few-Mode Fibers[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2023, 60(23): 2300008
Paper Information
Category: Reviews
Received: Nov. 21, 2022
Accepted: Mar. 15, 2023
Published Online: Dec. 4, 2023
The Author Email: Yu Jianjun (jianjun@fudan.edu.cn)
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