Fig. 1. Evolution of micro-nanostructures on Cu surfaces with different scanning speeds^[6]. (a1)--(a3) Low speed scanning; (b1)--(b3) medium speed scanning; (c1)--(c3) high speed scanning

Fig. 2. Water contact angles and sliding angles of samples with different scanning speeds^[6]

Fig. 3. Micro-nanostructures of triple-scale superhydrophobic surfaces^[19]. (a) Schematic of fabrication processes; (b1)--(b3) characteristics of surface topography

Fig. 4. Cassie stability and anti/deicing performance of the triple-scale superhydrophobic surfaces^[19]. (a)(b) Evolution of water contact angle and three phase contact line as Laplace pressure increasing during the evaporation process; (c) jumping number of impacting droplets on different surfaces; (d) dropwise condensation; (e) hierarchical condensation; (f) schematic of primary condensed droplets (PCDs) and the secondary condensed droplets (SCDs); (g) ice adhesion strength of MNGF and other superhydrophobic surfaces

Fig. 5. Superhydrophilic/superhydrophobic venation network for water collection^[24]

Fig. 6. Water collection process of superhydrophilic/superhydrophobic venation network^[24]. (a) (b) Water self-transporting by first and second order channels; (c) water collection process of venation network; (d) water collecting by third and fourth order channels; (e) cross sections of water droplets collected by venation network

Fig. 7. Micro-nanostructures and wettability of the oil-triggered surface (OTS)^[31]. (a) Micro-nanostructures of superamphiphobic (SAB, purple) and superhydrophobic-superoleophilic (SHB-SOL, orange) areas; (b) XPS spectrum of the surface of superamphiphobic (purple) and superhydrophobic-superoleophilic (orange) areas; (c)(d) micro-nanostructures of superamphiphobic areas; (e)(f) micro-nanostructures of superhydrophobic-superoleophilic areas; (g) liquid contact angles of superamphiphobic or superhydrophobic-superoleophilic areas

Fig. 8. Oil-triggered wettability transition of OTS^[31]. (a) Schematic of oil-triggered wettability transition; (b) surface shows isotropic superhydrophocity before adding oil; (c) oil spreads on the SHB-SOL area; (d) surface shows anisotropic superhydrophocity after adding oil; (e) water droplet rolls freely on the oil-free track; (f) water droplet rolls along the oily track; (g)(h) energy state of the droplet on SLIS or SAB areas

Fig. 9. Schematic illustrations of pulse injection controlled ultrafast laser direct writing strategy^[39]

Fig. 10. Micro-nanostructures prepared by pulse injection controlled ultrafast laser processing strategy and their reflectance^[39]. (a) Micro-nanostructures; (b) reflectance

Fig. 11. Schematic of laser-thermal-oxidation fabrication strategy^[40]

Fig. 12. SEM images of micro-nanostructures prepared by laser-thermal-oxidation fabrication strategy and its performance of antireflection^[40]. (a) Structure; (b) antireflection

Fig. 13. Macroscopic and microscopic morphologies of the surfaces with different micro and nano structures.^[41] (a)--(d) Optical photos; (e)--(h) SEM photos; (i)--(l) laser confocal 3D images; (a)(e)(i) structure 1; (b)(f)(j) structure 2; (c)(g)(k) structure 3; (d)(h)(l) structure 4, cauliflower-shaped micro-nano hierarchical structure

Fig. 14. Broadband omnidirectional light absorption performance, photo-thermal conversion efficiencies and the average absorptance of the surface^[41]. (a)(b) Broadband omnidirectional light absorption performance; (c) photo-thermal conversion efficiency; (d) average absorptance

Fig. 15. Laser-assisted doping Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles^[46]. (a) SEM images of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and Auger electron spectra at different points; (b) polarization curves of Ni-Fe-O clusters and commercial RuO₂; (c)(d) overpotentials at different current densities and stability testing of Ni-Fe-O clusters

Fig. 16. Three-dimensional stainless steel nanoparticles^[48]. (a)--(c) Digital photograph and SEM images of stainless steel catalytic electrode; (d)--(e) OER polarization curves and Tafel slopes of different stainless steel-based samples and commercial RuO₂; (f) amperometric measurement of stainless steel catalytic electrode for long-term stability

Fig. 17. Hierarchical three-dimensional self-supporting micro-nano structure. (a1)--(a3)SEM images of hierarchical porous WO₃ nanoparticle aggregates^[49]; (b1)--(b3)SEM images at different magnifications for L-WS2[50]; (c)--(d)polarization curves and overpotential at 10 mA/cm² for different samples^[50]; (e)stability for L-CoS₂/WS₂ with initial polarization curve and after 1000 cycles, and the inset shows the time dependence of the current density at 120 mV^[50]

Fig. 18. Ag SERS substrates fabricated by femtosecond laser^[68]. (a) SEM image of S-Ag-Ar substrate; (b) Raman spectra of R6G solutions on S-Ag-Ar substrates with different concentrations; (c) Raman spectra of eleven random points on the S-Ag-Ar SERS substrates with the concentration of R6G being 10^-7 mol/L; (d) relationship between Raman signal intensity and analyte concentration; (e) variation tendency of Raman signal intensity of R6G with the storage time of S-Ag-Ar SERS substrates

Fig. 19. Superhydrophobic PTFE SERS substrates fabricated by femtosecond laser^[72]. (a) SEM images of the laser-processed superhydrophobic PTFE; (b) Raman spectra of 10^-6 mol/L R6G aqueous solution mixed with gold sol deposited PTFE sample

Fig. 20. Patterned superhydrophilic-superhydrophobic SERS substrate fabricated by femtosecond laser^[75]. (a) SEM images of the R6G and AuNSs aggregating on the central area after evaporation concentration; (b) Raman spectra of R6G@AuNSs with different concentrations; (c) Raman signals of seven random points on substrate surface with 10^-12 mol/L and 10^-14 mol/L R6G solutions